Agricultural Development; Farmers, Farm Production and Farm Markets;

CONTENTS OF VOLUME Introduction to the Series v Contents of the Handbook vii PART 1: INTRODUCTION Overview ROBERT E EVENSON and PRABHU PINGALI 2253 PART 2: HUMAN RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY MASTERY Chapter 43 Agriculture and Human Capital in Economic Growth: Farmers, Schooling and Nutrition WALLACE E HUFFMAN and PETER F ORAZEM Abstract Keywords Introduction A conceptual framework for visualizing economic growth from agriculture and human capital investments 2.1 Two-sector model: Agriculture and non-agriculture 2.2 A multiperiod agricultural household model A summary of 2000 years of world economic growth experiences 3.1 Early evidence 3.2 Jump-starting economic growth with an agricultural transformation 3.3 Contemporary cross-sectional comparisons 2281 2282 2282 2283 2283 2283 2286 2292 2292 2298 2301 An overview of econometric evidence that schooling contributes to economic growth 2305 4.1 Micro-evidence for schooling and economic growth 2305 4.2 Macro-evidence 2308 Production of health, nutritional inputs, and work 2315 5.1 Micro-evidence 2316 5.2 Effects of nutrition on physical and mental development 2320 5.3 Nutrition and labor productivity: Micro-evidence 2321 5.4 Nutritional and labor productivity: Macro-evidence 2324 5.5 Obesity (over-nourished) 2327 5.6 Poverty traps 2328 xiii xiv Contents of Volume Schooling in agriculture 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Child labor and schooling The choice of where to work: Rural–urban population shift and brain drain Technology adoption and information acquisition Agricultural production Conclusions and implications References Chapter 44 Agricultural Extension JOCK R ANDERSON and GERSHON FEDER Abstract Keywords Introduction Conceptual frameworks 2.1 Information as an input to productivity growth: Demand for information 2.2 Welfare economics contextualization 2.3 A conceptual framework for analyzing extension organizations Alternative extension modalities to overcome generic weaknesses 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Training and visit (T&V) extension Decentralization Fee-for-service and privatized extension Farmer field schools The impact of extension Conclusion References 2329 2329 2329 2331 2333 2333 2335 2343 2344 2344 2345 2348 2348 2349 2355 2362 2362 2363 2365 2366 2367 2371 2372 PART 3: INVENTION AND INNOVATION Chapter 45 The Role of International Agricultural Research in Contributing to Global Food Security and Poverty Alleviation: The Case of the CGIAR PRABHU PINGALI and TIM KELLEY Abstract Keywords Evolution and funding of the CGIAR 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Growth in funding base for the CGIAR Trends in CGIAR investment by activity/undertaking Investments by center type The changing nature of the investment: From unrestricted to restricted Diffusion and impact of CGIAR research and technology generation 2.1 Crop genetic improvements 2.2 Crop and resource management impacts 2.3 Lack of sustained critical mass investment 2381 2382 2382 2384 2385 2387 2389 2391 2393 2393 2395 2396 Contents of Volume 2.4 Inappropriate methods for measuring NRM impact 2.5 Lack of impact per se Rates of returns to IARC research investment 3.1 Returns to crop improvement research investment 3.2 Non-commodity focused efforts Impacts on poverty and food security 4.1 Food supplies and food prices 4.2 Differential impact of technological change Challenges ahead 5.1 CGIAR public goods References Chapter 46 Contributions of National Agricultural Research Systems to Crop Productivity ROBERT E EVENSON and DOUGLAS GOLLIN Abstract Keywords Introduction Background NARS institutions: Investment patterns and characteristics xv 2396 2398 2399 2399 2401 2403 2403 2404 2406 2410 2414 Policy issues for NARS and IARC programs References 2419 2420 2420 2421 2422 2423 2423 2425 2428 2430 2433 2446 2446 2446 2447 2449 2450 2452 2453 2454 2455 2455 2455 2457 2458 Chapter 47 Livestock Productivity in Developing Countries: An Assessment ALEJANDRO NIN, SIMEON EHUI and SAMUEL BENIN 2461 3.1 NARS expenditures 3.2 The political economy of support for NARS programs NARS contributions to crop improvement: The Green Revolution 4.1 The development of Green Revolution MVs: An overview 4.2 GRMV production and adoption 4.3 GRMV production: A summary Impacts of the Green Revolution 5.1 GRMV production and adoption 5.2 Productivity effects of GRMVs 5.3 Returns to investment in IARC and NARS programs NARS and the “Gene Revolution” 6.1 Gene–Green Revolution congruity 6.2 GM crop coverage to 2003 6.3 IARC and NARS “failures” in the Gene Revolution Economic impact of NARS programs 7.1 Yield–cropland tradeoffs (land for nature) 7.2 Prices of agricultural commodities and mass poverty xvi Contents of Volume Abstract Keywords Introduction Factors affecting livestock development 2.1 The process of livestock development 2.2 Vertical coordination in the livestock sector Demand for livestock products 3.1 Consumption structure 3.2 Trends in consumption 3.3 Elasticities 3.4 Transformation of the livestock sector and consequences for international trade Livestock production 4.1 Production structure 4.2 Output growth 4.3 Output growth in different sectors Partial factor productivity and resource use 5.1 PFP and input use in different developing regions and countries 5.2 PFP of livestock sub-sectors Total factor productivity measures Livestock R&D systems 7.1 Livestock R&D in Sub-Saharan Africa 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Livestock R&D in East, South and Southeast Asia Livestock R&D in North Africa and West Asia Livestock R&D in Latin America International agricultural research centers R&D and investment in livestock research 7.7 Strategies for improving impact of livestock research Summary and conclusions Appendix A: Estimating the Malmquist index References 2462 2463 2464 2465 2468 2469 2471 2472 2475 2479 2481 2485 2485 2487 2492 2492 2494 2497 2500 2507 2507 2509 2511 2511 2512 2513 2519 2523 2526 2529 Chapter 48 Agricultural Innovation: Investments and Incentives BRIAN D WRIGHT, PHILIP G PARDEY, CAROL NOTTENBURG and BONWOO KOO 2533 Abstract 2534 Keywords 2535 Introduction 2536 Research investments and the structure of funding 2539 2.1 International trends 2539 2.2 Research intensities 2541 2.3 Private and public research roles 2543 2.4 Research knowledge stocks 2543 Contents of Volume 2.5 International dimensions of agricultural R&D The economics of innovation incentives – in brief 3.1 Static patent theory 3.2 The implications of competition in research 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Innovation dynamics and the role of patents Is the anti-commons impeding agricultural research? Alternative inducements to innovate Intangible incentives – open source initiatives Means of protecting innovations relevant to the agricultural biosciences 4.1 Intellectual property rights 4.2 Alternatives to intellectual property rights