International Handbook on Globalisation, Education and Policy Research International Handbook on Globalisation, Education and Policy Research Global Pedagogies and Policies Edited by Joseph Zajda Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus, Australia Section Editors: Kassie Freeman, Dillard University, New Orleans, USA MacLeans Geo-JaJa, Brigham Young University, Provo, USA Suzanne Majhanovic, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada Val Rust, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Joseph Zajda, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia Rea Zajda, James Nicholas Publishers, Melbourne, Australia A C.I.P Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 1-4020-2828-8 (HB) ISBN 1-4020-2960-8 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A In all other countries, sold and distributed by Springer, P.O Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Printed in the Netherlands DEDICATION TO REA, NIKOLAI AND DOROTHY TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication Foreword—Peter W Sheehan, AO Preface—Joseph Zajda Acknowledgements Globalisation, Education and Policy Research: Overview and Introduction—Joseph Zajda (Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus) Contributors v xi xv xvii xix xxxiii PART ONE SECTION 1: MAIN TRENDS AND ISSUES Section Editors—Joseph Zajda (Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus) and Kassie Freeman (Dillard University) 1.1 Globalisation, Education and Policy Research Globalisation, Education and Policy: Changing Paradigms Joseph Zajda (Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus) Policy Borrowing in Education: Frameworks for Analysis David Phillips (Oxford University) Comparative Education Policy and Globalisation: Evolution, Missions and Roles Mark Bray (University of Hong Kong) The Education and Training of Knowledge Workers David Wilson (University of Toronto, OISE) Tacit Skills and Occupational Mobility in a Global Culture Karen Evans (University of London, the Institute of Education) Development, Globalisation and Decentralisation: Comparative Research towards a Theory for Managing Diversity David Turner (University of Glamorgan) Globalisation and the Governance of National Education Systems Holger Daun (University of Stockholm) 23 35 49 65 85 93 1.2 Globalisation and Higher Education Rethinking Globalisation and the Future Role of Education in Africa MacLeans Geo-JaJa (Brigham Young University) and Joseph Zajda (Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus) Neoliberalism, Globalisation, and Latin American Higher Education: The Challenge to National Universities Robert A Rhoads, Carlos A Torres, and Andrea Brewster (University of California, Los Angeles) 10 Globalisation and Higher Education Policy Changes Kingsley Banya (Florida International University) vii 109 131 147 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 11 Globalisation and Education Reforms in Hong Kong: Paradigm Shifts Yin Cheong Cheng (Hong Kong Institute of Education) 12 The Impact of Globalisation on the Mission of the University M’hammed Sabour (University of Joensuu) 13 Globalisation, Cultural Diversity and Multiculturalism: Australia Jerzy Smolicz and Margaret Secombe (University of Adelaide) 14 Globalisation and Higher Education in Chile and Romania: The Roles of the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization Mark Ginsburg, Oscar Espinoza, Simona Popa, and Mayumi Terano (University of Pittsburgh) 165 189 207 221 SECTION 2: GLOBALISATION AND EDUCATION POLICY REFORM Section Editors—Val Rust ((University of California, Los Angeles) and Joseph Zajda (Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus) 2.1 Globalisation, Education Policy and Change 15 Globalisation and Educational Policy Shifts Val D Rust and W James Jacob (University of California, Los Angeles) 16 Convergence or Divergences? Comparing Education Reforms in Hong Kong and Singapore Michael H Lee (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) and S Gopinathan (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore) 17 Globalisation and Its Effects on Educational Leadership, Higher Education and Educational Policy Duncan Waite (Southwest Texas State University), Lejf Moos (The Danish University of Education) and Chulsub Lew (Southwest Texas State University) 18 The New Partnership for African Development: Implications for Skills Development Leon Tikly (University of Bristol) 19 Globalisation and Pre-Service Teacher Education in Australia: A New Dimension Diane Cullen (Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus) 20 PISA in Germany: A Search for Causes and Evolving Answers Hans Lingens (California Lutheran University) 235 253 279 293 315 327 2.2 Policy Issues: Gender, Equity, Minorities, and Human Rights 21 Globalisations, Research and Policies Regarding Gender Issues Margaret B Sutherland (University of Leeds) 22 Employment Equity and Higher Education: Policy Borrowings and the Politics of Language Laura Portnoi (University of California, Los Angeles) 23 Minorities and Indigenous Groups in Education Joseph Zajda (Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus) 337 351 367 TABLE OF CONTENTS 24 Islamic Education Holger Daun (Stockholm University) and Reza Arjmand (University of Stockholm) 25 National Initiatives in Human Rights Education: The Implementation of Human Rights Education Policy Reform in Schools Yvette Lapayese (Loyola Marymount University) ix 377 389 PART TWO Globalisation, Education and Policy Research: Changing Schools SECTION 3: GLOBALISATION AND EDUCATION POLICY: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Section Editors—Macleans Geo-JaJa (Brigham Young University), Joseph Zajda (Australian Catholic University) and Rea Zajda (James Nicholas Publishers) 3.1 Education, Policy, and Curricula Issues 26 The Educational Reform and Transformation in Russia Joseph Zajda (Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus) 27 Globalisation and Public Education Policies in Latin America: Challenges to and Contributions of Teachers and Higher Education Institutions Robert Arnove (Indiana University) 28 Educational Reform: Who are the Radicals? Val D Rust (University of California, Los Angeles) 29 The GATS and