Globalization a very short introduction (very short introductions)

Globalization: A Very Short Introduction VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way into a new subject They are written by experts, and have been translated into more than 45 different languages The series began in 1995, and now covers a wide variety of topics in every discipline The VSI library now contains over 500 volumes—a Very Short Introduction to everything from Psychology and Philosophy of Science to American History and Relativity—and continues to grow in every subject area Very Short Introductions available now: ACCOUNTING Christopher Nobes ADOLESCENCE Peter K Smith ADVERTISING Winston Fletcher AFRICAN AMERICAN RELIGION Eddie S Glaude Jr AFRICAN HISTORY John Parker and Richard Rathbone AFRICAN RELIGIONS Jacob K Olupona AGEING Nancy A Pachana AGNOSTICISM Robin Le Poidevin AGRICULTURE Paul Brassley and Richard Soffe ALEXANDER THE GREAT Hugh Bowden ALGEBRA Peter M Higgins AMERICAN HISTORY Paul S Boyer AMERICAN IMMIGRATION David A Gerber AMERICAN LEGAL HISTORY G Edward White AMERICAN POLITICAL HISTORY Donald Critchlow AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS L Sandy Maisel AMERICAN POLITICS Richard M Valelly THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY Charles O Jones THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Robert J Allison AMERICAN SLAVERY Heather Andrea Williams THE AMERICAN WEST Stephen Aron AMERICAN WOMEN’S HISTORY Susan Ware ANAESTHESIA Aidan O’Donnell ANARCHISM Colin Ward ANCIENT ASSYRIA Karen Radner ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE Christina Riggs ANCIENT GREECE Paul Cartledge THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Amanda H Podany ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Julia Annas ANCIENT WARFARE Harry Sidebottom ANGELS David Albert Jones ANGLICANISM Mark Chapman THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR Tristram D Wyatt THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Peter Holland ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia THE ANTARCTIC Klaus Dodds ANTISEMITISM Steven Beller ANXIETY Daniel Freeman and Jason Freeman THE APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS Paul Foster ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne ARISTOCRACY William Doyle ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold ART THEORY Cynthia Freeland ASIAN AMERICAN HISTORY Madeline Y Hsu ASTROBIOLOGY David C Catling ASTROPHYSICS James Binney ATHEISM Julian Baggini THE ATMOSPHERE Paul I Palmer AUGUSTINE Henry Chadwick AUSTRALIA Kenneth Morgan AUTISM Uta Frith THE AVANT GARDE David Cottington THE AZTECS Davíd Carrasco BABYLONIA Trevor Bryce BACTERIA Sebastian G B Amyes BANKING John Goddard and John O S Wilson BARTHES Jonathan Culler THE BEATS David Sterritt BEAUTY Roger Scruton BEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS Michelle Baddeley BESTSELLERS John Sutherland THE BIBLE John Riches BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Eric H Cline BIOGRAPHY Hermione Lee BLACK HOLES Katherine Blundell BLOOD Chris Cooper THE BLUES Elijah Wald THE BODY Chris Shilling THE BOOK OF MORMON Terryl Givens BORDERS Alexander C Diener and Joshua Hagen THE BRAIN Michael O’Shea THE BRICS Andrew F Cooper THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION Martin Loughlin THE BRITISH EMPIRE Ashley Jackson BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright BUDDHA Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM Damien Keown BUDDHIST ETHICS Damien Keown BYZANTIUM Peter Sarris CALVINISM Jon Balserak CANCER Nicholas James CAPITALISM James Fulcher CATHOLICISM Gerald O’Collins CAUSATION Stephen Mumford and Rani Lill Anjum THE CELL Terence Allen and Graham Cowling THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHAOS Leonard Smith CHEMISTRY Peter Atkins CHILD PSYCHOLOGY Usha Goswami CHILDREN’S LITERATURE