An Anthology of Ancient and Medieval Woman’s Song This page intentionally left blank An Anthology of Ancient and Medieval Woman’s Song Edited by Anne L Klinck ANTHOLOGY OF ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL WOMAN’S SONG © Anne L Klinck, 2004 All rights reserved No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries ISBN 1–4039–6309–6 hardback ISBN 1–4039–6310–X paperback Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data An anthology of ancient and medieval woman’s song / edited by Anne L Klinck p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 1–4039–6309–6 (hc)—1–4039–6310–X (pbk.) Poetry, Ancient Poetry, Medieval Lyric poetry Poetry, Ancient—History and criticism Poetry, Medieval—History and criticism Lyric poetry—History and criticism Women in literature I Klinck, Anne Lingard, 1943– PN6101.A49 2004 808.81Ј4083522—dc22 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India First edition: February 2004 10 Printed in the United States of America 2003065607 Contents Preface Preparation of the Texts and Translations Introduction Ancient Greece The Archaic Period Alcman 26—A Partheneion or Maidens’ Song Sappho 1—Hymn to Aphrodite 16—“Some say an army of horse, some of foot” 31—“I think he’s equal to the gods” 47—“Eros has shattered my heart” 102—“Sweet mother, I cannot ply the loom” 105c—“Just as in the mountains the shepherd men trample a hyacinth” 111—“Raise high the roof-beam!” 130—“Once again limb-loosening Eros shakes me” 140—“He is dying, Cytherea, graceful Adonis What shall we do?” The Classical Period Aristophanes Ecclesiazusae (“Women at the Assembly”) 952a–68b Euripides Medea 465–519 The Trojan Women 657–83 The Hellenistic and Roman Periods Theocritus Idyll 18 (Epithalamion for Helen) 9–58 Anonymous The Locrian Song xiii xv 17 18 18 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 26 27 27 29 vi contents Ancient Rome Catullus Carmina 64.124–201—Lament of Ariadne Virgil Aeneid 4.305–30, 365–87—Two laments of Dido Sulpicia Carmina Tibulli 3.13–18—Six love poems Ovid Heroides 10.1–36, 59–74, 145–50—Lament of Ariadne Ovid? Heroides 15, (Epistula Sapphus) 1–20, 123–34, 157–72, 195–220—Lament of Sappho Ireland Anonymous Créde’s Lament for Cáel 31 32 35 37 39 41 45 45 Anglo-Saxon England Anonymous Wulf and Eadwacer Anonymous The Wife’s Lament 49 49 50 Scandinavia or Iceland Anonymous GuWrúnarkviWa in fyrsta (“The First Lay of Guthrun”) 53 Early Medieval Spain Arabic Wallada Ana wa-l-Lahi asluhu li-l-ma‘ali—“I am, by God, made for glory” Taraqqab idha janna l-zalamu ziyarati—“When night falls, plan to visit me” A-la hal la-na ba‘di hadha l-tafarruqi—“Is there no way for us to meet again after our parting?” Law kunta tunsifu fi l-hawa ma bayna-na—“If you had been true to the love between us” Mozarabic Ibn Labbun and al-Khabbaz al-Mursi Ya mamma, mio al-habibi—“Oh mother, my lover is going” Ibn ‘Ezra, al-Saraqusti al-Jazzar, and Ibn Baqi Adamey filiolo alieno e el a mibi—“I loved someone else’s little son” Al-Kumayt al-Garbi No she kedadh—“He’s not staying” Yehuda Halevi, Ibn Ruhaym, and Ibn Baqi Non me tanqesh, ya habibi—“Don’t touch me, oh my lover” 57 58 53 58 58 58 59 59 59 60 60 60 contents Yehuda Halevi Garid bosh, ay yermanellash—“Tell me, oh my sisters” Ya rabb, komo bibreyo—“Oh God, how can I live?” Anonymous and Yehuda Halevi Komo si filiolo alieno—“As if you were someone else’s little son” Ibn al-Sayrafi Bokella al-‘iqdi—“Mouth of pearls” Anonymous Mamma, ayy habibi—“Mother, what a lover!” Anonymous Amanu, ya habibi—“Mercy, my lover!” France Occitan (Provenỗal) Marcabru A la fontana del vergierAt the spring in the orchard” L’autrier jost’una sebissa—“The other day, by a hedgerow” Comtessa de Dia Ab ioi et ab ioven m’apais—“I feed on joy and youth” A chantar m’er de so q’ieu no volria—“It’s my task to sing of what I would not wish” Estat en greu cossirier—“I have been in sore distress” Raimbaut d’Aurenga and a Lady Amics, en gran