Trade in Educational Services: Issues for Canada in the Pan-American Context Daniel Schugurensky (University of Toronto, OISE) and Adam Davidson-Harden 30 Education and Globalisation Dan O’Brien (Macquarie University) 31 Inside but Below: The Puzzle of Education in the Global Order Crain Soudien (University of Cape Town) 32 Globalisation, Education Reforms and Policy Change in Africa: the Case of Nigeria MacLeans A Geo-JaJa (Brigham Young University) 33 The Interaction of Human Development, Economic Development and Nation-Building on the Industrial Staircase Garth Mangum (University of Utah) 405 431 443 457 481 501 517 537 3.2 Curriculum and Policy Change: Language, Linguistic Diversity and Teaching English 34 Language-in-Education Policies and Practices in Africa with a Special Focus on Tanzania and South Africa – Insights from Research in Progress Birgit Brock-Utne (University of Oslo) 549 x TABLE OF CONTENTS 35 Reinventing English: Text Lists and Curriculum Change in Ireland and Australia Donna Gibbs (Macquarie University), Tom Mullins (University College Cork), and Kerry-Ann O’Sullivan (Macquarie University) 567 SECTION 4: GLOBALISATION AND EDUCATION REFORMS Section Editors—Suzanne Majhanovich (University of Western Ontario) and Joseph Zajda (Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus) 4.1 Globalisation, Education Policy and Reform: Changing Schools 36 Decentralisation of Education Policies in a Global Perspective Alberto Arenas (University of Arizona) 37 Educational Decentralisation: Rhetoric or Reality Suzanne Majhanovich (University of Western Ontario) 38 Education as a Fault Line in Assessing Democratisation: Ignoring the Globalising Influences of Schools Erwin Epstein (Loyola University of Chicago) 39 The Edge of Chaos: Explorations in Education and Conflict Lynn Davies (University of Birmingham) 40 Current Reforms in Special Education: Delusion or Solution? Margaret Winzer and Kas Mazurek (University of Lethbridge) 41 School and University Partnerships in Australia: Tentative Beginnings Laurie Brady (University of Technology Sydney) 42 Addressing the Challenge of Principalship in Australian Catholic Schools Paul Carlin and Helga Neidhart (Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus) 583 599 613 631 643 659 671 4.2 Curriculum in the Global Culture 43 Education for Democracy: Some Basic Definitions, Concepts, and Clarifications Laura B Perry (Loyola University of Chicago) 44 The Politics of Rewriting History: New School History Textbooks in Russia Joseph Zajda (Australian Catholic University) and Rea Zajda (Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus) 45 Change and the “Lapsed Reforms” Senior Secondary Education in Italy John Polesel (University of Melbourne) 46 Globalisation and Policy Reforms: Science Education Research Lyn Carter (Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus) 47 Cultural and Social Capital in Global Perspective Lawrence J Saha (Australian National University) 685 693 717 733 745 Index of Names 757 Index of Subjects 773 PETER W SHEEHAN FOREWORD A major aim of this book is to present a global overview of developments in education and policy change during the last decade By examining some of the major education policy issues, particularly in the light of recent shifts in education and policy research, the editors aim to provide a comprehensive picture of the intersecting and diverse discourses of globalisation, education and policy-driven reforms The impact of globalisation on education policy and reforms is a strategically significant issue for us all More than ever before, there is a need to understand and analyse both the intended and the unintended effects of globalisation on economic competitiveness, educational systems, the state, and relevant policy changes – all as they affect individuals, educational bodies (such as universities), policy-makers, and powerful corporate organisations across the globe The evolving and constantly changing notions of national identity, language, border politics and citizenship which are relevant to education policy need to be critiqued by appeal to context-specific factors such as local-regional-national areas, which sit uncomfortably at times with the international imperatives of globalisation Current education policy research reflects a rapidly changing world where citizens and consumers are experiencing a growing sense of uncertainty, and loss of flexibility; yet globalisation exposes us also to opportunities generated by a fast changing world economy In this stimulating book, the authors focus on the issues and dilemmas that help us to understand in a more meaningful and practical way the various links between education, policy-change and globalisation Such include: – The significance of the politics of globalisation and development in education policy – their effects on cross-cultural perceptions of citizenship, the nation-state, national identity, linguistic diversity, multiculturalism and pluralist democracy; – The influence of identity politics, gender, race, ethnicity, religion and class politics on education policy research and reforms; – The significance of discourse which defines and shapes education policy, reforms, and action; – The essential ambivalence of the nexus between education, democracy and globalisation; – The special challenges of global “appearances”; xi xii PETER W SHEEHAN – The encroaching homogeneity of global culture, which has the potential to reduce adaptability and flexibility; – The fit of the rapidity of change through globalisation with expected outcomes; – The purposes of globalisation considered against the emergence of a fragile sense of community identity; and – The multi-dimensional nature of globalisation and educational reforms The perception of education policy research and globalisation as dynamic and multi-faceted processes clearly necessitates a multiple-perspective approach in the study of education and this book provides that perspective commendably In the book, the authors, who come from diverse backgrounds and regions, attempt insightfully to provide a worldview of significant developments in education and policy research They report on education policy and reforms in such countries as