Kimberley Reynolds CHINESE LITERATURE Sabina Knight CHOICE THEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CHRISTIAN ETHICS D Stephen Long CHRISTIANITY Linda Woodhead CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS Russell Foster and Leon Kreitzman CITIZENSHIP Richard Bellamy CIVIL ENGINEERING David Muir Wood CLASSICAL LITERATURE William Allan CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY Helen Morales CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard CLIMATE Mark Maslin CLIMATE CHANGE Mark Maslin CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Susan Llewelyn and Katie Aafjes-van Doorn COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Richard Passingham THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon COLONIAL AMERICA Alan Taylor COLONIAL LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE Rolena Adorno COMBINATORICS Robin Wilson COMEDY Matthew Bevis COMMUNISM Leslie Holmes COMPLEXITY John H Holland THE COMPUTER Darrel Ince COMPUTER SCIENCE Subrata Dasgupta CONFUCIANISM Daniel K Gardner THE CONQUISTADORS Matthew Restall and Felipe Fernández-Armesto CONSCIENCE Paul Strohm CONSCIOUSNESS Susan Blackmore CONTEMPORARY ART Julian Stallabrass CONTEMPORARY FICTION Robert Eaglestone CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COPERNICUS Owen Gingerich CORAL REEFS Charles Sheppard CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Jeremy Moon CORRUPTION Leslie Holmes COSMOLOGY Peter Coles CRIME FICTION Richard Bradford CRIMINAL JUSTICE Julian V Roberts CRITICAL THEORY Stephen Eric Bronner THE CRUSADES Christopher Tyerman CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy CRYSTALLOGRAPHY A M Glazer THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION Richard Curt Kraus DADA AND SURREALISM David Hopkins DANTE Peter Hainsworth and David Robey DARWIN Jonathan Howard THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS Timothy Lim DECOLONIZATION Dane Kennedy DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick DEPRESSION Jan Scott and Mary Jane Tacchi DERRIDA Simon Glendinning DESCARTES Tom Sorell DESERTS Nick Middleton DESIGN John Heskett DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Lewis Wolpert THE DEVIL Darren Oldridge DIASPORA Kevin Kenny DICTIONARIES Lynda Mugglestone DINOSAURS David Norman DIPLOMACY Joseph M Siracusa DOCUMENTARY FILM Patricia Aufderheide DREAMING J Allan Hobson DRUGS Les Iversen DRUIDS Barry Cunliffe EARLY MUSIC Thomas Forrest Kelly THE EARTH Martin Redfern EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE Tim Lenton ECONOMICS Partha Dasgupta EDUCATION Gary Thomas EGYPTIAN MYTH Geraldine Pinch EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN Paul Langford THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball EMOTION Dylan Evans EMPIRE Stephen Howe ENGELS Terrell Carver ENGINEERING David Blockley ENGLISH LITERATURE Jonathan Bate THE ENLIGHTENMENT John Robertson ENTREPRENEURSHIP Paul Westhead and Mike Wright ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS Stephen Smith ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS Andrew Dobson EPICUREANISM Catherine Wilson EPIDEMIOLOGY Rodolfo Saracci ETHICS Simon Blackburn ETHNOMUSICOLOGY Timothy Rice THE ETRUSCANS Christopher Smith EUGENICS Philippa Levine THE EUROPEAN UNION John Pinder and Simon Usherwood EVOLUTION Brian and Deborah Charlesworth EXISTENTIALISM Thomas Flynn EXPLORATION Stewart A Weaver THE EYE Michael Land FAMILY LAW Jonathan Herring FASCISM Kevin Passmore FASHION Rebecca Arnold FEMINISM Margaret Walters FILM Michael Wood FILM MUSIC Kathryn Kalinak THE FIRST WORLD WAR Michael Howard FOLK MUSIC Mark Slobin FOOD John Krebs FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY David Canter FORENSIC SCIENCE Jim Fraser FORESTS Jaboury Ghazoul FOSSILS Keith Thomson FOUCAULT Gary Gutting THE FOUNDING FATHERS R B Bernstein FRACTALS Kenneth Falconer FREE