cosirier—“Friend, I’m in great distress” Castelloza Mout avetz faich lonc estatge—“Long is the time you’ve been away” Anonymous En un vergier sotz fuella d’albespi—“In an orchard, under the leaves of a hawthorn tree” Anonymous Quant lo gilos er fora—“When that jealous man’s away” Anonymous Quan vei los praz verdesir—“When I see the fields grow green” Occitan or Northern French Anonymous A l’entrade del tens clar—“At the beginning of the fair season” Northern French Richard de Semilly L’autrier tout seus chevauchoie mon chemin—“I was riding all alone the other day” Maroie de Diergnau Mout m’abelist quant je voi revenir—“It does me good to see” Anonymous Bele Yolanz en chambre koie—“Fair Yolande, quiet in her chamber” vii 61 61 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 65 67 68 69 70 71 73 74 75 76 76 77 78 79 79 viii contents Anonymous Quant vient en mai, que l’on dit as lons jors (Bele Erembors)—“When it befalls in May, called the time of long days” Anonymous Jherusalem, grant damage me fais—“Jerusalem, you me great injury” Adam de la Halle Fi, maris, de vostre amour—“Fie, husband, on your love” Anonymous Au cuer les ai, les jolis malz—“I have the sweet sickness at heart” Anonymous Por coi me bait mes maris—“Why does my husband beat poor wretched me” Anonymous Entre moi et mon amin—“My lover and I” Guillaume de Machaut Celle qui nuit et jour desire (Le Livre du Voir-Dit 727–39)—“She who night and day desires” Eustache Deschamps Il me semble, a mon avis Sui je, sui je, sui je belle?—“In my opinion, it seems to me” Christine de Pizan Seulete sui et seulete vueil estre—“Alone I am and alone wish to be” Doulce chose est que mariage—“Marriage is a sweet thing” Medieval Europe: Latin and Macaronic Medieval Latin Anonymous Plangit nonna, fletibus—“A nun is crying” Anonymous Nam languens amore tuo (Carmina Cantabrigiensia 14A)—“For longing with love of you” Anonymous Levis exsurgit zephirus (Carmina Cantabrigiensia 40)—“The light breeze rises” Anonymous Veni, dilectissime (Carmina Cantabrigiensia 49)—“Come, sweetheart” Anonymous Huc usque, me miseram (Carmina Burana 126)—“Until now, poor wretched me” Macaronic (Bilingual) Anonymous Floret silva nobilis (Carmina Burana 149)—“The fine wood is blooming” 80 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 87 88 89 89 89 91 91 92 93 94 94 contents Anonymous Ich was ein chint so wolgetan (Carmina Burana 185)—“I was such a lovely girl” Germany Anonymous Dû bist mỵn, ich bin dỵn—“I am all yours, you all mine” Anonymous Waere diu werlt alle mỵn (Carmina Burana 145a)—“Were all the world mine” Anonymous Chume, chume, geselle (Carmina Burana 174A)—“Come, my love, come to me” Anonymous Mich dunket niht sô guotes—“Nothing seems to me so fine” Anonymous “Mir hât ein ritter,” sprach ein wỵp—“‘A knight has served me,’ a woman said” Der von Kürenberg Ich zôch mir einem valken—“I trained me a falcon” Dietmar von Aist Ez stuont ein vrouwe alleine—“There stood a lady alone” Hartmann von Aue Diz waeren wunneclỵche tage—“These would be delightful days” Reinmar der Alte War kan iuwer schoener lỵp?—“Where has your beauty gone?” Zuo niuwen vrưuden stât mỵn muot—“With prospect of new joys, my heart” Wolfram von Eschenbach Sỵne klâwen durch die wolken sint geslagen—“Its claws tear through the clouds” Walther von der Vogelweide Under der linden—“Under the linden” Otto von Botenlauben Waere Kristes lôn niht alsô süeze—“Were Christ’s reward not so sweet” Neidhart Der meie der ist rỵche (Sommerlied 2)—“May is mighty” 10 Italy Sicilian King Frederick II of Sicily Dolze meo drudo, eh! vatène?