India, China, Japan, Nigeria, Brazil, Canada, UK, USA, Australia and elsewhere Understanding the interaction between education and globalisation forces us to learn more about the similarities and differences in education policy research and associated reforms in the local-regional-national context, as well as the global one This inevitably results in a deeper understanding and analysis of the globalisation and education Zeitgeist Clearly, the emerging phenomena associated with globalisation have in different ways affected current developments in education and policy First, globalisation of policy, trade and finance has profound implications for education and reform implementation On the one hand, the periodic economic crises coupled with the prioritised policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (e.g., SAPs) have seriously affected some developing nations and transitional economies in delivering basic education for all When the poor are unable to feed their children what expectations can we have that the children will attend school? The provision of proper education in a global world seems at risk This is particularly so in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Asia, Central Asian Republics (former member states of the USSR), South East Asia, and elsewhere, where children (and girls in particular, as in the case of Afghanistan, Tajikistan and rural India) are forced to stay at home to help and work for their parents; they cannot attend school Second, the policies of the Organisation for Economic and Cooperative Development (OECD), UNESCO, the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and the General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS) operate as powerful forces, which, as supranational organisations, shape and influence education and policy, and deny the access of the less privileged to the assumed advantages of an expanding global society One might well ask what are the corporate organisations doing to enhance intercultural sensitivity, flexibility and mutual understanding, and are those excluded by the demise of democratic processes able to work together for the common good? It has also been argued that in the domains of language, policy, education and national identity, nation-states are likely to lose their capacity to tangibly control or affect their future directions Their struggle for knowledge domination, production and dissemination becomes a new form of knowledge, occurring as it does amidst Wilson’s “white heat of technological change” SUBJECT INDEX private entrepreneurs, 607 private forms of education, 464 private good, 475 private higher education, 159 private initiative, 236 private Islamic schools, 386 private lyceums, 418 private online university, 472 private provision of schooling, 582 private religious schools, 602 private school tax credits, 470 private school tradition, 450 private schooling, 449 private schools, 236, 385, 414, 427, 435, 449, 451, 586, 587, 588, 622 private sector, 599, 607 private student, 469 private tutoring, 418 private universities, 147, 161, 163, 472 private, 160, 243, 247, 248, 471, 585, 623, 687 privately sponsored religious schools, 378 privatisation in the public sector, 461 privatisation initiatives, 473 privatisation of educatio, 475 privatisation of education, 476 privatisation of public schooling, 586 privatisation, 18, 110, 123, 125, 133, 134, 138, 144, 161, 199, 459, 591, 609 privatisation/marketisation of education, 475 privatising forces, 476 privatising trends, 458 privileged students, 415 problem solving competences, 66 problems in learning, 642 problem-solving skills, 170 procedures, rules, 492 process information, 542 process of democratisation, the 619 process of globalisation, 110 processes of democratisation, 627 processes, 690 813 production and distribution process, 541 productive resource, 746 productivity criteria, 461 productivity of schooling, 238 professional control, 592 professional culture, 171 professional degrees, 250 professional development, 169, 401, 435, 658, 662, 667, 681 Professional Learning Program (PLP), 606 professional learning program, 601 Program for International Student Assessment PISA, 327, 339 Programa de Primas al Desempeño del Personal Académico de Tiempo Completo, 141 Programme for International Student Assessment, 737 programs grant, 604 Progressive Conservative, 599 progressive education era, 450 progressive inclusion, 642 progressive laws, 356 progressive populism, 584 progressivist, 371 promotion procedures, 437 Prophet, 383 Prospects, 38 Protestant ethic, the 614 Protestant, 247 Provincial Ministry of Education and Training, 601 Provision of Education for All by the Year 2000, 486 Provision of Education for All, 494 provision of educational services, 471 Prussia, 23 pseudemocracies, 686 psychoanalytic theories of education, 741 psychological services, 244 psychomotor ‘skills’, 62 public corruption, 520 public education system, 439 814 SUBJECT INDEX public education, 451, 458, 461, 469, 593, 598 public educational systems, 458 public enlightenment, 439 Public funding of education, 534 public funding, 586, 602 public funds, 470 public good, 461 public health, 138 public higher education, 153 public institutions, 470 public life, 751 public policies, 358 Public school supporters, 602 public school systems, 433 public schooling, 585 public schools, 247, 385, 451, 587 Public Service Act of 1984, 353 Public Service Act, 353 public service positions, 482 public services, 465, 466 public subsidies for private education institutions, 470 public subsidies, 470 public subsidy to education, 471 publicly owned corporations, 599 Puerto Rico, 622, 623, 625 punishment regimes, 634 punishment, 491 Puno area, the 622 pupil accommodation grant, 604 pupils as clients, 601 purchasing power, 522 purposive action, 747 pursuit of knowledge, the 194 qango, 607 Qualifying Teacher’s Test, 606, 607 qualitative analysis, 80 qualitative data, 671 qualitative methods, 42 qualitative reforms, 410 quality assurance, 162, 165, 167, 168, 178, 465 quality control, 248 Quality Education Fund QEF, 172 Quality education reforms, 417 quality education, 18, 127, 136, 168, 172, 406, 674 Quality in Education, 15 quality indicators, 334 quality of education, 124, 172, 334, 487, 520, 