The globally evolving institutional environment for agricultural IPR 5.1 International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) 5.2 International undertaking on plant genetic resources 5.3 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 5.4 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 5.5 International treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture Instruments for transactions in agricultural IPR 6.1 Licenses 6.2 Material transfer agreements (MTAs) 6.3 Bag-label contracts 6.4 Technology use agreements IPR trends for plant varieties 7.1 Global trends in crop-related IPRs 7.2 Biotechnology patenting patterns Conclusion References Chapter 49 Private Agricultural Research CARL E PRAY, KEITH O FUGLIE and DANIEL K.N JOHNSON Abstract Keywords Introduction History, size and structure of private agricultural research Private agricultural research output Diffusion of private agricultural technology Impact of private agricultural research 5.1 Econometric estimates of impact of private research and technology transfer 5.2 Micro-level studies of private research impact and the distribution of benefits between private firms and farms Incentives for private agricultural research and the role of public policy 6.1 Appropriating benefits of agricultural research xvii 2545 2551 2552 2555 2556 2557 2561 2564 2565 2565 2574 2577 2577 2578 2579 2580 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2586 2586 2587 2593 2595 2596 2605 2606 2606 2607 2607 2615 2622 2627 2628 2630 2633 2633 xviii Contents of Volume 6.2 The role of public research 6.3 Industrial and regulatory policies Conclusions References Chapter 50 Plant Biotechnology for Developing Countries ROBERT HERDT, GARY TOENNIESSEN and JOHN O’TOOLE Abstract Keywords Introduction Biotechnology tools 2.1 Tissue culture 2.2 Marker-aided selection 2.3 Genetic engineering 2.4 Plant genomics Crop variety development in developing countries 3.1 The continuing Green Revolution 3.2 Near-term crop biotechnology possibilities for developing countries 3.3 Capacity-building for biotechnology Institutional capacity 4.1 Proprietary property 4.2 Regulatory systems 4.3 Public acceptance and farmer adoption Conclusions References 2635 2636 2636 2638 2641 2642 2642 2643 2644 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2651 2654 2657 2657 2660 2661 2663 2664 PART 4: MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS AND TRANSACTION COSTS Chapter 51 Efficiency and Equity Effects of Land Markets KEIJIRO OTSUKA Abstract Keywords Introduction An overview of agrarian economies Theoretical framework 3.1 A simple model of land and labor transactions 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 On the dominance of land tenancy transactions Advantages of share tenancy Competing models of share tenancy Land tenure security and investment Adjustment costs and allocative efficiency 2671 2672 2672 2673 2675 2679 2680 2681 2683 2684 2687 2688 Contents of Volume A review of empirical studies 4.1 Efficiency of share tenancy 4.2 Efficiency of land allocation and use 4.3 Land tenure security and investment 4.4 Equity effects of tenancy transactions Concluding remarks References Chapter 52 Labor: Decisions, Contracts and Organization JAMES ROUMASSET and SANG-HYOP LEE Abstract Keywords Introduction Theoretical and empirical issues 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 The wedge-model farm-household decisions Farm size, transaction cost, and efficiency Separability and substitutability Share, piece-rate and wage contracts Efficiency wages Casual vs permanent workers Extensions: Toward a co-evolutionary view of agricultural organization 3.1 Interdependency of markets, contracts, and farm-household organization 3.2 The co-evolution of contracts, markets, and specialization 3.3 Unresolved questions and conceptual challenges Policy considerations and directions for further research References Chapter 53 Fertilizers and Other Farm Chemicals PAUL W HEISEY and GEORGE W NORTON Abstract Keywords Introduction Consumption of fertilizers and pesticides 2.1 Fertilizer consumption by region 2.2 Consumption by crop 2.3 Pesticide consumption Determinants of consumption 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Level of analysis Determinants of fertilizer supply Demand side factors Prices xix 2689 2689 2691 2694 2695 2696 2698 2705 2706 2706 2707 2708 2708 2710 2713 2716 2720 2721 2723 2723 2724 2730 2733 2734 2741 2742 2742 2743 2744 2744 2747 2751 2753 2753 2754 2755 2757 xx Contents of Volume 2761 2764 4.1 Price and regulatory policy for fertilizer and other farm chemicals in developing countries 2765 4.2 Experiences with market reform 2766 4.3 Fertilizer, pesticides, and negative externalities in developing countries 2769 Summary 2770 References 2772 3.5 Determinants of pesticide consumption Issues in market development Chapter 54 Agricultural Mechanization: Adoption Patterns and Economic Impact PRABHU PINGALI Abstract Keywords Introduction Trends and patterns in agricultural mechanization 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Power tillers/tractors Milling and other post-harvest operations Harvesting and threshing operations Labor substitution for “control-intensive” operations Impacts of agricultural mechanization 3.1 Land preparation 3.2 Mechanization of post-harvest operations Implications for mechanization policy 4.1 Tractors are a poor instrument for stimulating agricultural growth 4.2 Agricultural mechanization policy ought to be seen within the context of an overall agricultural growth strategy 4.3 The demand for motorizing power intensive operations, such as tillage and threshing, is closely associated with the intensification of farming systems, while the mechanization of control-intensive operations, such as weeding, is driven by rising real wages 4.4 Promotion of small stationary machines for power-intensive operations such as milling and pumping can have significant benefits for the poor 4.5 Clearly established property rights could minimize the risk of displacement of small farmers from their land 4.6 Adoption of labor saving technology does not always imply labor displacement 4.7 Public sector run tractor promotion projects, including tractor-hire operations, have neither been successful nor equitable 4.8 Alleviating supply side constraints to mechanization is important, but only where the demand conditions are right and the enabling environment is in place 4.9 Conservation agriculture is not a panacea for farming systems that are not mechanized today 4.10 Global integration of food and input markets can have positive as well as negative consequences for small farm mechanization References 2779 2780 2780 2781 2782 2783 2787 2788 2790 2792 2792 2796 2799 2799 2799 2800 2800 2801 2801 2801 2802 2802 2803 2803 Contents of Volume Chapter 55 Transformation of Markets for Agricultural Output in Developing Countries Since 1950: How Has Thinking Changed? THOMAS REARDON and C PETER TIMMER Abstract Keywords