SPEECH Nigel Warburton FREE WILL Thomas Pink FRENCH LITERATURE John D Lyons THE FRENCH REVOLUTION William Doyle FREUD Anthony Storr FUNDAMENTALISM Malise Ruthven FUNGI Nicholas P Money THE FUTURE Jennifer M Gidley GALAXIES John Gribbin GALILEO Stillman Drake GAME THEORY Ken Binmore GANDHI Bhikhu Parekh GENES Jonathan Slack GENIUS Andrew Robinson GEOGRAPHY John Matthews and David Herbert GEOPOLITICS Klaus Dodds GERMAN LITERATURE Nicholas Boyle GERMAN PHILOSOPHY Andrew Bowie GLOBAL CATASTROPHES Bill McGuire GLOBAL ECONOMIC HISTORY Robert C Allen GLOBALIZATION Manfred Steger GOD John Bowker GOETHE Ritchie Robertson THE GOTHIC Nick Groom GOVERNANCE Mark Bevir GRAVITY Timothy Clifton THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL Eric Rauchway HABERMAS James Gordon Finlayson THE HABSBURG EMPIRE Martyn Rady HAPPINESS Daniel M Haybron THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE Cheryl A Wall THE HEBREW BIBLE AS LITERATURE Tod Linafelt HEGEL Peter Singer HEIDEGGER Michael Inwood HERMENEUTICS Jens Zimmermann HERODOTUS Jennifer T Roberts HIEROGLYPHS Penelope Wilson HINDUISM Kim Knott HISTORY John H Arnold THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY William H Brock THE HISTORY OF LIFE Michael Benton THE HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS Jacqueline Stedall THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE William Bynum THE HISTORY OF TIME Leofranc Holford‑Strevens HIV AND AIDS Alan Whiteside HOBBES Richard Tuck HOLLYWOOD Peter Decherney HOME Michael Allen Fox HORMONES Martin Luck HUMAN ANATOMY Leslie Klenerman HUMAN EVOLUTION Bernard Wood HUMAN RIGHTS Andrew Clapham HUMANISM Stephen Law HUME A J Ayer HUMOUR Noël Carroll THE ICE AGE Jamie Woodward IDEOLOGY Michael Freeden INDIAN CINEMA Ashish Rajadhyaksha INDIAN PHILOSOPHY Sue Hamilton THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Robert C Allen INFECTIOUS DISEASE Marta L Wayne and Benjamin M Bolker INFINITY Ian Stewart INFORMATION Luciano Floridi INNOVATION Mark Dodgson and David Gann INTELLIGENCE Ian J Deary INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Siva Vaidhyanathan INTERNATIONAL LAW Vaughan Lowe INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Khalid Koser INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Paul Wilkinson INTERNATIONAL SECURITY Christopher S Browning IRAN Ali M Ansari ISLAM Malise Ruthven ISLAMIC HISTORY Adam Silverstein ISOTOPES Rob Ellam ITALIAN LITERATURE Peter Hainsworth and David Robey JESUS Richard Bauckham JOURNALISM Ian Hargreaves JUDAISM Norman Solomon JUNG Anthony Stevens KABBALAH Joseph Dan KAFKA Ritchie Robertson KANT Roger Scruton KEYNES Robert Skidelsky KIERKEGAARD Patrick Gardiner KNOWLEDGE Jennifer Nagel THE KORAN Michael Cook LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Ian H Thompson LANDSCAPES AND GEOMORPHOLOGY Andrew Goudie and Heather Viles LANGUAGES Stephen R Anderson LATE ANTIQUITY Gillian Clark LAW Raymond Wacks THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS Peter Atkins LEADERSHIP Keith Grint LEARNING Mark Haselgrove LEIBNIZ Maria Rosa Antognazza LIBERALISM Michael Freeden LIGHT Ian Walmsley LINCOLN Allen C Guelzo LINGUISTICS Peter Matthews LITERARY THEORY Jonathan Culler LOCKE John Dunn LOGIC Graham Priest LOVE Ronald de Sousa MACHIAVELLI Quentin Skinner MADNESS Andrew Scull MAGIC Owen Davies MAGNA CARTA Nicholas Vincent MAGNETISM Stephen Blundell MALTHUS Donald Winch MANAGEMENT John Hendry MAO Delia Davin MARINE BIOLOGY Philip V Mladenov THE MARQUIS DE SADE John Phillips MARTIN LUTHER Scott H Hendrix MARTYRDOM Jolyon Mitchell MARX Peter Singer MATERIALS Christopher Hall MATHEMATICS Timothy Gowers THE MEANING OF LIFE Terry Eagleton MEASUREMENT David Hand MEDICAL ETHICS Tony Hope MEDICAL LAW Charles Foster MEDIEVAL BRITAIN John Gillingham and Ralph A Griffiths MEDIEVAL LITERATURE Elaine Treharne MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY John Marenbon MEMORY Jonathan K Foster METAPHYSICS Stephen Mumford THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION Alan Knight MICHAEL FARADAY Frank A J L James MICROBIOLOGY Nicholas P Money MICROECONOMICS Avinash Dixit MICROSCOPY Terence Allen THE MIDDLE AGES Miri Rubin MILITARY JUSTICE Eugene R Fidell MINERALS David Vaughan MODERN ART David Cottington MODERN CHINA Rana Mitter MODERN DRAMA Kirsten E Shepherd-Barr MODERN FRANCE Vanessa R Schwartz MODERN IRELAND Senia Pašeta MODERN ITALY Anna Cento Bull Chapter 5: The cultural dimension of globalization For a comprehensive study on the cultural dimensions of globalization, see Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Globalization and Culture: Global Melange, 3rd edn (Rowman and Littlefield, 2015) For the arguments of pessimistic globalizers, see Benjamin Barber, Consumed (W W Norton and Company, 2007) For the arguments of optimistic globalizers, see Thomas L Friedman, The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (Picador, 2007) For the arguments of the sceptics, see Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large (University of Minnesota Press, 1996); and Roland Robertson, Globalization (Sage, 1992) For the pivotal role of the global media, see Jack Lule, Globalization and the Media: Global Village of Babel, 2nd edn (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) On English as a global language, see Robert McCrum, Globish: How the English Language Became the World’s Language (W W Norton, 2010) Chapter 6: The ecological dimension of globalization An accessible yet remarkably comprehensive book on ecological globalization is Peter Christoff and Robyn Eckersley, Globalization and the Environment (Rowman & Littlefield, 2013) My arguments in this chapter have greatly benefited from the authors’ insights presented in their learned study For a concise introduction to global climate change issues that also effectively debunks the myths of climate change deniers, see Joseph Romm, Climate Change: What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford University Press, 2016) For a short but comprehensive summary of the effects of global climate change, see Melissa Denchak, ‘Are the Effects of Global Warming Really that Bad?’ (15 March 2016), For the Stern Report, see Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review (Cambridge University Press, 2007) The 5th edition of the UN Environment Program’s Global Environmental Outlook (2012) can be found at: The 6th edition is expected to be launched in late 2017 The full text of Pope Francis’s Laudato Si can be found at: For a short summary of the Paris Climate Agreement, see Helen Briggs, ‘Global Climate Deal: In Summary’, BBC News, Chapter 7: Ideologies of globalization: market globalism, justice globalism, religious globalisms For a more detailed account of the ideological dimensions of globalization, see Manfred B Steger, The Rise of the Global Imaginary: Political Ideologies from the French Revolution to the Global War on Terror (Oxford University Press, 2009); and Globalisms: The Great Ideological Struggle of the 21st Century, 3rd edn (Rowman & Littlefield, 2009) Readable accounts of globalization from a market-globalist perspective include: Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defense of Globalization (Oxford University Press, 2007); and Daniel Cohen, Globalization and its Enemies (MIT Press, 2007) The justice-globalist claims and information on global justice movement in general can be found in: Manfred B Steger, James Goodman, and Erin K Wilson, Justice Globalism: Ideology, Crises, Policy (Sage, 2013); and Geoffrey Pleyers, Alter-Globalization: Becoming Actors in the Global Age (Polity, 2010) An accessible introduction to the evolution and ideas of the US Occupy movement is provided by Nicholas Smaligo, The Occupy Movement Explained (Open Court, 2014) For an insightful