585 quality of education, 695 quality of facilities, 487 quality of life, 677, 681 quality of public schools, 461 quality of schools, 241 quality of teachers, 184, 663 quality of teaching, 172 quality of Zambia’s schooling, 495 quality outcomes, 123 quality, 15, 111, 118, 122, 123, 127, 147, 149, 158, 163, 166, 171, 176, 177, 189, 327, 406, 424, 533 quality, the 418 quangos, 602 quantitative data, 671 quantitative methods, 42 Quaranic schools, 381 Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, 38 quasi-competences, 78 Québec City, 460 Quechua, 622, 624 Quran, 378, 381, 382, 383 Quranic education, 382 Quranic schools, 381, 385 Quranic suras verses, 382 Quranic, 385 R&D, 461 race, 14, 90, 352, 353, 367, 375, 505, 506 racial conflicts, 397 Racial Discrimination Act of 1975, 353 racial discrimination, 356 racial domination, 426 racial integration, 242 racial, ethnic, 426 racialised state, 506 racism, 2, 90, 367, 615, 634, 686 radical decentralisation policies, 582 SUBJECT INDEX radical decentralisation, 586 radical restructuring, 644 radical right, the 450 radical, liberal, socialist, 454 radio play, 576 raising of the children, 751 raising school funds, 434 Ramsey Review Quality Matters, 659 range of abilities, 645 rational knowledge, 381 rationalism, 378 rationality, 506 raw materials, 544 RCA, 56 RCA-Thomson Electric, 431 reading literacy, 328 Reaganism, 147 Reagan-Thatcher era, 459 realities, 427 Realpolitik, 446 recitational style, 382 reconciliation, 637 reconstructing relationships, 637 Reconstruction and Development Program RDP, 357 recreational reading, 571 recruitment officers, 158 Recruitment officers, 158 Red Terror Krasny terror, The 703 Red Terror, 698, 700 redistribution of political, 505 Reds, the 701 Reflective learning, 76 reflexitivity, 118, 127 reform agenda, 237 reform movement, 450 reform policies, 172 Reformation, the 190, 449 reforming education, 181 reforms, 135, 165, 178, 389, 742 refugees, 635, 637, 638 regime of truth, 1, 17, 414 regime of truth, 695 regional African language, 555, 563 regional autonomy, 727 regional differences, 595 815 Regional disparities, 250 Regional inequality, 725 regional trade agreements RTAs, 469 regional trade agreements, 460 regional/kinship-based, 376 regionalism, 726 registers teachers, 601 regulatory mechanisms, 433 reification of power, 427 reification, 414 relative poverty, 633 religious education co, 678 religious education co-ordinator, 671 religious education co-ordinators, 675 religious endowment, 378 religious fundamentalism, 584 religious identities, 45, 376 religious learned men, 377 religious matters, 385 representative democracy, 243 Repressions, 703 reproduction theories, 705 reproduction, 427, 428, 631 reproductive education, 429 Republic of Bashkortostan, 374 Republic of the Congo, 509 Republic, Norway, 690 research and development, 53 research methodology, 671 research priorities, research questions, 671 research, 137 research-educational complexes, 244 research-intensive universities, 472 resistance, 490, 510 resolution techniques, 638 responsibility, 240 responsible citizenship, 611 restrictions on human capital development, 546 revealed intrinsic knowledge, 381 reverse discrimination, 357 Revista Espola de Educación Comparada, 38 revolution, 406 revolutionaries, 492 816 SUBJECT INDEX revolutionary radicalism, 445, 446 revolutionary reactionism, 445 Revolutions of the University, an Essay on the Modernisation of Culture, 202 rewriting history, 706 rhetoric of decentralisation, 604 rhizomatic methods, 511 Right to Human Rights Education, The 392 rights groups, 439 rights of citizen, 155 rights of individuals, 584 rights of women, 340 rights, 125, 402, 624 Rises in tuition fees, 471 rising income levels, 250 Rivers State in Nigeria, 502 Riyadiyat arithmetic, 383 Robot Institute of America, 54 robot, 54 robotics, 54 role in school finance, 240 role models, 436, 712 role of education, 502 role of globalisation, the 134 role of parents, 437 role of teachers, 434 role of the State, 375 role of the state, 433, 434 role that social capital, 751 Roman Catholic Church, 570 Roman Catholic Separate Schools, 601, 602 Roman Catholicism, 569 Roman Empire, 57 Rossum’s Universal Robots, 54 RoutledgeFalmer, 630 rulemaking, 539 Rules of law, 539 rural communities, 493 rural family, 590 rural population, 689 rural, 417, 435 Russia Federation, the 405 Russia, 37, 157, 405, 406, 408, 410, 412, 413, 414, 415, 419, 425, 427, 428, 243, 453, 586, 587, 588, 692, 693, 695, 698, 700, 701, 702, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712 Russian education, 426 Russian Empire, 696 Russian exodus, 373 Russian exodus, the 372 Russian Federation, 406, 408, 409, 417, 421, 692 Russian Federation, the 712 Russian government, 242 Russian interpretation, 694 Russian language, 368 Russian modern history, 698 Russian national identity, 713 Russian Orthodox Church, 706 Russian people, 244 Russian revolution, the 452 Russian school textbooks, 694 Russian school, 407 Russian society, 693, 695, 699 Russian upper secondary schools, 692 Russian-speaking minorities, 374 Rwanda, 493 Safe schools, 635 safe talk, 557, 558, 563 safety net, 123 Sahara, 493 salaries, 136, 141 samoosas, saris and steelbands, 510 São Paulo, 436 SAP measures, 528 SAP, 519, 521, 524, 527, 528, 530, 533 Saudi Arabia, 378, 379 savings and investment process, 541 Scandinavia, 447, 584 sceptics, 36, 504, 505 schema, 28 scholastic capital, 749 School accountability, 178 school achievements, 339 school and university partnerships, 659, 666, 667 SUBJECT INDEX School and university partnerships, 663 school attendance, 91 school autonomy, 178, 434, 658 school boards, 240, 606 school cafeteria management, 471 school choice, 473, 691 school community, 671, 724 school continuance rates, 437 school control, 240 School Councils, 589 school curriculum in Australia, 574 school curriculum, 90, 169, 341, 372, 402, 407, 424, 595, 630 school decision-making, 437 school development, 184 school education in NSW, 568 school education, 169 school effectiveness, 2, 168 school enrolments, 525 school examinations, 346 school financing, 436 school governance, 168, 658 school history textbooks, 693, 712 school infrastructure, 435 school leaders, 679 School leadership, 673 School