Introduction Analytical framework Transformation of markets: Commodity market development, 1950s to 1980s 3.1 Phase – 1950s–1960s: Growth as the policy objective for grain commodity markets 3.2 Phase – 1970s to early 1980s: The policy objective becomes improving income distribution from the transactions in grain commodity markets 3.3 Phase – early–mid 1980s to the early–mid 1990s: Structural adjustment of markets and “getting prices right” 3.4 Phase – 1990s: Second generation of reforms, “getting institutions right” and the rise of xxi 2807 2808 2808 2809 2811 2814 2815 2818 2820 2822 new institutional economics research on developing country markets Phase – mid-1990s to the present: Globalization and product market development in developing countries 2823 4.1 The impact of globalization on output markets in developing countries: Trade liberalization is just the “tip of the iceberg” – FDI liberalization was crucial 4.2 The rise of supermarkets: Downstream changes in food systems in the 1990s drive agrifood 2824 2827 market transformation Who wins and who loses in the retail-driven transformation of agrifood product markets during globalization? 2841 5.1 Drivers of the distribution of net benefits from output market transformation: The broad view 5.2 Emerging evidence of the distributional effects of the demand-side (food industry transformation) on the supply-side (producers) What we not know: A research agenda References Chapter 56 Rural Financial Markets in Developing Countries JONATHAN CONNING and CHRISTOPHER UDRY Abstract Keywords Introduction Salient characteristics of rural financial markets 2.1 Fragmented or absent markets 2.2 Government interventions Models of rural financial markets 3.1 The complete markets benchmark 3.2 Empirical tests of efficient risk sharing 2841 2844 2847 2849 2857 2858 2858 2859 2861 2861 2864 2868 2870 2871 Author Index Skoufias, E., see Jacoby, H 2873 Skoufias, E., see Jacoby, H.G 2328 Skovmand, B., see Gollin, D 2996 Slade, R., see Feder, G 2369 Slade, R.H., see Feder, G 2346, 2356, 2359, 2360, 2362, 2363, 2369 Smale, M., see Gollin, D 2996 Smale, M., see Pingali, P.L 2410 Smaling, E.M.A 2767 Smaling, E.M.A., see Stoorvogel, J.J 2767 Small, A.A., see Rausser, G 2995, 2996, 2997n Small, A.A., see Rausser, G.C 2580n Smartt, J., see Bisby, F.A 2992 Smith, A 2734n Smith, J 2761n, 2765 Smith, J., see Roumasset, J 2715n, 2726n Smith, L.C 2302n, 2326 Smith, N.J.H., see Plucknett, D.L 2549 Smith, P 2581n Smith, V.H., see Constantine, J.H 2538 Smith, V.K 2995, 2997 Snyder, P.S., see Anderson, T 2948 Söderqvist, T., see Daily, G 2995 Sohngen, B 2988 Sokoloff, K.L 2301 Solow, R.M 2253 Sombroeck, W., see Oldeman, R 2918–2921, 2923, 2929 Sombroek, W., see Reilly, J 3016, 3020 Sommer, A 2653 Sonoda, T 2715 Soomro, M.H., see Khan, M.A 2770 Sougqing, J., see Deininger, K 2690, 2692n, 2694, 2695 Soule, M.J 2915, 2916 Southgate, D 2996, 3000 Spalding, H., see McCloskey, J.M 2989 Spalding, M., see Chape, S 2990 Sparling, E.W., see Renfro, R.Z.H 2948 Spector, T.D., see Valdes, A.M 2287 Spencer, D.S.C 2758 Spencer, D.S.C., see Matlon, P.J 2769 Sperling, L 2394 Speth, J.G 2920 Spiegel, M.M., see Benhabib, J 2309 Spiller, P 2946 Spillman, W.J 2886 Squire, L., see Singh, I 2286, 2713, 2714, 2822, 2869, 2871, 2874 Srinivasan, C.S., see Heisey, P.W 2425 I-25 Srinivasan, T.N 2873 Srinivasan, T.N., see Bell, C 2874, 2893 Stabinsky, D., see Brush, S.B 2582 Stacchetti, E., see Abreu, D 2883 Stads, G.J., see Beintema, N.M 2539, 2542 Stamoulis, K., see DeHaen, H 2407 Stark, O., see Rosenzweig, M.R 2873 Starrett, D., see Daily, G 2995 Steinfeld, H., see Delgado, C 2464, 2466, 2471, 2472, 2479, 2480, 2507 Steinfeld, H., see Seré, C 2529 Stern, S., see Lavy, V 2721 Stern, S., see Murray, F 2558n Stibig, H.-J., see Achard, F 2986 Stigler, G 2724, 2730 Stiglitz, J 2822 Stiglitz, J.E 2322n, 2716, 2720n, 2721, 2860, 2867, 2868, 2877, 2885, 2886, 2888, 2896 Stiglitz, J.E., see Arnott, R 2894, 2895 Stiglitz, J.E., see Braverman, A 2720, 2823, 2895 Stiglitz, J.E., see Greenwald, B.C 2720n Stiglitz, J.E., see Hoff, K 2862, 2895 Stiglitz, J.E., see Newbery, D.M 2720, 2818, 2819 Stiroh, K.J., see Jorgenson, D.W 2285 Stone, B., see Desai, G.M 2753 Stoorvogel, J.J 2767 Stout, A., see Crosson, P 2914 Stout, B.A., see Kline, C.K 2786 Strand, I., see Barbier, E.B 2996 Strand, I., see McConnell, K.E 2959 Strand, J., see Seip, K 2998 Strauss, J 2319, 2321, 2721 Strauss, J., see Dow, W 2721 Strauss, J., see Singh, I 2286, 2713, 2714, 2822, 2869, 2871, 2874 Strauss, J., see Thomas, D 2721 Subramanian, A., see Dinar, A 2950 Subudhi, P., see Sanchez, A 2653 Suh, Y.S., see Fellingham, J.C 2881 Sukharomana, S 2797 Sulaiman, R 2363, 2365 Summers, R., see Heston, A 2299, 2300 Sunding, D 2332, 2346, 2538, 2754 Sunding, D.L., see Schoengold, K 2941 Suri, T 2872 Sutton, P., see Costanza, R 2995 Suwarno, A., see Bustamam, M 2646 Suyanto, S 2694, 2695 Swaminathan, M.S., see Kendall, H.W 2646 I-26 Swamy, A.V 2323 Swamy, A.V., see Kranton, R.E 2889, 2895 Swamy, D.S 2695 Swanson, B.E 2345, 2358, 2361, 2364 Swanson, T., see Goeschl, T 2634 Swinnen, J 2839, 2845, 2848 Swinnen, J., see de Gorter, H 2765 Swinnen, J., see Dries, L 2829, 2830, 2839, 2845 Swinnen, J., see Gow, H 2839, 2847, 2848 Swinnen, J.F.M., see Reardon, T 2839, 2848 Syed, M., see Berg, T 2654 Symons, J., see Newell, A 2692, 2693n Tabien, R., see Bustamam, M 2646 TAC 2383n, 2413 Taff, S.J., see Lupi Jr., F 2996 Tam, P.T.G 2830 Tan, J.-P., see Belli, P 2368 Taniguchi, K., see Wang, X 2326n Taubman, A 2574n Taylor, H., see Daberkow, S 2747n, 2755 Taylor, J.E 2330 Taylor, L 2822 Taylor, M.R 2560n Teague, M.L 2761 Teboh, J.F., see Bumb, B.L 2759, 2768 Tegene, A., see Soule, M.J 2915, 2916 Teklehaimanot, H.D., see Ghebreyesus, T.A 2967 Terborgh, J 2999, 2999n Terborgh, J., see van Schaik, C 3000 Terry, E., see Pieri, C 2349 Thailand Development Research Institute 2830 Thambisetty, S 2571 Thampapillai, J., see Anderson, J.R 2914 The Crucible II Group 2581n Thiele, G 2367 Thiele, H 2886 Thimmaiah, G 2676, 2697n Third World Academy of Sciences, see National Academy of Sciences 2646 Thirtle, C 2354, 2643, 2651 Thirtle, C., see Schimmelpfennig, D 2628 Thirtle, C.G., see Heisey, P.W 2425 Thisse, J., see O’Donoghue, T 2556 Thomas, D 2721 Thomas, D., see Dow, W 2721 Thomas, D., see Strauss, J 2321 Thomas, J.P., see Ligon, E 2876, 2883 Thomas, R., see North, D 2867 Author Index Thorat, S 2676, 2679, 2694, 2697n Thorat, S., see Fan, S 2404 Thorpe, J.P., see Bisby, F.A 2992 Thorpe, T., see Harry, I 2731 Thurman, W.N., see Knoeber, C.R 2880 Tiffen, M 2926, 2927 Tilman, D 2994, 2996, 2997n Tilman, D., see Daily, G 2995 Timberg, T.A 2862 Timmer, C.P 2643, 2765, 2810, 2812, 2812n, 2816, 2817, 2820, 2821 Timmer, C.P., see Ahmed, J.K 2754, 2756, 2765 Timmer, C.P., see Reardon, T 2734, 2829, 2837 Timmer, P., see Hu, D 2827n, 2830, 2834, 2839, 2845, 2846 Tirole, J 2889 Tirole, J., see Dewatripont, M 2868n, 2899 Tirole, J., see Holmstrom, B 2891n, 2892 Tirole, J., see Lerner, J 2564 Tjornhom, J.D 