A Student English Grammar

A A STI"]DENT'S ENGLISI{ GRATVIMAR WORKBOOK Sylvia Chalker being a Workbcrok fbr A Stucil:nt's Grarnnrctr of'the English Longu,oge bv Sidney Grecnbaum and Randolph Quirk E '-'"GMAN Limited, Addison WesleY l-ongman Ikl i rtbt r rg/.t (|rttc, IIrr rlrttr' I:sst'.t' ( )XI2O 2./ll, Iirt,ql ru ul ottrl Assrrcirtletl ('lttntltrutit's thnttr,qltrtttt the trvtrlrl O S (lhalkct 1t)t)2 All riglrts rcscrvccl: ll() l)art o1'tliis lltrl:llic:rtiorl nrlrv bc rcproclrtrcssioll l1)99 ': t t r t l o g t t i t l t li r l I ' t r l r l i c : r t i o t ll ) : t : t t l r i t i s l i l i l r r r r r 'O A r - ' l r t l t l o g t l ct c t o L t l l i r l t l r i s l l o o l < i s l t r ' : t i l l l r l t ' l r o l t l tlrc llr.itishLrlrrrrrt' l:il',N 5ll2 08fi l9 't Sct in l.irtotyllt' (ilttltrttoltcl l)rintecl in China sw'l(.,,07 Gontents Introduction ,1 I T h c E n g l i s hl a n g u a g e A g c n c r afl l ' a r r c w o r k l ,1 V e r h sr r r r at lu x i l i u r i e .\ T h c s c n r a n t i cosf t h ev e r bp h r a s c N o u n sa n ccl l c t c n n t r t c .r s 36 Pronouns 41 A d j c c t i vsea n c al d v c r b s U t) T h c s en r a n t i casn dg r l r n r n aor f a c l v c r b i a.l.s f0 T h e s i r n p l cs c n t c n c c II 'unctions S c n t e n ctey p e sa n dc l i s c o u r sl e 12 P n l - l i r r n ras n c cl l l i p s i s |3 Cloorrlination 14 T h c c o r n p l c sx c n t c n c c l5 Syntactia c n ds c n r a n l i Ic' u n c l i o nosl ' s u b o r d i n a tccl l u s c s .1 .9 l6 f v c r b sa n c a l tljcctivcs Complcnrcntation l1 T h c r t o t r np l t r r r s.c lll , n c il n f i r n n a t i o p nroccssing T l r c r r c l i r c u s a 19 F r o ms c n t c n c teo t e x t l -.5 S u g g c s t cict n l swcrs l - KIIY p lh r a s c s P r c p o s i t i o nasn c pl r e p o s i t i o n a -.5 | | I - 67 .14 1J2 t l 93 99 l.2 .| .I l l .142 lntroduction r rtl t ht Ert,qli.slr TIr is workbook prov idcs pr-acticc nraterial l'orA Sttrtlcttl's () r'uttrttru (irccnbaurn rcltrctrccs ltr (.S(i[) antl lntl RanclcllpltQuirk by Siclrrcy ltlt,qtru,qc ( ) l t ' l c v r r r tsl e r ' t i o t t s \ ( ; L l t l t 'g i r t ' t t 'fhc wrtrkbook shoultl howcvcr provc uscful to othcr aclvattcctlIcarncrs ol' I l n g l i s h w h o w a n t p r a c t i c cn r a t e r i a l a n d s i r n p l i f i c t lg n t u t t t l t t i c i t lt t o t c sa r c g i r e t t o n p o i r r t sw i t h l v h i c h s u c h s t u r l c n t sr n a l ' b c l c s s l a n r i l i a r S t t t t l c t t t st t t a ; vl t l s o l i n t l l t l i c t i o r t a l yu s c ir , r l T I t c c x c r - c i s c cs l o n o l h a v c t o b c r l o n e i n l n l p i t r t i c t t l l t l ' o r t l c tl 'r.l t h t t t t g hs i t l c c t h c v n , o r k b o otki r l l o w s I h c s a n t cg c n c r - l lp l a n u s ! ( i [ t h i s t r t c a t t st l t a t s c c t i o n s I a t t d trtlIt l9 with I s c r v c u s a n o v c r v i c w s c c t i o n s3 l l d c a l w i t h h l s i c p r o h l c t t t s a r r n o r ec o r r r p l c xs l r u c t L r r c sA l r ' r vc x c r - c i s c sc,s p c c i a l l vi t t s c c l i r l r r i l r c c o t l c c r t t c c l w i t h l c r t n i n o l o g y 'w h i c h i s i n r p o r t a n tl i r r a c u r l c n r i cs t u t l c t t t sl t l t t la r r s c f i r al i t l l o a t t y l ' t h c c x c l ei s , : s v c l r l l u n d c r s l a l r t l i n go l ' l h c g r - u n u u a t i c aslv s l c l l t T h c n r l r j o r i t o arc irowcvcr cnl ifc l), plirctical The 1'arc blrsctlrtn tttotlcrttEng I ish covcr il \ llf ict-\ 1 l ' 1 r lat it cr {su r - ci n t c l l ( l c ( tl o h c l p l c i r r r t c t 'isn c r c a s ct h c i r o w r t t l ) a s t c r yo l ' t ' n g l i s h 'l'hcrc i s u k c y t o l h c c x c r c i s c