Management Initiative, 167 school management, 171 school markets, 427 School Network on Human Rights, 398 School of Art, 138 School of Music, 138 School of Professional Studies, 138 school outcomes, 643 school performance, 615 school policy, 237 school principals, 167, 169 school public expenditure, 495 school quality, 587 school reform, 450 school restructuring, 652 school subject, 567 school system, 166, 653 school uniform, 345 817 school’s mission, 673 school-based approach, 179, 180, 185 school-based changes, 176 school-based civic learning, 532 school-based curriculum models, 426 school-based curriculum project, 662 school-based curriculum, 171, 405 school-based inequalities, 411 school-based initiatives, 172, 176 school-based innovations, 11, 172 school-based management, 165, 172, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180 school-based needs, 179 school-based workshops, 662 schooling as violence, 635 schooling cycles, 718 schooling scuola media unica, 716 school-leaving certificate, 723 school-leaving examinations, 156 school-level decision-making, 405 schools of law Madhahib, 377 Schools We Need, The 610 science and technology, 137, 599 science education reform documents, 737 Science Education Standards, 736 science education, 735, 742 Science for All, 735, 737, 739, 740, 742 science skills, 335 Science Wars, 738 science, 51, 53, 237, 328, 345, 644, 736 scientific education of girls education beyond reproach?, The 338 scientific literacy, 735, 737, 739, 742 scientifically illiterate, 487 scuola media unica, 717, 718, 719, 721 scuole secondarie superiori, 718, 723, 726 Second World War, 379, 489 secondarie superiori, 718, 727 secondary curricula, 593 secondary education systems, 604 secondary education, 91, 136, 155, 166, 238 818 SUBJECT INDEX secondary enrolment, 525 secondary level, 243 secondary school leavers, 487 secondary school, 561 secondary schooling, 243, 453, 716, 717 secondary schools, 398, 450, 567, 671, 677, 693, 716, 717, 718, 721, 722, 725, 726, 727, 728 secondary, the 402 second-class citizens, 373 Secretary General of UNIP, 484 Section 9.2, 354 sector studies, 245 secular authoritarian, 585 secular bodies, 574 secular law, 378 secular schools, 587 secular state-sponsored schools, 378 secular Western NGOs, 380 secular, 235, 385 segregated classrooms, 648 segregated schooling, 634 segregation, 588, 650 ‘self’ and ‘other’, 514 self, the 493 self-actualising, 184 self-confidence, 80 self-determination, 439, 525, 686 self-directed learning, 62 self-directed, 60 self-esteem, 636 self-government, 545 self-management skills, 170 self-management, 78, 584 self-managing schools, 586, 673 self-organisation, 631 self-pace academic growth, 594 self-paced, 60 senior secondary schooling, 716, 720 senior secondary schools, 728 sense of nationhood, 439 Sensitive dependence on initial conditions, 631 service commodities, 457 service provider, 465 service providers, 463 service providers, 471 services trade liberalisation in education, 475 SES disadvantage, 18 SES, 417, 422 Sesotho, 551 SESS Science Education in Secondary Schools, 560 Setswana, 551 settler and missionary ideology, 552 sex differences, 749 sex, 353 sexism, 686 sexual abuse, 633 shadow economy, 431 Shakespearean texts, 569 Shakespearean tragedies, 575 Shaping Futures, 412 Sharia law, 377 Sharia, 378, 381, 383 Shi‘ism, 377 Shi’ites, 378 shifts, 184 Shona speakers, 552 Sierra Leone, 151, 493 Singapore, 158 single-centred approach, 89 single-centred, 92 single-centredness, 86 single-parent families, 751 Sira the biography of Mohammed, 383 skill needs, 126 skill recognition, 70 skill requirements, 528 skills recognition, 80 skills taxonomies, 110 skills, 53, 71, 72, 110, 154, 626 slave trade, 482, 493 slavery, 400, 544 slaves, 482 Slovakia, 397 small schools, 605 small-numbered, 369 social and environmental sustainability, 475 SUBJECT INDEX social and financial help, 751 social and psychological consequences of the conflict, 752 social background, 345, 749 social capital, 745, 746, 750, 751, 753 social change, 193, 412, 426, 625 social citizenship, 155 social class divisions, 237 social class lifestyles, 413 social class, 14, 407, 414, 436, 634 social connections, 750 social consciousness, 626 social constraints, 173 social construction, 578 social contacts, 746 social control, 539, 746 social criticism, 640 social democracy, 615, 616, 618, 626 social development, 91, 459 social dislocations, 118 social diversity, 407 social economy, 127 social efficacy, 122, 521 social equality, 193, 454, 616 social equity, 125, 471, 486 social exclusion, 632, 633 social fragmentation, 718 social hierarchy, 415, 428 social inclusion, 125 social inequality, 18, 83, 413, 418, 428, 476 social infrastructures, 520 social integration reform agenda, 242 social intelligence, 181 social justice, 109, 111, 113, 126, 389, 439, 688 social justice, civil rights, 642 social mobility, 414 social networks in cyberspace, 753 social networks, 747 social organization, 747 social philosophy, 164 social polarisation, 458 social practice, 378 social programs, 467 social relationships, 746, 750 819 social reproduction, 750 social resources, 750 social rights, 193 Social Sciences, 138 social sector, 521 social solidarity, 706 social spending, 433 social status, 427 social stratification, 411 social studies curriculum, 395 social theorist, 501 social transformations, 401, 412, 692 social welfare issues, 241, 242 social welfare, 250 social, 46, 78, 123, 155, 196, 244, 370, 414, 625, 686 social, economic, 198, 426 social, political, 178 social, religious and political associations, 753 social/human capital, 518 social-class bias, 452 social-class, 242, 452 Social-Darwinist competition, 599 socialisation, 625, 690 socialism, 448 socialist ideals, 454 socially constructed, 650 socially just, 644 societal self-regulation, 746 society of individuals, 753 society, 58, 143, 155, 192, 335, 493, 621, 705 society-centred, 524, 534 society-oriented, 531 socio-cultural influences, 735 socio-cultural politics, 550 socio-economic context of schools, 435 socioeconomic development, 519, 524 socio-economic educational disparities, 17 socio-economic inequities, 613 socio-economic landscape, 131 socioeconomic mobilisation, 518 socioeconomic needs, 517, 531 