2761, 2770 Tobin, R.J 2762 Todt de Azevado, L.G 2951 Toenniessen, G 2648, 2655 Toenniessen, G., see DeVries, J 2651, 2656 Tol, R., see Pearce, D 3011 Tolley, G., see Miller, T 2758, 2765 Toman, M.A 2995 Tomich, T 2731 Tomich, T., see Suyanto, S 2694, 2695 Tomich, T.P 2754, 2757, 2765 Toojinda, T., see Lanceras, J 2657 Topel, R 2309 Toquero, Z.F 2796 Torero, M., see Field, E 2889 Townsend, R.M 2860, 2872, 2873, 2879, 2883, 2897 Townsend, R.M., see Ahlin, C 2896n Townsend, R.M., see Felkner, J.S 2875 Townsend, R.M., see Jeong, H 2875 Townsend, R.M., see Paulson, A.L 2876, 2883 Traxler, G 2261n, 2414, 2632, 2763, 2764 Traxler, G., see Byerlee, D 2394, 2395 Traxler, G., see Falck-Zepeda, J.B 2261n Traxler, G., see Qaim, M 2261n, 2632, 2764 Trigo, E.J., see Echeverría, R.G 2611 Tripp, R., see Marfo, K 2758, 2766 Truong, T.V 2768 Tsegaye, B., see Berg, T 2654 Tsur, Y 2957, 2961, 2963 Author Index Tsur, Y., see Easter, K.W 2949 Tuan, F.C 2483 Tucker, N., see Reardon, T 2830, 2846, 2848 Tucker, R.P 2983, 2984 Tucker, R.P., see Richards, J.F 2984 Turkelboom, F 2395 Twomlow, S., see Rusike, J 2399 Tyrväinen, L 2996 Tzannatos, Z., see Psacharopoulos, G 2311 Udry, C 2711, 2862, 2872, 2879 Udry, C., see Aryeetey, E 2862 Udry, C., see Bardhan, P 2707, 2722n, 2860 Udry, C., see Bell, C 2874, 2893 Udry, C., see Goldstein, M 2863 Udry, C., see Kazianga, H 2872, 2874 ul Hassan, M., see Murray-Rust, H 2937, 2942, 2965 Ulrich, A 2538 Umali, D.L 2346, 2351, 2353 Umali, D.L., see Feder, G 2754, 2939 Umali-Deininger, D 2352, 2360 Umemura, M., see Ohkawa, K 2783 UNCTAD 2826 UNDP 2584n UNECE 2983 United Nations 2643, 2650 United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), see International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2998 UPOV 2588, 2590, 2591 Urey, I., see Dorward, A 2765, 2768 U.S Census Bureau/Bureau of Economic Analysis 2584 U.S Department of Agriculture 2588, 2591 U.S Patent and Trademark Office 2588, 2591 USDA 2915 Usher, D 2555 Uy, M 2711 Uy, M., see Roumasset, J 2713n, 2718n, 2726n Uzogara, S.G 2662 Vakis, R 2712 Valdes, A 2819 Valdés, A., see Hazell, P.B.R 2860 Valdes, A.M 2287 Van Assche, A 2730n Van de Fliert, E 2366, 2367n van de Geijn, S., see Reilly, J 3016, 3020 Van den Ban, A.W 2345, 2347, 2353 I-27 van den Belt, M., see Costanza, R 2995 Van der Laan, H.L 2817 van der Linden, P., see Houghton, J 3011, 3013, 3014 Van Der Meer, C., see Gisselquist, D 2755, 2766 van Dusen, E., see Boettiger, S 2565n, 2579, 2581n Van Huyck, J.B., see Grossman, H.I 2879, 2883 van Schaik, C 2998, 3000 Van Schilfgaarde, J 2958 Van Wijk, J 2634, 2635 van Ypersele, T., see Shavell, S 2563 Van Zeijts, H., see Rougoor, C.W 2757 Vanderhoef, L.N., see Atkinson, R.C 2564, 2660 Vane-Wright, R.I 2992 Vanlauwe, B., see Place, F 2767 Varghese, A 2892 Varian, H.R 2894, 2896 Vasavada, U., see Fuglie, K.O 2616 Vasquez, E., see Orellana, D 2830 Vellinga, P., see Pearce, D 3011 Venner, R.J., see Alston, J.M 2568 VeraCruz, C., see Bustamam, M 2646 Verma, B.N 2692 Vermeulen, S., see Campbell, B 2395 Vernon, D., see Mullen, J.D 2353 Victor, D 2991 Vijverberg, W.P., see Deolalikar, A.B 2714 Vlek, P.L.G 2754, 2755, 2758 Vogel, J 2579n Vollrath, T.L 2483 Von Braun, J 2967 von Hippel, E 2564n Von Pischke, J.D 2860, 2865, 2866 Von Pischke, J.D., see Adams, D.W 2860, 2865, 2866, 2899 von Thünen, J 2981 Vosseni, J.V.D., see Eede, G.V.D 2662 Vosti, S.A., see Pardey, P.G 2536, 2593, 2594 Vrabec, G., see Reardon, T 2839 Vroomen, H., see Denbaly, M 2755 Vukina, T., see Hayenga, M.L 2470 Vyas, V.S 2697n Wackernagelk, W., see Eede, G.V.D 2662 Wade, L.J., see Chandrababu, R 2657 Waibel, H 2401 Waibel, H., see Fleischer, G 2357 I-28 Wainger, L.A., see Geoghegan, J 2996 Waktola, A., see Berg, T 2654 Walker, B., see Daily, G 2995 Walker, S.T., see Truong, T.V 2768 Walker, T 2393, 2444, 2445 Walker, T.S 2401, 2405n, 2691, 2789, 2796 Walker, T.S., see Fuglie, K.O 2636 Wallis, J., see North, D 2725, 2729, 2734 Walsh, J.P 2557 Walsh, J.P., see Cohen, W.M 2573 Walter-Echols, G., see Fleischer, G 2357 Wambach, A., see Thiele, H 2886 Wambia, J.M 2966 Wambugu, F 2652 Wan, G.H 2711 Wang, G., see Finkelstein, E 2327 Wang, H., see Hu, D 2827n, 2830, 2834, 2839, 2845, 2846 Wang, Q., see Huang, J 2540n Wang, X 2326n Wang, Z., see Coyle, W 2479, 2481 Wanzala, M., see Jayne, T.S 2755, 2768 Ward, C 2959 Ward, C., see Hayenga, M.L 2470 Ward, C.E 2469–2471 Ward, M., see Costello, C 2580n Wardle, D.A 2994n Warning, M 2865 Warriner, D 2673 Waters-Beyer, A 2357 Watson, A., see Kingwell, R 2568n Watson, R 3011 Watts, M.J 2890 WCD 2964, 2968 Weatherspoon, D.D 2830, 2831, 2846 Weber, P 2954 Webster, N 2691 Weidemann, C.J., see Saito, K.A 2365 Weiss, A., see Stiglitz, J.E 2885, 2886, 2888 Weitzman, M.L 2561, 2992, 2995, 2996 Welch, F 2301, 2306n, 2333 Wells, M 3000 Welsch, R., see Beyer, P 2653 Wen, D 2922 West, K.P 2643 West, P.C., see Wilshusen, P.R 2999, 2999n Westbrook, J., see Reilly, J 3016, 3020 Wharton Jr., C.R 2817 Whitaker, M.L 2942, 2952 White, K., see McCarthy, J 3011 Author Index Wickramasinghe, U., see Roumasset, J 2725n, 2727n Widawsky, D 2762, 2770 Wiebe, K., see Carter, M.R 2711 Wiebe, K.D., see Carter, M.R 2889 Wiebe, K.D., see Soule, M.J 2915, 2916 Wiebers, U.-C 2366 Wilcksl, A., see Eede, G.V.D 2662 Wiley, J.D., see Atkinson, R.C 2564, 2660 Willett, A., see Feder, G 2345, 2356, 2360, 2361 Williams, J., see Ray, I 2951 Williams, P.H., see Vane-Wright, R.I 2992 Williams, S.P 2767 Williams, T., see Ehui, S 2464 Williamson, J.G 2331 Williamson, O 2712, 2727n, 2733 Williamson, O.E 2811, 2814, 2816, 2822 Willis, K., see Garrod, G 2996 Willis, K., see Powe, N 2996 Wilshusen, P.R 2999, 2999n Wilson, E.O 2276, 2992 Wilson, E.O., see MacArthur, R.H 2993 Wilson, M 2354, 2363, 2366 Wilson, S.D., see Wardle, D.A 2994n Winrock International 2509 Winter, S.G., see Levin, R.C 2573 Winters, P., see Murgai, R 2884 Witcombe, J.R 2405n Witten, K.H., see Ghebreyesus, T.A 2967 Wodon, Q., see Ravallion, M 2329 Wohlgemuth, D., see Huang, T.L 2331 Wolf, A.T 2958 Wolf, E., see Brown, L 2918, 2920 Wolf, S 2352 Wolf, S., see Hueth, B 2839n Wolff, L., see Perraton, H.D 2369 Wolford, W., see de Janvry, A 2674, 2676, 2697 Wolpin, K., see Rosenzweig, M 2874 Wolpin, K.J., see Rosenzweig, M.R 2318 Wood, S 2394 Woodruff, C., see McKenzie, D 2862 Wooldridge, J.M 2319n, 2321 Worall, T., see Ligon, E 2876, 2883 World Bank 2293, 2300, 2309, 2329, 2388, 2392, 2542, 2550, 2587, 2817, 2865, 3000, 3011 World Wildlife Foundation (WWF), see International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2998 Author Index Wozniak, G 2332, 2347 WRI 2917 Wright, B., see Graff, G 2559, 2564 Wright, B., see Kletzer, K 2883 Wright, B., see Koo, B 2410, 2410n Wright, B., see Lei, Z 2558 Wright, B.D 2555, 2560–2562, 2562n, 2585 Wright, B.D., see Binenbaum, E 2585 Wright, B.D., see Boettiger, S 2565n, 2579, 2581n Wright, B.D., see Carrizosa, S 2580 Wright, B.D., see Koo, B 2556 Wright, B.D., see Nottenburg, C 2585 Wright, B.D., see Pardey, P.G 2557n, 2572 Wrightj, A.V., see Eede, G.V.D 2662 