global warming sciecee and technology

The Encyclopedia of Global Warming Science and Technology This page intentionally left blank The Encyclopedia of Global Warming Science and Technology Volume 1: A–H Bruce E Johansen GREENWOOD PRESS An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC Santa Barbara, California  Denver, Colorado  Oxford, England Copyright  C 2009 by Bruce E Johansen All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Johansen, Bruce E (Bruce Elliott), 1950– The encyclopedia of global warming science and technology / Bruce E Johansen v cm Includes bibliographical references and index Contents: v A–H—v I–Z ISBN 978-0-313-37702-0 (hard copy : alk paper) — ISBN 978-0-313-37703-7 (ebook) Global warming—Encyclopedias Climatic changes—Encyclopedias I Title QC981.8.G56J638 2009 577.270 603—dc22 2009005295 13 12 11 10 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook Visit www.abc-clio.com for details ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents List of Entries vii Guide to Related Topics xi Preface xv Introduction xix Encyclopedia Bibliography 611 Index 707 This page intentionally left blank List of Entries Acidity and Rising Carbon-Dioxide Levels in the Oceans Adirondacks and Warming Aerosols and Climate Change Agriculture and Warming Air Conditioning and Atmospheric Chemistry Air Travel Alaska, Global Warming in Albedo Alligators Spread Northward Alps (and Elsewhere in Europe), Glacial Erosion Amazon Valley, Drought and Warming Amphibians, Extinctions and Warming Anchovies Spread Northward Andes, Glacial Retreat Antarctica and Climate Change Antarctica and Debate over Inland Cooling Antarctica and Speed of Ice Melt Antarctic Oscillation Antarctic Paleoclimatic Precedents Antarctic Peninsula and Ice Shelf Collapse Antarctic Peninsula and Warming Anthropogenic Warming in the Twentieth Century Arctic and Climate Change Arctic Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum Arctic Walker Swamped by Melting Ice Arctic Warming and Native Peoples Armadillos Spread Northward Arrhenius, Savante August (1859–1927) Asthma Australia: Heat, Drought, and Wildfires Automobiles and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions Bangladesh, Sea-Level Rise in Bark Beetles Spread across Western North America Baseball Bats and Warming Bicycles and Energy Efficiency Biodiversity, Decline of Biomass Fuel (including Ethanol) Birds, Butterflies, and Other Migratory Animals Buildings and Energy Efficiency Canada and Warming-Related Stresses Cap and Dividend Cap and Trade Capitalism and the Atmospheric Commons Carbon Capture and Sequestration Carbon Cycle Carbon Dioxide: An Organism to ‘‘Eat’’ It Carbon Dioxide: Enhanced and Crop Production Carbon Dioxide: Paleoclimate Levels Carbon Dioxide: Worldwide Levels Carbon-Dioxide Controls Carbon Footprint Carbon Sequestration Carbon Tax Chesapeake Bay, Sea-Level Rise in China and Global Warming Chlorofluorocarbons, Relationship to Global Warming Christianity and Global Warming Cities Organize against Global Warming Climate Change, Speed of Climatic Equilibrium (E-folding Time) Clouds and Evaporation Coal and Climatic Consequences Coelacanth Consensus, Scientific Contrarians (Skeptics) Coral Reefs on the Edge of Disaster Corporate and Academic Sustainability Initiatives Corporations and Global Warming Creation Care Cretaceous and Sea-Surface Temperatures Crichton, Michael, Author of State of Fear Cuckoo Numbers Decline in Great Britain Cyanobacterial Algal Blooms Darfur Deforestation Dengue Fever viii Desertification Disaster Relief, Global Warming’s Impact on Diseases and Climate Change Diseases in Marine Wildlife and Global Warming Drought Drought and Deluge: Anecdotal Observations Drought and Deluge: Scientific Issues Drought in Western North America Economics of Addressing Global Warming, The Ecotourism Electric Car Energy, Full-Cost Pricing Energy Generation: Paradigm Changes Energy Use and Efficiency Ethanol: Brazil Extinctions and Climate Change Extremes of Heat and Cold around the World Fall Colors and Warming Farming Technology Improvements Feedback Loops First-Flowering Dates, England Fisheries and Warming Fish Kills, New York Lakes Flora and Fauna: Worldwide Survey Food: The Low Carbon Diet Food Web and Warming in Antarctica: Phytoplankton to Penguins Forest Fires as Feedback Mechanism Forests May Accelerate Warming Fossil Fuels Gaia: The Eradication of Industrial Civilization? Gelada Baboon Geoengineering: Sulfur as Savior? Geothermal Energy (Iceland and the Philippines) Giant Squid Glacial (Ice Age) Cycle, Prospective End of Glacial Retreat: Comparative Photographs and Survey Glacier National Park Glaciers, Alaska Glaciers, Andes Glaciers, Rocky Mountains: Gone in 30 Years? Global Climate Coalition Global Warming: Importance of the Issue Global Warming: Origins as a Political Issue Gore, Albert (March 31, 1948–) Gray Whales and El Ni~ no Great Barrier Reef, Australia Great Britain, Weather Conditions and Leadership in Greenhouse Diplomacy Great Lakes, North America Great Plains: Warming and Drought in the Past Greenhouse Effect, as an Idea Greenhouse-Gas Emissions, Worldwide Greenland, Ice Melt Growing Seasons in Europe and Asia Gulf of Mexico Coast: Prospective Climate Changes