820 SUBJECT INDEX socio-economic transition, 370 socio-economic, 119, 588 sociolinguistics, 550 Sociological Imagination, The 411 sociologists, 413 sociology of education, 748 sociology of scientific knowledge SSK, the 738 socio-political environment, 335 socio-political trends, Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv (SNG):, 702, 704 Sounding, 570 South Africa, 40, 59, 113, 157, 351, 354, 357, 358, 363, 439, 489, 503, 510, 545, 560, 562, 635 South African apartheid schooling, 634 South African classroom, 562 South African Constitution, 354, 363 South African EEA, 358 South African University, 359 South Australia, 661, 671 South Korea, 40, 751 Southeast Asia, 149 Southeastern Asian, 546 Southern African Development Community SADC, 157 southern cotton, 543 Southern Rhodesia, 489 southern states, 356 sovereignty, 236 Soviet economies, 546 Soviet education, 407, 426 Soviet history, 710 Soviet model, the 446 Soviet Muslim population, 371 Soviet regime, the 413 Soviet sociologists, 705 Soviet system of education, 405 Soviet totalitarian regime, 693 Soviet Union, 236, 243, 343, 345, 445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 453 Soviet, the 712 Sovietisation, 446 Spain, 38, 472 Spanish, 623, 624 Special Administrative Region SAR, 166, 177 special classrooms, 642 Special Drawing Right’s SDR, 525 special education, 167, 172, 642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 649, 650, 652, 653 special needs, 646, 647 special schools, 244, 642 specialisation of labour, 539 specialised production, 542 specialised teachers, 605 specialist teachers, 673 specialistica, 728 specific type of subjectivity, 567 speeding up of information, 505 spetsna, 699 spiritual dimensions of the person, 381 sponsorship initiatives, 473 Sri Lanka, 394 St Lucia, 622, 623, 625 St Petersburg, 244 stabilisation, 522, 534 Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe, 397 Staff Affirmative Action Plan, 359 staff appraisal, 246 staff development, 184 stakeholders, 167, 383, 530, 532, 584 Stalin, 704, 706, 709, 710 standardised funding formula, 605 standardised procedures, 461 standardised testing, 401 standardised tests, 434, 435, 594 standards-based curricula, 739 Standing Conference of the Education and Cultural Ministers of the States KMK, 333 Starfish’ model, 76, 78 State control of Education, 574 State Education Standard document 1998, 409 state frontiers, 235 state language dilemma, 372 state language, 373 state level, 240 SUBJECT INDEX state monopoly, 687 state of the art, 599 state paradigm, 242 state powers, 506 state projects, 506 state school, 243, 385 state schooling, 237 state system of education, 569 state territories, 235 state universities, 244 State, 193, 197, 199 state, 370, 433, 505 state, the 189, 192, 196, 198, 199, 506 state-centred development strategies, 379 state-run schools, 381 Status and Quality of Teaching and Learning in Australian Schools, The 739 status of teachers, 434 Status of Women, 340 steel import restrictions, 544 stereotypes, 510 stimulus generalisation theory, 622 stimulus, 623 strata, 117 strategic challenges, strategic educational responses, 630 strategic outcomes, 668 Strategies for Gender Democracy Women and the European Social Dialogue, 342 stratification, 46, 426, 427, 635, 718 stress, 424 strong cultural norm, 751 structural adjustment frameworks, 520 structural adjustment measures, 617 structural adjustment policies, 433, 534, 614, 615, 617 Structural Adjustment Programs, 110, 487, 519, 523 structural adjustment, 459, 493, 517, 521, 526, 533 structural adjustments, 139, 140, 142 structural constraints, 173 structural factors, 685 821 structural typology, 26, 28 structural, 113, 178, 680, 686 structural, social, political, 179 structural-institutional reform, 244 structuralism, student assessment, 408, 410 student differences, 649 student drop-outs, 414 student learning, 667 student loans, 470 student personal locus of control, 750 student strong commitment to family, 750 student-centred pedagogy, 575 students school performance, 750 students with disabilities, 647, 649, 654 students with special needs, 650, 652 study circles Halqa, 381 study place, 378 study skills, 170 subalternist scholar, 509 subalternit, 509 subethnic, 376 subject guides, 170 sub-national forces, 18 subordinate role, 345 subordinate, 509 Sub-Saharan Africa, 109, 150, 160, 245, 384, 494 Sub-Saharan African nations, 247, 488 Sub-Saharan, 493 subsistence farmers, 502 Sudan, 39, 116, 635 suffrage, 685 Summer Institute of Linguistics SIL, 553 Sunnism, 377 supplementary nutrition, 435 supraethnic, 376 supraethnic/subethnic, 376 supranational organisations, 110 supra-national, 458 surveillance, 414, 491, 737, 741, 742 survey methods, 86 surviving in the bush, 514 822 SUBJECT INDEX Sussex, 151 sustainable, 636 Swaziland, 523, 561 sweatshop conditions, 438 Sweden, 237, 386, 452, 454, 587 Switzerland, 40, 472 syllabus committee, 579 syllabus, 567 Sylvan Learning Systems, 472 Sylvan, 472 symbolic capital, 745 symbolic language, 358 symbolic violence, 413 synchronicity, 190 synthetic learning sogo-gakushu, 396 system of public schools, 574 tabula rasa, 344 tacit skills, 65, 66, 67, 79, 81 Tafsir Quranic exegesis, 383 Taiwan, 38, 43, 134, 158, 635, 749 Tajik, 368, 373, 376 Tajikistan, 368, 371, 372 Taliban, 344, 689 Tanzania, 124, 247, 489, 490, 496, 522, 550, 555, 557, 560 Tanzanian government, 514 Task Force on Higher Education and Society, 156 Task Force on Higher Education in Developing Countries, 161 Tasmania, 671 Tatars, 374 taught curriculum, the 425 Tawator, 383 Tawhid unity of God, 383 tax collectors, 484 tax credit, 603 tax incentive, 458, 469 taxes for education, 610 teacher accountability, 417 teacher attitudes, 648, 653 teacher biases, 411 teacher contracts, 587 teacher education programs, 174, 659 teacher education, 659 teacher professionalism, 661 teacher qualifications and experience grant, 604 teacher qualifications, 412 teacher quality, 167, 169 Teacher Renewal Through Partnerships Program, 662 teacher resistance, 653 teacher strikes, 606 teacher training institute, 245 teacher training, 112, 334, 494, 574 teacher, 662 teachers' attitudes, 647 teachers' roles, 647 teachers’ autonomy, 461 teachers’ collective voice, 434 teachers’ salaries, 