Wu, S., see Hueth, B 2839n Wyatt, T.J., see Alston, J.M 2370, 2395, 2400, 2401, 2523, 2536, 2552, 2627 Wydick, B 2895 Xu, B 2300 Xu, J., see Fang, X 2653 Yadav, R 2653 Yamada, S., see Hayami, Y 2298 Yang, D.T 2730 Yang, X 2707, 2715n, 2724, 2725, 2725n, 2731, 2732, 2732n Yang, X., see Borland, J 2724, 2729 Yang, Y 2582 Yao, Y 2693 Yao, Y., see Carter, M.R 2714n Yao, Y., see Liu, S 2687, 2690 Yaron, D., see Dinar, A 2940 Ye, X., see Beyer, P 2653 Yee, J., see Fuglie, K.O 2616 Yellen, J.L., see Akerlof, G.A 2322n Yohannes, A.M., see Ghebreyesus, T.A 2967 Yohannes, H., see Holden, S 2690, 2694 Yohannes, M., see Ghebreyesus, T.A 2967 Yoon, Y.J., see Buchanan, J.M 2724 Young, A.A 2724 Young, C.E., see Atkinson, R.C 2564, 2660 Yu, W., see Coyle, W 2479, 2481 Zambrano, P., see Binenbaum, E 2585 I-29 Zambrano, P., see Pardey, P.G 2557n, 2572 Zeckhauser, R., see Eggleston, K 2733n Zeddies, J 2395, 2401 Zeira, J., see Galor, O 2875 Zeller, M 2867, 2873 Zeller, M., see Diagne, A 2874 Zepeda, L., see Hayes, J 2694n, 2925 Zhang, L., see Qiao, F 2766 Zhang, Y., see Koo, B 2567n, 2588, 2589n Zhao, J 2956 Ziedonis, A.A., see Mowery, D.C 2552 Zijp, W., see Alex, G 2348, 2355 Zijp, W., see Feder, G 2345, 2356, 2360, 2361 Zijp, W., see Rivera, W 2354 Zijp, W., see Rivera, W.M 2353 Zijp, W., see Schwartz, L.A 2352 Zilberman, D., see Brill, E 2948 Zilberman, D., see Caswell, M 2940, 2941, 2969, 2971 Zilberman, D., see Chakravorty, U 2945, 2955, 2957 Zilberman, D., see de Janvry, A 2577 Zilberman, D., see Dinar, A 2956 Zilberman, D., see Feder, G 2345, 2346, 2754, 2939 Zilberman, D., see Graff, G 2559, 2564 Zilberman, D., see Graff, G.D 2593, 2595, 2659 Zilberman, D., see Heiman, A 2847 Zilberman, D., see Hochman, E 2957 Zilberman, D., see Qaim, M 2261n, 2763 Zilberman, D., see Shah, F.A 2953 Zilberman, D., see Sunding, D 2332, 2346, 2538, 2754 Zilberman, D., see Wolf, S 2352 Zilberman, D., see Zhao, J 2956 Zilibotti, F., see Acemoglu, D 2868 Zimmerman, F.J., see Carter, M.R 2867, 2875 Zingales, L., see Rajan, R 2859, 2866, 2867 Zinman, J., see Karlan, D 2876 Zinyowera, M., see Watson, R 3011 Zusman, P., see Rausser, G.C 2946 Zwane, A.P., see Kremer, M 2563 Zylbersztajn, D 2848 Zylbersztajn, D., see Mainville, D.Y 2814 SUBJECT INDEX anti-commons 2557–2559 ‘anti-usury’ laws 2864 Apple Computers 2573 applied water 2940 Aral Sea 2965 Argentina 2549, 2588, 2611 Arrow–Debreu 2871 Article 23 2574 Article 27.3(b) 2580, 2581 Asia 2539, 2541, 2549, 2609, 2744 Aswan Dam 2966 asymmetric information 2866, 2875, 2876, 2884, 2900 Australia 2949 access to and transfer of technology 2579, 2583 access to modern agricultural technologies 2545 access to proprietary technologies 2564 accountability 2359, 2362, 2366, 2371 active water markets 2948 Adam Smith 2552, 2581, 2877 adulteration 2761 adverse selection 2876, 2877, 2893, 2900 Afghanistan 2549 Africa 2615 African countries 2539 African Regional Industrial Property Office 2569 agency costs 2729 aggregate area expansion 2794 agricultural biotechnology 2537, 2552, 2556, 2557, 2559, 2563, 2564, 2583, 2593, 2595 agricultural cooperative 2897 agricultural credit 2865 agricultural credit cooperatives 2889 agricultural extension 2344, 2371 agricultural firm 2719 agricultural household model 2874 agricultural machinery 2611 agricultural mechanization 2779 agricultural organization 2734 agricultural output markets 2809 agricultural productivity 2628 agricultural runoff 2966 agricultural transformation 2282, 2298–2301, 2303, 2305, 2331, 2334, 2812 agriculture 3011 agrifood system 2809 agro-industrial 2890 agro-industry 2863, 2896 Agrobacterium technologies 2572 aid agencies 2549 AIDADS demand system 2481 Alfred Marshall 2877 Amu Darya 2965 Andean Community 2571 Andean Pact countries 2580 animal-drawn equipment 2783 Bacillus thurigiensis (Bt) 2622 bag label contracts 2586 banana 2608 Bangladesh 2636, 2894 Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) 2866 Bank of Thailand 2866 banking 2895 banks 2863, 2864, 2884, 2889, 2890, 2893, 2899 Bayh–Dole Act 2537, 2552, 2583 Belgium 2577 benefit–cost analysis 2943 bills of exchange 2864 bio-prospecting 2580 biodiversity 2981, 2992, 2994, 2995, 2997– 3002 biological diversity 2992, 2998 Biological Innovation for Open Society 2564 biosafety 2654, 2657, 2660, 2663 biotechnology 2535, 2537, 2538, 2552, 2557, 2559, 2560, 2564–2566, 2570, 2571, 2573–2575, 2577, 2579, 2581, 2585, 2593–2595, 2609, 2631, 2763, 2990, 3001 blocking claims 2557 bonding and debt peonage 2873 Boserup effects 2732 Brazil 2539, 2541, 2571, 2588, 2611 I-31 I-32 Bt 2622, 2623, 2631, 2632 Buck and Morgan 2608 Bulgaria 2588, 2617 bureaucracy 2357, 2359 Burkina Faso 2872, 2874, 2889 CAMBIA 2564 Cambodia 2549 Cameroon 2571 CaMV 35S promoter 2572 capital costs 2963 carbon fertilization 3016 Cargill 2575 Caribbean 2625 casual workers 2719, 2722 ceblokan 2719 Central America 2625 certification 2990, 2991 CGIAR 2385 CGIAR research and technology generation 2393 Champagne 2574 cheap food 2815 chemical technologies 2782 Chesapeake Bay Agreement 2959 child labor 2305, 2329 Chile 2588, 2611, 2896, 2949 China 2539–2541, 2549, 2574, 2575, 2588, 2609, 2744, 2872 CIAT 2545 CIMMYT 2383, 2384, 2545 climate and carbon sensitivity 3014 climate change 3011 climate sensitivity 3014 climate sensitivity function 3012 CO2 3014 co-evolution 2734 coffee 2608 Cohen and Boyer 2537 collateral 2862, 2863, 2877, 2884, 2885, 2887, 2890–2893 collateral guarantees 2899 collateral substitutes 2888 Colombia 2541, 2571, 2588, 2611 commercialization 2559, 2560, 2566, 2583, 2585, 2595 commitment 2876, 2880 commodity market development 2814 common pool problem 2555, 2562, 2563 communal responsibility system 2897 community enforcement 2882 Subject Index Community Plant Variety Office 2590 complementarities 2756 complete markets 2870, 2871, 2875 Congo 2544 conjunctive use 2962 consolidation 2834 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 2545, 2576, 2585 consumption smoothing 2872, 2874 contract farming 2863, 2884, 2890, 2891, 2896 contract farming firms 2889 contracting 2353 contracts 2551, 2561–2563, 2576, 2579, 2584, 2586, 2838 control-intensive operations 2782 Convention on Biological Diversity 2579 conveyance 2944 cooperatives 2882, 2889, 2890, 2896 copyright 2551, 2552, 2572, 2580 cost-sharing 2683 Costa Rica 2580 costly state verification 2893 Côte d’Ivoire 2872 cotton 2556, 2575, 2576, 2595 Court of Appeals of the Federal Circuit 2537, 2557 credit bureaus 2867, 2899, 2900 credit constraint 2939 credit cooperatives 2897 credit market 2682 credit rationing 2873, 2885 crop and resource management impacts 2395 crop genetic improvements 2393 crop pledge 2863 crop varieties 2643, 2647, 2652, 2658, 2661, 2663 cross-licensing 2559 cross-sectional response function 3015 crowd-in 2868, 2894, 2896 crowd-out 2895, 2899 Cuba 2571 cultivators 2783 cumulative innovation 2556 customary land 2687 customary land tenure 2694 customary tenure 2676 Czech Republic 2588 damage abatement 2761 David Ricardo 2981 de Soto 2859 deadweight