discussion of the impact of globalization on Islam, see Nevzat Soguk, Globalization and Islamism: Beyond Fundamentalism (Rowman & Littlefield, 2011) Two excellent academic treatments of jihadist globalism and its affiliated movements can be found in: Olivier Roy, Globalized Islam: The Search for the New Ummah (Columbia University Press, 2006); and Roel Meijer, Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement (Oxford University Press, 2014) The excerpts from Osama bin Laden’s speeches and writings are taken from Raymond Ibrahim (ed.), The Al Qaeda Reader (Broadway Books, 2007); and Bruce Lawrence (ed.), Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden (Verso, 2005) Chapter 8: The future of globalization For the classic discussion of the backlash against globalization in the interwar period, see Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Beacon Press, 2001 [1944]) On the subject of global inequality, see Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (The Belknap Press, 2014); Branko Milanovic, Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization (The Belknap Press, 2016); and Robert J Holton, Global Inequalities (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) Index A advertising 33–4 television commercials 82–4, 87 see also consumerism Afghanistan 127 Al Qaeda 123–5, 127–8 alter-globalization 110 America see United States anti-globalization 110, 132 Argentina, in the 2014 FIFA World Cup 3–4, 6–7 B Barber, Benjamin 82–3, 88 bin Laden, Osama 125–6 biodiversity protection of 107 reduction in 95–6, 100 Brazil, financial crisis 42 Bretton Woods system 39–40, 56 ‘Brexit’ referendum (2016) 53, 74, 132 Bush, George H W (Bush I) 46, 65 Bush, George W (Bush II) 48, 104 C capitalism 40–1, 44, 66, 120, 131 capitalist world system 20, 30 consumerist 83, 86–7, 93 and globality 11 liberal-capitalism 35 notion of globalization as Western 32 Castells, Manuel 16 China 24, 28, 30, 72–3, 131 agriculture 22 carbon emissions 102–3 Chinese Empire 25–7 Chinese language 89 economy 42, 43, 46, 52–3 food crisis 95 ‘global middle class’ 133 manufacturing plague epidemic 29 Chomsky, Noam 118 climate change 92, 96–108 Cold War 35–6, 56 colonization and decolonization 35 consumerism 81, 83, 87, 91, 93, 110, 112 see also advertising contemporary globalization 17, 21, 38–9, 63, 72, 80, 108 contemporary period (from 1980) 20, 36–7 cultural dimension of globalization 80–91 D debt 47 European debt crisis 46, 49 global South 60–1 Greek debt crisis 49–52 Third World 118, 122 and the Washington Consensus 58 definition of globalization 11–17, 19–20 democracy 35, 83, 113, 115–16, 133–4 cosmopolitan democracy 77–9 pro-democracy demonstrations 68 developing countries 120–1 climate change 102, 104 economies 43, 46, 59–60 global financial crisis 49 Washington Consensus 58 World Bank funded projects 40, 56 difference and sameness, culture and 81–7 E early modern period (1500–1750) 29–32 Ebola epidemic 76–7 ecological dimensions of globalization 92–108 see also environment economic dimension of globalization 38–61 Bretton Woods system 39–40, 56 capitalism see capitalism Cold War 35–6, 56 competition 41, 46 developing countries, debts of 56–61 exchange system 39 inequality 32, 43, 83, 120, 129, 132–3 international economic institutions, role of 38, 42, 46, 53, 56–61 nation-states see nation-states neoliberalism 41, 121, 122, 131–2 trade and finance, internationalization of 42–6 transnational corporations (TNCs) 4, 38, 42, 46, 53–6, 78, 87, 112, 115 elephant and blind scholars parable 13–14, 37 Engels, Friedrich 32–3 English language 1, 89, 91 environment 14, 62 climate change 92, 96–108 degradation 93–5, 98, 100–1, 118 emissions, limits on 96, 98–9, 101–4, 105 international agreements 102–7 marine environments 100, 107 pollution 59, 107 as a resource 93 transboundary pollution 73, 92, 96, 100, 101 Europe ‘Brexit’ referendum (2016) 53 debt