514, 582 teacher-student social relations, 690 teacher-training programs, 395 Teaching About Human Rights, 399 Teaching and Learning Research Network, 65 teaching English as a second language, 250 Teaching for Human Dignity, 399 teaching materials, 487 teaching practices, 178 teaching profession, 169, 177 teaching strategies, 563 Technical and Vocational Education and Training, 49 technical assistance agencies, 433 technical efficiency of education, 585 technical transformation, 198 Technical University, 244 Technical/Professional Competencies, 57 technical/vocational curriculum, 729 techniques of production, 542 technocratic model, 81, 82 technocratic, 81, 177 technological developments, 676 technological education, 55, 60 technological globalisation, 196 technological literacy, 57 technological modernisation, 51, 62 technological society, 644 SUBJECT INDEX technological, 432 technological, economic, social, political, cultural, 181 technologies of power, 492 technology centres, 142 technology, 51, 55, 137, 142, 237 technology, mathematics, 53 technoscience, 737 technoscientific society, 740 telecommunications, 432 teleological goals, 405, 421, 428 Tennyson, 569 tenth century, 383 territorial authority, 235 tertiary education, 169, 248, 525, 555, 563 tertiary educational sector, 471 tertiary institutions, 487, 526 tertiary level of education, 600 tested curriculum, the 425 testing regimes, 742 testing services, 471, 474 text lists for high school students, 575 text lists, 569, 579, 580 textbooks, 434, 692 textiles, 543 Thatcher policies, 608 Thatcherism, 147 theocratic, 585 theology, 152, 192 theory of conflict, 638 theory of globalisation, 613, 614 Third International Mathematics and Science Study TIMSS, 327 Third International Maths and Science Study TIMSS, 737 Thomson Corporation, 472 three language model, 555 TIMSS, 30, 33 Title IX, 353 Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 353 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 360 Title VII, 353 TMI, 63 823 todos somos iguales (we are all equal), 436 tolerance, 371, 389, 397, 634 top-down decision making, 582 Toronto City Summit Alliance, 598 Toronto, 600 total quality management TQM), 163 totalitarianism, 687 Toyotism, 432 Tracking Surveys, 608 trade agreements, 457 trade in educational services, 462 trade in primary products, 493 trade in services, 463 trade in uncut diamonds, 493 trade liberalisation agenda, 463 trade liberalisation, 110 trade restrictions, 543 trade unions, 237 traditional cultural practices, 749 traditional heritage, 369 traditional Islamic elementary education Quranic school), 381 traditional Islamic intermediate education Medresh, Madrassa, 381 traditional madrasa, 385 traditional public schools, 586, 588 traditional right wing, 599 traditional role, 601 traditional schooling, 66, 427 traditional schools, 451 traditional Xhosa manhood initiation rituals, 514 traditionalist Islam, 377 training services, 474 transactions between nations, 235 transculturation, 508 transfer of financial res, 585 transferable skills, 78 transformation of international structures, 459 transformation of space and time, 235 transformation, 80, 166, 179 transformationalists, 36, 505 transformatory content, 637 transitional societies, 621 824 SUBJECT INDEX transmitted traditions, 381 transnational agencies, 613 transnational agendas, 609 transnational communities, 440 transnational companies, 112 transnational corporations, 110, 235, 250, 439 transnational education, 112 trans-national effects, 92 transnational migration, 432 transnational movements, 614 transnational networks, 504 transnational social movements, 440 transnational, 376 transparency, 638 transportation grant, 604 transportation hubs, 432 transportation systems, 235 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), 642 Trinitron, 56 tripartism, 459 triplisation movement, 185 triplisation paradigm, 185 triumph of traditionalism, 377 Trotsky, 699, 703 trust, 438, 626, 747 tsar Nicholas, 702 tsarist okhranka, 700 tuition fee cost recovery, 470 tuition fees, 161, 162, 163 tuition rates, 151 Tumen District, 588 Tunis, 152 Turkey, 39, 58, 345, 378, 385 Turkmen, 372, 376 Turkmenistan, 368, 372 tutorial, 472 TVET curricula, 50, 62 TVET curriculum reform, 57 two branches, 377 U S Agency for International Development, 617 U.S Civil Rights Act, 353 U.S Department of Commerce, 158, 464 U.S Department of Education, 464 U.S higher education, 144 U.S legislation, 355 U.S National Research Council, 50 U.S Supreme Court, 357 U21 Global, 472 Uchebnye Materialy k Teme Velikaia Otechestvennaia Voina Sovetskogo Soiuza, 708 Uchitleskaia Gazeta, 371 Uchreditelsoe sobranie Constituent Assembly, 700 UCT, 157 Uganda, 12, 116, 160, 248, 495 Ugandan enrolment levels, 247 Ugandan Ministry of Education and Sports, 248 Ugandan war effort, 493 UK, 42, 73, 75, 90, 153, 635, 659, 667, 717 UK, 658 UK, the 66 Ukraine Council for Comparative Education, 40 Ukraine, 242 ulama influence, 378 ulama, 383 umma, 377 UN Decade for Human Rights Education, 400 UN Report, 494 UN, 236 unchallenged, 208 undemocratic system, 248 underclass, 413 Underemployment, 522 underfunding, 530 undergraduate programs, 161 undergraduate, 238 Understanding Human Rights, 397 unemployment rates, 61, 528 unemployment, 370, 406 unequal chances, 435 unequal educational, 428 unequal schools, 435 UNESCO Annual Statistical Report, 434 SUBJECT INDEX UNESCO, 12, 40, 122, 124, 156, 157, 161, 247, 347, 379, 384, 461, 483, 487, 496, 517, 523, 526, 617, 636 Unexus, 472 unfair competition, 470 UNICEF, 522 unified school structure, 237 uniform national system, 237 uniformity, 18 Unimates, 54 unions, 434 UNIP, 488 United National Independence Party UNIP, 484 United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education 1995-2004, 389 United Nations Development Programme, 42 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 338 United Nations New Agenda for the Development of Africa (UNNADAF), 114 United Nations Organisation, The 340 United Nations principles, 343 United Nations World Conferences, 347 United Nations, 338, 391, 459 United States, the 393 unity in diversity, 238 universal access to education, 461 universal basic common nine-year school, 237 universal culture, 394 