List of Entries Hadley Cells Hansen, James E (March 29, 1941–) Hay Fever Heat-Island Effect, Urban Heat Waves Himalayas, Glacial Retreat Human Health, World Survey Human Influences as a Dominant Climate-Change Forcing Human Rights, Global Warming, and the Arctic Hurricanes, Intensity and Frequency of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Hydrogen Fuel Cells Hydrological Cycle Ice Cores, Record of Climate and Greenhouse-Gas Levels Ice Melt, World Survey Ice Melt Velocity: A Slow-Motion Disaster for Antarctica? Infectious Diseases among Wildlife Insects and Other Pests, New Ranges in Midlatitudes Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The Politics of Climate Consensus Ireland, Flora and Fauna in Iron Fertilization of the Oceans Island Nations and Sea-Level Rise Jatropha: An Alternative to Corn Ethanol? Jellyfish Populations and Potency Jet Contrails, Role in Climate Change Jet Streams Keeling, Charles D (‘‘Keeling Curve’’) Kidney Stones Kilimanjaro, Snows of Kyoto Protocol Land-Use Changes and the Amazon’s Carbon Flux Land-Use Patterns May Aggravate Warming Legal Liability and Global Warming Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Lobster Catches Decline in Warmer Water Lodging and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions Loggerhead Sea Turtles: Warmth Alters Gender Ratio Malaria in a Warmer World ‘‘Managed Realignment’’ in Great Britain Maple Syrup Wanes and Other Changes in New England Medieval Warm Period, Debate over Temperatures Methane as a Greenhouse Gas Methane Burp (or Clathrate Gun Hypothesis) Monsoon Precipitation Patterns Mountain Glaciers, Slip-Sliding Away National Security and Global Warming Netherlands, Sea Levels New Jersey and Long Island: Sea-Level Rise ix List of Entries El Ni~ no, La Ni~ na (ENSO), and Climate Change Nitrogen Cycle and Warming Seas Northeast United States, Anticipated Weather in 2100 North Sea Ecological Meltdown Northwest and Northeast Passages Nuclear Power as ‘‘Clean’’ Energy Ocean Circulation, Worldwide Ocean Food Web Ocean Life: Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises Oceans, Carbon-Dioxide Levels Ocean Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide Oceans Warming: World Survey Offsets (Carbon): Are They Real? Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Palms in Southern Switzerland Penguins, South African Permafrost and Climate Change Phytoplankton Depletion and Warming Seas Pika Populations Plunge in the Rocky Mountains Pine Beetles in Canada Pliocene Paleoclimate Polar Bears under Pressure A Polymer That Absorbs Carbon Dioxide at High Temperatures Populations and Material Affluence Poverty and Global Warming Public Opinion Public Protests Escalate over Energy-Policy Inertia Railroads: Transport of the Future? Red Squirrels’ Reproductive Cycle Reforestation Refrigerant, Carbon Dioxide’s Use as Revelle, Roger (1909–1991) Rice Yields Decrease with Rising Temperatures Russia, Glacial Collapse in Sachs Harbour, Banks Island, Climate Change Saint Andrews Golf Course Salmon Decline in Warming Waters Sams Island, Denmark Satellite Data, Debate Regarding Scandinavia and Global Warming Scotland, Climate Changes in Sea Birds Starve as Waters Warm Sea-Level Rise, Worldwide Survey Seawater Cooling Grid in Tokyo Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide Shipping: Sails Reborn Skiing Industry and Ice Melt Snow Pack: Sierra Nevada and Northern California Cascades Solar Influences on Climate Solar Power Soot: A ‘‘Wild Card’’ in Global Warming Spruce Bark Beetles in Alaska Tanganyika, Lake: Warming Waters Choke Life Tar Sands Temperatures, Cold Spells Temperatures, Recent Warmth Temperatures and Carbon-Dioxide Levels Thermohaline Circulation Thermohaline Circulation: Debating Points Thermohaline Circulation: Present-Day Evidence of Breakdown Thunderstorms and Tornadoes, Frequency and Severity of Tipping Points Tropical Fish and Sharks off Maine Tropical Fish and Warm-Climate Birds Migrate Tropical Glacial Ice Melt Tropical Zones, Expansion of ‘‘Urban Heat-Island Effect’’ and Contrarians U.S Climate Action Partnership (USCAP) Venice, Sea-Level Rise Venus Walruses and Melting Ice War, Carbon Footprint Water Supplies in Western North America Water Vapor, Stratospheric Watt-Cloutier, Sheila (1953–) Wave Power and Shipping West Antarctic Ice Sheet West Nile Virus and Warming White Christmases: Soon to Be a Memory? Wildfires Wildlife, Arctic: Musk Oxen, Reindeer, and Caribou Wildlife, Arctic: Threats to Harp Seals in Canada Wind Power Wine Grapes and Warming Wintertime Warming and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions Worldwide Climate Linkages ... Global Warming in Amazon Valley, Drought and Warming Australia: Heat, Drought, and Wildfires Bangladesh, Sea-Level Rise in China and Global Warming Darfur Greenland, Ice Melt Island Nations and. .. Consensus Kyoto Protocol Legal Liability and Global Warming National Security and Global Warming Populations and Material Affluence Poverty and Global Warming Public Opinion Public Protests Escalate... Bay, Sea-Level Rise in China and Global Warming Chlorofluorocarbons, Relationship to Global Warming Christianity and Global Warming Cities Organize against Global Warming Climate Change, Speed