loss 2553–2556, 2562 Subject Index Deccan Riots 2897 decentralization 2363 decentralized debugging 2564 decline in aid effectiveness 2253, 2263, 2264 decreasing absolute risk aversion (DARA) 2886 default 2881, 2882, 2885, 2886 deforestation 2962, 2984, 2986, 2996, 3001 delegated monitor 2888, 2891, 2892, 2894 Delta & Pineland 2625 desalination 2953 developing countries 2743 diagnostic tools 2559 Diamond v Chakrabarty 2537 diffusion 2393 diffusion and impacts of CGIAR products 2384 direct subsidies 2758 directed credit 2864, 2866 disclosure 2569, 2572 discount rate 2954, 2955 disequilibrium 2347 distributional effects 2538 diversification 2859, 2868 division of labor 2715, 2729 DNA 2644, 2647, 2657, 2662 DNA sequence 2556, 2570 donor agencies 2549 double cropping 2961 drainage 2956 drug discovery 2557 dryland farming 2872 Duke v Madey 2557 East and Southeast Asia 2784 economic benefits 2368 economic organization 2732 economic prices 2761 economies of scale 2754 ecosystem services 2994–2996, 3000 Ecuador 2571 effective water 2940 effects of carbon fertilization and climate change 3019 effects of climate change alone 3018 efficiency wage 2720 efficient consumer response 2813 efficient risk pooling 2872 efficient risk-sharing 2871 Egypt 2611 employment 2961 endoglucanase gene 2560 I-33 endoparasites 2523 equity 2875 equity impact 2792 essentially derived 2566, 2567 Ethiopia 2872 Europe 2609, 2624 European countries 2551, 2566, 2569, 2572, 2577 European Patent Office 2569, 2571, 2593 evolution and funding of the CGIAR 2384 ex-ante information 2561 ex-ante moral hazard 2876 ex-parte Hibberd 2570 ex-post moral hazard 2876 excludability 2351 existence value 2994, 2997 experimental response function 3016 exporting firms 2863 extension impact 2344, 2358, 2371 extensive margin 2940 extent of the market 2729 externalities 2353, 2769, 2943 facilitation 2734 family farm 2676 family labor 2710, 2712 famine 2874 farm gate prices 2761 Farm Loan Act of 1916 2864 farm size 2711 farm-household model 2708 farmer field school 2344, 2366 farmers’ association 2364 farmers’ associations or cooperatives 2846 farmers’ exemption 2567 favorable and unfavorable environments 2404 fee for service 2344, 2365 fertilizers 2609, 2619, 2743, 2890 financial innovation 2859, 2888 financial intermediaries 2858, 2860, 2861, 2863, 2864, 2867, 2873, 2875, 2890, 2892, 2894, 2896, 2899 financial intermediation 2860, 2861, 2873, 2888, 2890, 2892, 2893, 2895 financial repression 2865, 2867, 2889, 2899, 2900 first to market 2573 first-stage research 2556 fiscal sustainability 2361 fixed debt 2885 fixed debt contract 2879, 2885 fixed-rent 2683, 2869, 2877, 2886 I-34 fixed-rent tenancy 2679 fixed-wage 2877, 2878 fixed-wage contracts 2869 flashlight breeders 2572 flood control 2963 follow-on innovations 2556 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2578, 2623 food commodities 2809 food policy 2820 food security debate 2819 food supplies and food prices 2403 foreign direct investment 2814, 2823 fragment 2734 fragmentation 2993 France 2539, 2577, 2590 free-ride 2563 free-rider problem 2898 freedom to operate 2557–2560, 2564, 2568, 2577, 2585, 2595 fungicides 2751 future climate changes 3021 gama 2719 Gaza Strip 2969 Gene Revolution 2253, 2260, 2261, 2265, 2270, 2271, 2422, 2423, 2450–2452, 2454, 2457, 2458 Gene–Green Revolution congruity 2452 general equilibrium model 2483 genetic engineering 2644, 2646, 2651, 2653, 2663 genetic fingerprinting 2584 genetic fingerprinting technologies 2573 genetic resources 2410 genetic use restriction techniques (GURT) 2634 genetic use restriction technologies 2568, 2575 genetically engineered 2643, 2646, 2651, 2654, 2663 genetically modified (GM) crops 2615 genetically modified varieties 2771 genomics 2557, 2644, 2647 geographical indications 2573, 2574, 2580 German 2897 Germany 2539, 2551, 2577, 2590 getting institutions right 2822 getting prices right 2820 Ghana 2862, 2872, 2882 Gini coefficients 2676, 2695 global food economy 2406 Subject Index global retailers 2837 globalization 2823 GM events 2621 Golden Rice technology 2557 governance 2897 government intervention 2864 grain buffer stock schemes 2819 Grameen Bank 2894 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement 2959 Green Revolution 2253–2261, 2263–2269, 2271, 2272, 2275, 2420–2423, 2427–2433, 2435, 2446, 2448–2452, 2454, 2456–2458, 2471, 2623, 2648, 2649, 2651, 2652, 2692, 2754, 2785 Green Revolution modern varieties 2431– 2434, 2436–2447, 2449, 2457 groundwater 2952, 2953 group lending 2896 group loans 2896 guarantees 2884, 2899 Guatemala 2571 Hammurabi’s codes 2864 harvest combines 2783 harvesting 2780, 2788 health 2282, 2283, 2286, 2287, 2291, 2294, 2298, 2305, 2313, 2315–2322, 2327, 2328, 2335 health biotechnology 2593 health sector 2557 Henry Wallace 2545, 2574 herbicide tolerant (HT) 2631 herbicides 2631, 2751, 2798 heritage of mankind 2578, 2579 high yielding varieties (HYVs) 2383, 2629 hired labor 2710, 2712 historic changes 3021 historic climate change 3013 holdups 2560 HoneyBee Network 2564 horizontal specialization 2730 horticultural 2896 host-plant resistance 2762 human capital 2345, 2724, 2873 human capital investment 2282, 2283, 2285, 2286, 2290, 2291, 2301, 2304, 2321, 2328, 2331, 2334 human health risks 2770 Hungary 2588, 2616 hunger 2643, 2650 hybrid varieties 2619 hybrids 2574, 2578 Subject Index ICRISAT 2874 IFPRI 2385 IITA 2545 immiserization 2726 impact 2393 impact analysis 3011 impact assessment 2368 impacts of agricultural mechanization 2792 impacts of the CGIAR on poverty and food security 2384 impacts on poverty and food security 2403 imperfect monitoring 2883 in situ biological resources 2579 in trust 2585 incentive diversification 2888, 2894 incentive effect 2552, 2556, 2568 income smoothing 2873 income transfer 2795 indefinitely repeated games 2881 India 2539, 2541, 2549, 2564, 2568, 2574, 2576, 2608, 2609, 2617, 2636, 2744, 2862, 2863, 2865, 2866, 2874–2876, 2889, 2897 Indian Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act 2568 indirect policy effects 2759 individual-liability loans 2896 Indo-Ganges Plains 2549 Indonesia 2609, 2872 induced institutional change 2729 Indus Basin 2966 industrial designs 2580 industry 2554–2556, 2558, 2559, 2574, 2577 industry of manufacture (IOM) 2617 inefficiency of share tenancy 2689–2691, 2696, 2697 informal moneylenders 2860 informal sector 2893 information 2348, 2349, 2351, 2352 information asymmetries 2867, 2868, 2888, 2895, 2898 infringement 2537, 2552, 2566, 2569, 2575 infringing 2560, 2572, 2575 innovation prospect 2554–2556 input suppliers 2890 insect resistance 2567 insect resistant (IR) 2631 insecticides 2751 institutional analysis 2753 institutions 2809 insurance 2859, 2861, 2868, 2870, 2872, 2875– 2877, 2879–2881, 2884, 2896 I-35 integrated pest management (IPM) 2762 integrated soil fertility management 2767 integration of markets 2819 intellectual property 2647, 2654, 2656, 2658, 2660, 2661, 2663 intensification 2729, 2780 intensive margin 2940 interest rate