st r t l h c l r u c k b u t i t r r t u s th c p o i r t t c u t l h l t t l l l s o l l t c c a s c sl l t c r c n r a v b c o t h er a c c c l t t l r b l cu n s u ' el s ( i l l t t n n t a r i s t r n t l c n i a t r l yi t t t t a l l c l o l ' 'right' 'll't'ottg': lrlltl b u l i t c l r r ta l s ol r c t t r t t l t t t c t - o l n r l c sa n r ll ' r - c r p r c n tol vi " r i g h f l n r l 'right' l avs ol'sayingsotttctltittg u choicc hctwccnIw() ()rnlorc gratntnulicuw d c p c n d i r r u< t nt h c c x r t c tt t l e a l l i t l gi t l t c t t t l c t l I-ondon I 992 s(' T h e E n g l i s hl a n g u a g e Prescriptiveand disputedgrammar Although thcrc is l'airly gcneral agrccntcnt about what you carl anclcanttot s a y i n s t a n c l a r ct tln g l i s h t h e r ca r ea t ew ' g r e y a r e a s ' o f t r t s t ' t ltt, l ru s a g cw h e r c rrativc spcakcrsclisagrcc.F-orcxatnplc can you or call yotl llot sayl All ol t'ou vt'ill rrot ruxlcrstutrLl Sorrrcpcoplc finclthis totally acceptablc:othcrs want to reword il tts Nttt ull t l t ' t t x , i l l u t u l e r s t u n di f t h a t i s w h a t t h c r t t c a n i n s i s c l a i l n i n g t h i l t t h c r r r i g i n a ls c r r t c n c c ' r c a l l yt n c a r r s 'N r t n t ' r t f t ' t t t ur ' i l l u t r d t r ' s t t t t r t l t t t "ttv t , r u l c s s o t t t c t t l ' t h c r r rc l a t i n g O t h c r p r o b l c n t sa r i s c h c c a u s ct t f t ' n t , sH t r n g l i s hg r i t t lt t l t a rs h o u l dh c l i k c L a t i n p c t t p l c t h a l t h o u g h t w h c n t i r n e a ll'rtrn g r a n l n a r T h c s c r u l c s s l t o u l r ln o t r c i t l l y a p p l y t o f t n g l i s h a l a l l b L r tr r l a n y E n g l i s h p c o p l c h a v r -h e - a r dt h c n r a n c l( c l r i t c n t i s t a k c n l y ) t h i n ki t i s w r t t r t gt t r brcak thcn't.Iixarrtplesof tlrcsc cloubll'trlrulcs: [)on'l ettcla sclltcltcc with lr prcposiliorl S a y / t ' r ' / ( D o n ' t s r t y/ l ' i r i i r ' ) P a r l l y a s a r c s u l t o l ' p r c s c r i p t i v c r u l c s w c t t l t c t t g c t l l l l ' l i l { ( ' ol (R) N l t lw , ( h' l i c h i s p c o p l c s c r i o u s l yr t r i s a p l t l y i n ga r u l e ' l ' h u s s o r l l c o t t ew l t o l t l t sb c c r lt o l t l t t r say lt's / ptay gct thc idc.rt hal riir is sorncltow urtgratttttrtticltl itt atty posit ion so tlrcy stty'i'lttlv't't'rtltttr ttttti l A n o l h c r c a u s co l ' d i s p u t e ttl t s a q ci s l l a t t l l a lc h a r l g c L a r r g u i t g c h l n g c s a l l l l r c l i r c P c o p l e w l t o n o t i c c c h a n g c so l t c n o b j c c t o t h c r t t a n d c o t l s i t l c rl l t c t l l w r o n ! ( P e r h a p riin t i n r c l t t t t t , c t ' t tt t t u u t t l / w i l l b c l c n c r a l l y a c c c p t a b l c ) Exercise1 Prescriptiverules,disputed usage and hypercorrection l l c r c u r c s o n r c a u t h e n t i cc r a r n p l c s o f ' n r o d c r t r E n g l i s h E l t c h s c t t t c t r c cc ( ) l l t l t l l l s usauc perhups sotncthirtgthat stttttcbotlvwottltl ob.icctttl s9r1c kip{ ol'clispr-rlcd bccauscit brcaksu prcscriptivcnrlc, or a hypcrcorrcclioll,()r'artcwislrtleve lo1-rltlcltt (-an you spot thc problctlts'/ I I u r r i i r n p r c s s c db ' t h c k n o u " l e c l g eh c u r t c l h i s l l - i e n t l ss l ' t o w o l ' d i f ' l c r c n t g p i v e r s i t i c sa n d c o u r s c s ' l h c y u r c l i t p p c ( li t t l t tl t t t c t w o r k o l i r t t i r r n r a l i o nl.l clitl not uscclto bc likc tliat It woulcl havc crtcleclrn trtluedy i t ' i t h a c l n ' th a v c b c c n f o r 'l h c c o u r a s c o l ' t h c v i c t i r n ( P o l i c c t t ff i c c r s p c a k i n go n l c l c v i s i