crisis 46, 49 in the early modern and modern period 29–34 environmentalism 118 FIFA World Cup teams (2014) Great War (1914–18) 130–1 Internet use 116 languages 90 migration crisis 70–1 nation-states 63–4 plague epidemic 29 postwar reconstruction 40 European Community 74 European Union (EU) 38, 49, 53, 70, 74–5 exchange system 39 F farming societies 22 FIFA World Cup (2014) 2–11, 80 finance and trade, internationalization of 42–6 food crisis 95 Francis I, Pope 97–8 Fukuyama, Francis 83 fundamentalism 124, 125 future of globalization 129–34 G Gates, Bill 44, 96 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 40 global civil society 74, 77, 117 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) 46–53, 57, 59, 120, 129 global governance, political globalization and 62, 63, 72–9, 129–30 global imaginary 11–12, 16, 19, 35, 87, 110, 111, 125, 127 globalisms 109–28 globality 11–12 glocalization 2, 4, 7–9, 10, 86, 124 Gore, Al 97 Greece, financial crisis 49, 51–2 H Held, David 15, 77–9 history, globalization and 18–36 contemporary period (from 1980s) 36–7 early modern period (1500–1750) 29–32 modern period (1750–1980s) 32–6 prehistoric period (10000 BCE–3500 BCE) 21–4 premodern period (3500 BCE–1500 BCE) 24–9 hunter-gatherers, migration of 21–2 hybridization 8–9, 86–7 I ideologies of globalization 109–28 immigration and migration 23, 29, 34–5, 67–72, 79, 89 imperialism 25–9, 82, 121, 130 India 28, 131 agriculture 22 carbon emissions 103 economy 73, 115 international trade 31 poverty 43 industrialization 33, 35 information and communications technology (ICT) 1, 16, 36 see also Internet international economic institutions, role of 38, 42, 46, 53, 56–61 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 40, 42, 49, 50, 52, 56, 58, 59, 123 international organizations 72, 74 Internet 18–19, 36, 44, 54, 57, 81, 83, 116 languages used on 89, 91 Islam 29, 30, 70–1, 111, 123–8 J jihadist globalism 124, 125–7 jihadist Islamism 125–7 justice globalism 117–23 global justice movement (GJM) 117–18 Internet, mobile phones and text messaging, use of 122–3 vs market globalism 110, 117, 121 neoliberalism, resistance against 118, 121–3 protests 120, 121–3 World Social Forum (WSF) 120–1 K Keynes, John Maynard 40–1 L labour market, deregulation of 54 labour movements and socialist parties 35 languages, globalization of 81, 88–90 League of Nations 64 liberalization and deregulation 43–5, 113–15 localization 91 see also glocalization M McDonaldization 82 market globalism 109–10, 111–17 alter-globalization and anti-globalization 110 and consumerism 131 democracy, spread of 115–16 vs jihadist globalism 127 vs justice globalism 110, 117, 121 liberalization 113, 114 neoliberalism 111, 113–14 vs religious globalism 110 United States 115 Marx, Karl 32–4 media 15, 87–8 mergers 47, 54 migration and immigration 23, 29, 34–5, 67–72, 79, 89 modern period (1750–1980s) 32–6 modernity 12, 17, 20, 29–30, 81, 86–7 multilateral organizations and agreements 40, 73 multinational corporations 32, 54 N nation-states 12, 62–74, 131 colonialism 33 demise of nation-states 65–7 early modern period (1500–1750) 32 immigration control 67–72 self-determination 64 United Nations 35, 76 Westphalian model 63–4 national security 71 nationalism 35, 110–11 neoliberalism 36, 41–3, 46, 51, 56, 66, 106, 110, 112–18, 121–2, 131–2 NGOs see non-governmental organizations (NGOs) Nixon, Richard 40 Nokia’s role in Finnish economy 57 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 15, 68, 74, 76–8, 117–18 O Obama, Barack 48, 105 P Panama Papers 67 plague epidemic 29 Polanyi, Karl 131 political dimension of globalization 62–79 population growth 22, 29, 34, 93–5, 100 postmodernism 13–14, 72, 86–7 prehistoric period (10000 BCE–3500 BCE) 21–4 premodern period (3500 BCE–1500 BCE) 24–9 processes and conditions 12 protests 68, 71, 97, 117, 120–3 R regional clubs and agencies 73 religions 29, 93 religious