ceilings 2865 interest rates 2862–2864 interlinked 2895 interlinked and interlocked agrarian markets 2823 interlinked contracts 2877 intermediaries 2863 intermediary capital 2892, 2894 international agricultural research centers 2545 International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT) 2612 International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) 2630 International Fund for Agricultural Development 2545 International Patent Classification (IPC) 2616 international public goods (IPGs) 2383, 2392 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) 2635, 2648 international spillovers 2394 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 2582 International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources 2578 International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) 2577, 2616 invent around 2554 invention disclosures 2558 inverse relationship 2711 IPGs 2384 iPods 2573 IRRI 2383, 2384, 2545 irrigation 2884 Italy 2577 Japan 2536, 2539, 2541, 2572, 2590, 2637 Johann Heinrich von Thünen 2981 John Locke 2985 joint-liability 2894, 2896–2898 Kara Kum Canal 2965 Kedung Ombo Dam 2968 Kenya 2611, 2862, 2872, 2889, 2896 Kerala, India 2965 know-how contracts 2584 I-36 knowledge 2536, 2543–2545, 2562, 2568, 2573, 2578 Korea 2616 labor productivity 2282, 2291, 2293–2297, 2300, 2303, 2304, 2310, 2316, 2321, 2324, 2326, 2327, 2334, 2335, 2715 labor scarcity 2757 labor shirking 2710 labor substitution for “control-intensive” operations 2790 labor supply 2873, 2874 labor-contract pyramid 2727 labor-saving technologies 2780, 2781 Lagrange multipliers 2878 Land Grant universities 2551 land market 2673, 2674, 2676, 2679, 2682, 2697 land ownership 2673 land preparation 2780 land reform 2673, 2674, 2676, 2684, 2690– 2693, 2697 land rights 2687, 2688, 2690, 2695, 2697 land sales 2673, 2679, 2681, 2682, 2695, 2696 land scarce 2782 land scarcity 2757 land tenancy 2673, 2674, 2676, 2679–2681, 2687–2689, 2692, 2694, 2696, 2697 land tenancy market 2679 land tenure security 2694 land use 2981–2985, 2988, 2990–2992, 3001 land values 2961 land-abundant economies 2782 Latin America 2540, 2541, 2549, 2550, 2609, 2615, 2744, 2865, 2888 leasehold tenancy 2673, 2679, 2683, 2686, 2689, 2690 legumes 2896 liberalization of capital markets 2826 licenses 2576, 2584–2586 liens 2867, 2882 life insurance 2897 life sciences 2538 limited commitment 2858, 2876, 2877, 2880, 2883, 2884 limited enforcement 2898 limited liability 2879, 2884–2887, 2890 linear contract 2869 Liu-Yan-Ba Dam 2968 live-or-die contract (LDC) 2885 livestock 2611 Subject Index Livestock Revolution 2464 loan guarantees 2864, 2892 low-income countries 2541, 2587, 2589, 2590 Lower Orange River 2950 Madrid Protocol 2573 maintenance research 2537 maize 2608, 2748 malaria 2967 Malaysia 2609 malnutrition 2298, 2316, 2320, 2328, 2335 Malthus 2536 manual labor 2781 market development 2765 market entry barriers 2820 market failures 2349, 2555, 2822 market infrastructure 2771 market liberalization 2766 market power 2552 market reform 2766 market size 2755 marriage 2873 Marshallian inefficiency 2689, 2877 mass media 2356 material transfer agreement 2582 mechanical mills 2788 mechanical technologies 2780, 2781 mechanisms of governance 2814 mechanization policy 2799 mergers and acquisitions 2559, 2577 Mexican contract farming 2896 Mexico 2545, 2625, 2862, 2895 microcredit 2893 microfinance 2868, 2894 Middle East and North Africa 2540, 2746 Middle East Water Project 2958 migration 2873 milling 2787, 2798 Mississippi 2586 modern food industry 2809 modernization triad 2725 “modernized” domestic food markets 2809 Modigliani–Miller Theorem 2871 moneylenders 2861–2863, 2866, 2868, 2884, 2889, 2890–2892 monitored lending 2890, 2899 monitoring 2861–2863, 2877, 2888–2890 monopoly 2552–2556, 2561, 2563, 2584 monopsony 2896 monotone likelihood ratio property (MLRP) 2879 Monsanto 2613 Subject Index Monsanto Canada Inc v Schmeiser 2571 moral economy 2883 moral hazard 2869, 2876, 2877, 2881, 2883, 2884, 2892, 2893, 2900 mortgages 2884, 2889 multilateral system 2582, 2583 multinational 2660, 2663 multinational firms 2610 multiperiod 2286, 2288 mutual aid arrangements 2895 mutual insurance 2861, 2882–2884 mutuals 2889, 2896, 2897 National Institutes of Health 2537 Netherlands 2577, 2590 networks 2872, 2873 new institutional economics 2713, 2811 Niger River Basin 2967 Nigeria 2862, 2872, 2879 Nile River 2966 Nkwaleni Valley 2950 non-excludable 2551 non-farm production activities 2873 non-rivalrous 2551 nonpoint source pollutants 2966 obesity 2327, 2328, 2335 OECD 2587 OECD Technology Concordance (OTC) 2617 oil palm 2608 open access 2952 open-source initiatives 2551 opportunistic default 2876, 2877, 2900 option value 2956 Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle 2569 Organization of African Unity 2580 owner cultivation 2673, 2675, 2676 ownership 2897 Pakistan 2862, 2884 Paraguay 2889 parameterized distribution formulation 2869 Pareto-efficient 2870, 2872, 2883 passive water markets 2948 Patent Cooperation Treaty 2569, 2593 patent licenses 2584 patent life 2552–2556 patent scope 2554 patentability of life forms 2552 I-37 patents 2537, 2538, 2551, 2552, 2556, 2558, 2561–2563, 2566, 2567, 2569–2573, 2576, 2577, 2580–2582, 2593–2595, 2634 peak-season 2714 pearl millet 2630 peer-monitoring 2896, 2898 peer-sanction 2898 peer-selection 2898 Periyar River Basin 2965 permanent income hypothesis 2874 permanent labor 2693, 2722 permanent workers 2719 Peru 2571, 2889 pesticides 2619, 2743 pharmaceutical-producing plants 2576 pharmaceuticals 2557, 2570, 2580, 2595, 2619 Philippines 2580, 2609, 2872 physical infrastructure 2758 piece-rate 2716 piece-rate with team 2727 pigs 2610 Pioneer Hi-Bred International 2545, 2570 Pioneer Hi-Bred v Holden Foundation Seeds 2572 plant breeders’ rights 2551, 2566–2568, 2577, 2578, 2588, 2590, 2592, 2615 plant culture cell 2570 Plant Patent Act 2615 plant patents 2565, 2590, 2593 plant variety protection 2566, 2572, 2581, 2587, 2590, 2615 Plant Variety Protection Certificate 2567 pleuropneumonia 2509 Poland 2588 political economy 2946 political support 2360 pollen drift problems 2576 population 2981, 2987, 2988, 2990, 2992– 2994, 3000, 3001 population growth 2954 Porto Primavera Dam 2964 post-harvest operations 2787 post-harvest technologies 2552 poultry 2610 poverty 2643, 2660 poverty trap 2328 power bottleneck 2780, 2795 power tillers 2783 power-intensive operations 2781 precipitation 3014 price policy 2744 I-38 prior appropriation 2947 prisoner’s dilemma 2563 private extension services 2352 private quality 2840 private research 2543, 2555, 2562 private sector 2607 private standards 2840 privatization 2767 privatized extension 2344, 2365 prizes 2551, 2561–2563 procurement systems of supermarkets 2835 product differentiation 2813 product traders 2890 productivity 2536–2538, 2544, 2551, 2586, 2595, 2981, 2982, 2987, 2990, 2991, 2994, 3001 productivity differential 2347 productivity impact 2792 PROGRESA 2895 promoters 2559, 2570 