o n ) TheEnglishlanguage she take up a relaxing The doctor clismisscd the symptomsand suggested hobbv Q: What would you havebeenhad you not beenborn a sportsman'/ A: I may havefbllowedrny fatherinto the Servrces I wondcr if he were indeeclhercvesterclay A s t o r w c E n g l i s h w c s h o u l c lr c s i s tt h c t c r n p t a t i o nt o r n a k e j o k e s Thc bcautiful stallionswcrc kcpl to onc sidc of thc nrutc arrclus spectatorswcrc kcot to thc othcr tl Nearlylirurlinres usnlanygirls in Britlin sul'l'cr I'rornlsthrnathanin thc 1970s - but all thoscwho cltirn to be aller.uicarc not sufl'eringliorn it P o c t r y n c c d s l c s s w o r d s ( P l a y w r i g h t A l a n B c r r r r c t ts p c a k i n go n l c l c v i s i o r r about tloctrv ancJrrovels) l0 Thc carbortclioxidc locks in thc surt's heat, likc slass locks hcat into a grecnhousc l l W r i t i n gr n y f i r s tr u u b yr n a t c hr c p o r tu t c c l i n go t u n r e a l i t yh i t r n c l T h e w o r l c cl a nb r c a t h cu l i t t l ec a s i c t t c rt h i sh i s t o r i cs u n r r n i l l You Lrsca dil'l'crcnlsort ol' English in a T ilic.r' lcaclcrthan in a convcrsation in a nub I f a r e g u l a r c u : i l o n r c l w c r ct o n t a k ea r r a n g c l n c n t w s i t h t h c i r o w n b r a r r c h i,t n l r y bc possiblc to nrakc arrangcnrcnlslbr spccdy clcarartcc l - A s a l c s r n l r nc x p l a i n c c lt h a t t h e r n a n u l l s i n c l u c l c dw i t h r n o s l c o n r p u t c r sw c r c h o p c l c s sT h e v c i t h c r w c r c i n r p o s s i b l et o u n c l c r s t a n ct l' u l l o f n r i s t a k c sr,l r b o t h l6 Nonc of thc bodics so l'ar rccovcrcrl 'uvcrcwearin!r lifliackcts l S a r t r c h u c lo n c o f t h c b c s t c c l u c a l i o n sa v u i l a b l et-o u m l r r ro l ' h i s g c n c r a t i o n I t l T h e i c l c as c c m e dt a r t o t r c l t r e l t o u c t u u l l l , e r u ' r yo u t l9 No sooncr arc onc scl ol pcrils sunttortr-ttcdthan itnotlrcr lot cvcn rnorc i n t r a c l a b l c t a k c t h c i r n l a c c 20 Thc Princctestssclrneol'thc inventions.incluclingthe prototypcof a sports c a r :p l u st h e r ei st r e v i e wo l ' l h en r o s st u c c e s s l 'iunln o v a t i o nisn t c ny e a r so f t h e awarcis A generalframework Exercise Sentences and clauses [SGE 2.2-31 by How much dil you know aboutscntencestructure'lCompletethe sentenccs ( l ) ( a ) ( j ) a n s w c r i s l c T h e f i r s t s u b j c c t s to the m a t c h i n gt h c p r e d i c a t e s ( a ) a r eu s u a l l yo p t i o n a l I A scntence 'fhe (b) is thc most importantcopularverb sub.ject (c) containsa subjcctand a predicate verb Thc ( c l )o n l y o c c u rw i t h t r a n s i t i v e verbs prcclicatc The rnain clements -5 Thc of sentenccstructure (c) haveto occur rn evcry scntencc (f) usuallyconresbefilrcthe verb Notall of lhese (g) fbllow ctrpularvcrbslikc ltc or lx'Lrtnrc Objccts (h) aresubjcct,verb.object,complctnenl aclverbial Cornplcments p o s s i h l y ( i ) o t h c r v e r b a n c l o l ' a c o n s i s t s vcrb bc Thc cletnct'tts (-i) has to agreewitlr thc subjcct l0 Aclverbials Exercise3 Sentenceelements:forms ISGE 2.241 Words arc oticrt joined togcthcr irt grtlups callcd 1rlrrtrst's.Vcrb pllrases noun phrtses, adverb phrascsand aclicctivephrasestnay consist o1'a singlc verb, noun /pronoun, aclverbor acl.jcctivcttr ol'scvcral words built arountl 'hcacl worcl' Hcrc arc solttc cxltnrples thc ntrtt'huvt'u'tttulrred thittks.n'us lttt1titt14, nt(, sottt(()tt(, s()ttt(()tt(el'sc, ntv ltttntc, uttttrlrcr ttl thost' prttblenrs, u plucc I rttttt' r'isitt'd irdjcctive phrascs unrt.suul,q uitt' t't'nrurkultlc, vtrt' txltl i trdcttl rcnrorkultlt', ttttt'e,ruthcr txltllt' advcrb phrases vcrb phrascs n