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 390, 400 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 340 universal literacy, 461 universal primary education UPE, 247 universal primary education, 12, 434 Universal primary education, 13 universal, 685 universalised standards, 502 universalism, 582 825 universality, 378 Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), 132 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM), 132 Universitas 21 U21, 472 universitas magistrorum et scholarium), 190 universities, 132, 159, 193, 384 university admission, 249 university degrees, 238 university education, 472 university employment equity policies, 351 University Grants Committee UGC, 169 University of Amsterdam, 239 University of Buenos Aires, 139 University of Cape Town, 157 University of Hong Kong, 43 University of Minnesota Human Rights Education Series, the 399 University of Paris, 190 University of Phoenix, 472 University of Sarajevo, 635 University of Sydney, 663 University of Technology Sydney, 662 University of Turku, 198 University of Uppsala, The 198 University of Western Cape, 551 University of Western Sydney Macarthur, 663 university students, 438 university, 190, 192, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201 university-bound streams, 607 university-industry partnerships, 137, 142 UPE, 247, 249 Upper House Verkhovny Sovie, 704 Upper House Verkhovny Soviet, 698 upper middle class areas, 606 upward social mobility, 428 urban areas, 594 urban centres, 250 urban-based education, 436 826 SUBJECT INDEX urbanised work force, 486 Uritski, 703 Uruguay, 398 US Department of Education, 651 USA (United States), 157, 158, 237, 239, 250, 329, 345, 351, 358, 399, 401, 435, 438, 451, 459, 506, 604, 608, 643, 646, 648, 747, 750, 753 USAID United States Agency for International Aid, 433 user fees to textbook service, 471 user fees, 247, 595 USSR, 2, 39, 692, 693, 701 usu al-figh, 378 utilit, 378 Uzbekistan, 368, 372, 373 Uzbeks, 368 value for money, 149 value system, 386, 574 valued institutions, 746 values education, 371, 634 values of social equity, 127 vast land, 481 Venezuela, 40, 619 Verba, 686, 688 VET, 66, 67, 68, 74, 78 Veterinary Training, 485 Victoria, South Australia, 671 Victorian CSF, 737 Vietnam, 432 violation of women’s rights, 375 violence, 635, 636, 637 Violent schools, 635 virtuality, 51 visible minorities, 354 VNIK, 243 vocational activities, 594 vocational education, 33, 726, 728 vocational school program, 723 Vocational school, 722 vocational training, 244, 342, 461, 716, 727 Voie Africaine, 555 voluntary contributions, 595 vospitanie, 418 voting behaviour, 438 vouchers, 451, 458, 587 VSAT, 671 Vserossiiskaia chrezvychainaia komissiia VCHK—All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, 700 Waldorf schools, 450 Wales, 67, 91 waqf deed, 383 Waqf, 378 war of Independence, 569 Warwick University, 56 Washington consensus, 458 wasteful spending, 599 welfare provisions, 459 welfare state, 18, 591 welfare state, the 118, 448, 454 welfare State, the 198 welfare, the 199 Weltanschauung of modernity, 405 West Africa, 147 West coast, 493 Western art and literature, 752 Western capitalism, 613 Western cultural imperialism, 380 Western Europe, 157 Western Europe, 37, 43, 237, 428, 452, 453, 544 Western linguists, 554 Western model education, 427 Western paradigm, 375 Western racism, 529 Western science, 738 Western societies, 751 Western tradition, 43, 152 Western tradition, the 445 Western universities, 190, 384 Western Universities, 488 Western University, 359 Western world view, 380 Western world, 670 Western world, the 151 Westernied global curricula, 15 Western-oriented norms, 613 White House, 699 White Russia, 242 White students, 588 SUBJECT INDEX Whites, the 701 Wilshire, 194 window of opportunity, 363 Winter Palace, 699 Winter Palace, the 705 witchcraft, 481 Women and Poverty, 342 women in society, 344 women of child-bearing age, 495 women, 250, 354, 633, 686 women’s access, 338 women’s peace, 633 women’s studies, 347 women’s work, 78 work environment, 78 work-based learning, 532 working class children, 92 working classes, 237 working collective, 584 workplace bureaucracies, 461 workplace environment, 66 Workplace Learning, 65 work-to-rule, 606 World Bank Planning for Education, 486 World Bank, 25, 44, 109, 114, 123, 139, 140, 141, 154, 155, 156, 160, 161, 246, 247, 338, 339, 379, 433, 434, 439, 462, 464, 486, 488, 496, 506, 519, 521, 522, 523, 528, 530, 545, 582, 587, 609, 614, 672, 687 World Bank, The 134, 503, 51 World Bank’s donor agenda, 521 world community, 613 World Conference on Women, 340 World Congresses of Comparative Education, 40 World Council of Comparative Education Societies, 35, 46 World Development Report, 115 827 World Economic Forum, 460 World Education Forum WEF, 475 World Education Report, 122, 523 world markets, 134 World Social Forum of Porto Alegre and New Dheli, 460 World Social Forum, 475 world system theory, 614 World Trade Organization (WTO), 158, 460, 462, 457, 609 World War I, 568 World War II, 588, 704 world wide acceptability, 486 World Wide Web, 63, 568 worldwide spheres of interest, 235 WTO secretariat, 463, 465, 471 WTO, 114, 465 Wyndham Scheme, 575 xenophobia, 397 Yearbook of Education, 338 Yeats, 569 Yeltsin, 417, 703, 704, 710 York, 151 Yoruba history, 513 Yoruba, 551 young people, 493 youth with disabilities, 652 Yugoslavia, 338 Zambia, 123, 494, 522, 523, 489, 496 Zambia’s copper export, 494 Zambian chiefs, 482 Zambian educated, 484 Zambian education system, 488 Zambian University, 484 Zhukov, 704 Zimbabwe, 489, 496, 552, 635 Zinoviev, Kamenev, Rykov, Bukharin, 703 Zoologica, 138 Zulu-speaking, 501 ... chapters in the Handbook are compiled into eight major sections: Globalisation, Education and Policy Research Globalisation and Higher Education Globalisation, Education Policy and Change Policy Issues:... the Handbook are compiled into eight major sections, which constitute the two volumes: Globalisation, Education and Policy Research Globalisation and Higher Education Globalisation, Education Policy. .. schooling and policy research globally x presents issues confronting policy makers and educators on current education reforms and social change globally x evaluates globalisation, education and policy