property rights 2673, 2676, 2861, 2888, 2889, 2898–2900, 2984, 2985, 3000, 3001 protected areas 2988–2990, 2998 proteomics 2557 public goods 2900 public investments 2539 public research 2536, 2539, 2541, 2543 public research intensities 2543 public–private partnerships 2354, 2355 Public-Sector Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture 2564 public/private collaborations 2538 Punjab 2863, 2968 quasi-credit 2883 queuing systems 2947 R&D 2614 rate of return 2370, 2536, 2552, 2563, 2964 rates of return to international agricultural research investments 2384 rates of return studies 2399 rationing 2874, 2893 reach through licenses 2584 real fertilizer prices 2754 Real Networks 2573 reclaimed wastewater 2953 regulation 2858, 2860, 2864, 2898, 2899 regulatory 2899 regulatory policy 2744 relative-performance evaluation (RPE) 2898 Subject Index renegotiation 2879, 2882, 2883 renegotiation–proof equilibrium 2883 rent dissipation 2555, 2562, 2563 reputational effects 2564 research benefits 2538 research focus of the CGIAR 2384 research intensities 2541, 2543 research knowledge stocks 2543 research spending per capita 2541 research spillover 2563, 2756 research supply elasticity 2562 research–extension linkages 2358 resilience 2994 resource degradation 2769 retailers 2809 returns to research 2253, 2261–2263 revealed comparative advantage 2483 rice 2383, 2748 rice transplanters 2783 rinderpest 2509 riparian rights 2947 rise of supermarkets 2827 risk 2756, 2962 risk pooling 2872, 2874 risk sharing 2871, 2872, 2875, 2882 rivalry 2351 Rockefeller Foundation 2648, 2655, 2657 Romania 2588 ROSCA 2876, 2896 rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) 2861 royalties 2557, 2564, 2571, 2584, 2586 rubber 2608 Rubber Research Institute of Malaya 2608 run-of-the-mill innovation 2553 Russian Republic 2588 Rwanda 2549 safety standards 2840 salinity levels 2965 salinization 2965 savings 2859 schistosomiasis 2967 schooling 2281–2283, 2286, 2291, 2292, 2300–2303, 2305–2315, 2319–2321, 2324, 2328–2335 Scotch 2574 Scott 2859 screening 2863, 2876 seasonality of demand 2755 seawater intrusion 2968 second-stage innovation 2556 Subject Index sector of use (SOU) 2617 seeds 2644, 2648, 2657, 2663, 2890 self-pollinating crop 2567 semiconductor industry 2559 Senegal 2865 Senegal River Valley 2967 separability 2713, 2871 sequential adoption of mechanical technologies 2783 shadow price 2709 shadow-wage 2709 share contracts 2869 share tenancy 2673–2676, 2679, 2683–2687, 2689–2692, 2696, 2716, 2886 share tenant 2673, 2679, 2684, 2686–2688, 2691, 2693 sharecrop 2877, 2879, 2886 Slovakia 2588 small farmers 2845 small-scale innovations 2564 social networks 2884 social norm 2882 social planner 2561 soil erosion 2912, 2914, 2915, 2917, 2918, 2920, 2922, 2923, 2925, 2929 soil nutrient depletion 2767 soil quality 2912, 2913, 2921–2923, 2927, 2929 soils 2921–2923, 2927, 2928 sorghum 2630 South Africa 2539, 2588, 2611, 2876, 2949 South Asia 2625, 2784 Southeast Asia 2625 sovereign debt lending 2883 soybeans 2631 spatial pattern of diffusion of supermarkets 2829 specialization 2720, 2724 standard debt contract (SDC) 2885 standards 2815 state-contingent 2870, 2872, 2873, 2876, 2886 state-contingent contracts 2870 state-contingent promises 2875 state-space formulation 2869 storage 2859 structural adjustment programs 2820 structural transformation 2810 sub-game perfect Nash equilibrium (SPNE) 2881 Sub-Saharan Africa 2629, 2744, 2785 subsidies 2951 I-39 substitutability 2714 sufficient statistic 2879 sugar beet 2896 sunk costs 2585 supermarket procurement systems supermarket revolution 2811 supervision 2864 supply chain 2816 supply stabilization 2962 Syr Darya 2965 2835 T&V 2362 Taiwan 2865 task share-contracting 2719 tea 2608 technical assistance 2863 technological innovation 2876 technological package 2754 technological spillovers 2383 technologies 2535, 2536, 2552, 2558, 2559, 2564, 2575–2577, 2584–2586, 2593, 2595 technology adoption 2754 technology use agreements 2586 tenancy ladder hypothesis 2886 tenancy reform 2673, 2691, 2695 tenure 3000 tenure insecurity 2673, 2687, 2694 tenure security 2673, 2691, 2694–2696 Thai 2893 Thailand 2568, 2609, 2627, 2862, 2875, 2889 Thailand Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) 2897 three waves 2810 threshers 2796 threshing 2780, 2788 tissue culture 2644, 2663 tobacco 2608, 2896 tomato 2560 total factor productivity (TFP) 2628, 2961 total labor use 2795 tractors 2783 trade liberalization 2581 Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement 2616 trade secrets 2572, 2573, 2580 trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights 2538, 2580 trademarks 2552, 2573, 2574, 2580 traders 2863, 2864, 2892 traditional domestic food markets 2809 training and visit 2344, 2362 I-40 transaction costs 2557, 2708, 2712, 2722, 2812, 2817, 2948 transaction expenditures 2729 transformation 2809 transgenic canola plants 2571 transgenic plants 2570 transport costs 2755 TRIPS+ 2581 trypanosomosis 2513 trypanotolerance 2513 Turkey 2636 two-sector model 2283, 2284, 2301 Uganda 2544 Ukraine 2588 uncertainty 2954 unit transaction costs 2710 United Kingdom 2590 United Nations Development Program 2545 United States 2537–2539, 2541, 2544, 2545, 2551, 2552, 2557–2560, 2564–2567, 2570, 2572, 2574–2577, 2579, 2581, 2583–2586, 2590–2593, 2624, 2864, 2896 United States Department of Agriculture 2567 United States’ Plant Patent Act 2565 universities 2533, 2537, 2558 UPOV 2566–2568, 2576–2578, 2586, 2587, 2589 UPOV Convention 2567, 2577, 2578, 2587 Uruguay 2580, 2588 U.S Congress 2551 U.S National Academies 2557 USAID 2549, 2550 user cost 2953 utility patents 2552, 2565–2567, 2569, 2570, 2573, 2590, 2593 Subject Index Uzbekistan 2571 V-GURT 2575, 2576 vegetables 2610 Venezuela 2571 venture capitalists 2538 vertical integration 2468 vertical specialization 2730 virtual water 2959 von Thünen 2981, 2993 wage laborers 2874 warming 3013 wastewater 2953 water markets 2948 water pricing systems 2950 water trading 2948 water user associations 2945 waterborne diseases 2967 waterlogging 2956, 2965 wheat 2383, 2608, 2748 wholesalers 2809 willingness to pay 2353, 2365 winner take all 2555 World Bank 2545, 2549, 2550, 2865, 2867 world economic growth 2283, 2292 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 2616 world prices 2760 World Trade Organization (WTO) 2538, 2580, 2616 Yellow River 2968 Zimbabwe 2624, 2636 ... Impacts on Agriculture ROBERT MENDELSOHN Volume in Handbook of Agricultural Economics: Agricultural Development; Farmers, Farm Production and Farm Markets; OVERVIEW ROBERT E EVENSON Economic Growth... Changing Agricultural Sector DAVID SUNDING and DAVID ZILBERMAN Chapter Structural Change in Agricultural Production: Economics, Technology and Policy JEAN-PAUL CHAVAS Chapter Land Institutions and Land... addresses land markets and land tenancy Table in Chapter 51 reports widely varying farm sizes and degrees of tenancy between Asia, Africa and Latin America Farm size is smallest in Africa and was