globalisms 110, 123–8, 130 wars 31, 63–4 Ricardo, David 41 rich and poor, inequality between 132–3 Ritzer, George 83 Robertson, Roland 15, 83 S sameness or difference, culture and 81–6 sceptics 59, 63, 66–7, 79, 86 Schuman, Robert 74 self-determination 64 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States 123–4, 126 Silk Road 26 Smith, Adam 41 social relations, activities, and interdependencies 15, 17, 19, 32, 82, 129, 131 South-East Asian financial crisis 46 Soviet Union 35, 56 Spencer, Herbert 41 Stern, Nicholas (Stern Report) 99, 102 stock exchanges 44, 51–2 structural adjustment programmes 58, 59 supranational institutions and associations 67, 74 Syrian refugees 68–71 T technology 20, 22, 24, 43, 66, 114 see also Internet China 26–7, 30 communications 16, 34, 87, 122 digital 18–19, 38, 115, 123 Industrial Revolution 21 terrorism 1, 71–2, 117, 123–7, 130 Thatcher, Margaret 41, 114 TNCs see transnational corporations (TNCs) trade and finance, internationalization of 42–6 transboundary pollution 73, 92, 96, 100, 101 transnational corporations (TNCs) 4, 38, 42, 46, 53–6, 78, 87, 112, 115 Trump, Donald 110–11, 129, 132 U United Nations (UN) 74, 107 Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Report (2015) 54 foundation (1945) 64 Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 104, 105 General Assembly 97 nation-states 35 report on poverty (2015) 43 Rio + 20 summit 105 Security Council 65 United States (US) 1–2, 35, 40, 65 anti-globalization 110–11, 132 climate change 97, 103, 104 consumerism 84–5, 94 debts 47–8, 59 economic conference 39 economy 39–40, 46–7, 48 immigration 34, 67–8, 71, 111 income gap 133 neoliberalism 41, 46–7, 114, 118, 131 self-determination 64 terrorism 123–7, 130 Washington Consensus 58 world power 115, 130 W Wal-Mart 53, 54 war 62–3 civil war in Syria 68 Cold War 35, 56 cost of 60 Global War on Terror 1, 126 Great War (1914–18) 33, 64, 130, 131 Gulf War (1990) 65 imperial 26 religious 31, 63–4, 124 Second World War (1939–45) 35, 39, 64 Washington Consensus 58 Westphalian state 31, 63–4 wheel and writing, invention of 20, 24–5 Williamson, John 58 Wilson, Woodrow, ‘Fourteen Points’ 64 World Bank 40, 42, 56, 58, 59, 123 World Economic Forum (WEF) 120 World Social Forum (WSF) 16, 120, 121 World Trade Organization (WTO) 40, 42, 56, 74, 121, 123 Z Zapatista rebellion against NAFTA in Mexico 121 SOCIAL MEDIA A Very Short Introduction Join our community www.oup.com/vsi • Join us online at the official Very Short Introductions Facebook page • Access the thoughts and musings of our authors with our online blog • Sign up for our monthly e-newsletter to receive information on all new titles publishing that month • Browse the full range of Very Short Introductions online • Read extracts from the Introductions for free • If you are a teacher or lecturer you can order inspection copies quickly and simply via our website ONLINE CATALOGUE A Very Short Introduction Our online catalogue is designed to make it easy to find your ideal Very Short Introduction View the entire collection by subject area, watch author videos, read sample chapters, and download reading guides 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Julia Annas ANCIENT WARFARE Harry Sidebottom ANGELS David Albert Jones ANGLICANISM Mark Chapman THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR Tristram D Wyatt THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Peter Holland ANIMAL... AMERICAN REVOLUTION Robert J Allison AMERICAN SLAVERY Heather Andrea Williams THE AMERICAN WEST Stephen Aron AMERICAN WOMEN’S HISTORY Susan Ware ANAESTHESIA Aidan O’Donnell ANARCHISM Colin Ward ANCIENT... ANCIENT ASSYRIA Karen Radner ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE Christina Riggs ANCIENT GREECE Paul Cartledge THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Amanda H Podany ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Julia