—“My sweet love, are you leaving?” ix 95 97 97 98 98 99 99 99 100 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 109 109 109 182 works cited Paris, Paulin, ed Le Livre du Voir-Dit de Guillaume de Machaut Paris: Sociộtộ des Bibliophiles Franỗois, 1875 Parker, Holt N “Sulpicia, the Auctor de Sulpicia, and the Authorship of 3.9 and 3.11 of the Corpus Tibullianum.” Helios 21 (1994): 39–61 Parker, L.P.E The Songs of Aristophanes Oxford: Clarendon, 1997 Pattison, Walter T The Life and Works of the Troubadour Raimbaut d’Orange Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1952 Pavlock, Barbara Eros, Epic, and Imitation Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990 Pease, Arthur Stanley, ed Publi Vergili Maronis Aeneidos Liber Quartus Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1935, 1963 Perez Priego, Miguel Angel, ed Poesía feminina en los cancioneros Madrid: Castalia, 1989 Perkell, Christine, ed Reading Vergil’s Aeneid: An Interpretive Guide Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999 Pertz, Georg Heinrich, ed “Karoli magni capitularia.” Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Leges Hannover: Societas Aperiendis Fontibus Rerum Germanicarum, 1835 32–194 Pillet, Alfred and Henry Carstens “Bibliographie der Troubadours.” Schriften der Königsberger gelehrten Gesellschaft, Sonderreihe Halle, 1933; repr New York: Burt Franklin, 1968 Piđero Ramírez, Pedro M., ed Lírica popular / lírica tradicional: Lecciones en homenaje a Don Emilio García Gómez Seville: Universidad de Sevilla, 1998 Plummer, John F., ed Vox Feminae: Studies in Medieval Woman’s Song Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1981 Postgate, John Percival Tibulli aliorumque carminum libri tres 2nd ed Oxford Classical Texts Oxford: Clarendon, 1915 Powell, Anton Euripides, Women and Sexuality London: Routledge, 1990 Quinn, Kenneth, ed Catullus The Poems London: MacMillan, 1970 Rasmussen, Ann Marie “Representing Woman’s Desire: Walther’s Woman’s Stanza in ‘Ich hoere in sô vil tugende jehen’ (L43,9), ‘Under der linden’ (L39,11), and ‘Frô Welt’ (L100,24).” Women as Protagonists and Poets in the German Middle Ages Ed Albrecht Classen Göppingen: Kummerle, 1991 69–85 —— Mothers and Daughters in Medieval German Literature Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1997 —— “Reason and the Female Voice in Walther von der Vogelweide’s Poetry.” Klinck and Rasmussen 168–86 and 249–53 Raynaud See Spanke Reynolds, Margaret The Sappho Companion London: Vintage, 2001 Rieger, Angelica, ed Trobairitz: Der Beitrag der Frau in der altokzitanischen höfischen Lyrik: Edition des Gesamtkorpus Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1991 Robbins, Rossell Hope, ed Secular Lyrics of the XIVth and XVth Centuries 2nd ed Oxford: Clarendon, 1955 Rosenberg, Samuel, Margaret Switten, and Gérard Le Vot, eds Songs of the Troubadours and Trouvères: An Anthology of Poems and Melodies New York: Garland, 1998 ——, and Hans Tischler, eds Chanter m’estuet: Songs of the Trouvères Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981 Roy, Maurice, ed Oeuvres poétiques de Christine de Pisan vols Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1886–96 Vol Saint-Hilaire, A Queux de and Gaston Raynaud, eds Oeuvres complètes de Eustache Deschamps 11 vols Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1878–1903 Vol (1884) Sankovitch, Tilde “The Trobairitz.” Gaunt and Kay 113–26 Sayce, Olive The Medieval German Lyric 1150–1300 Oxford: Clarendon, 1982 Schotter, Anne Howland “Woman’s Song in Medieval Latin.” Plummer 19–33 Schweikle, Günther Walther von der Vogelweide: Liedlyrik Werke Stuttgart: Reclam, 1998 works cited 183 Showerman, Grant, ed and trans Ovid: Heroides and Amores Loeb Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1921 Sigal, Gale Erotic Dawn-Songs of the Middle Ages Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996 Skoie, Mathilde Reading Sulpicia Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002 Smith, Kirby Flower, ed Elegies of Albius Tibullus 1913 Repr New York: Arno, 1979 Solá-Solé, Josep M, ed Corpus de poesía mozarabe Barcelona: Hispam, 1973 ——, ed and trans Las jarchas romances y sus moaxajas Madrid: Taurus, 1990 Spanke, Hans G Raynauds Bibliographie des altfranzösischen Liedes Leiden: Brill, 1955 Spitzer, Leo “The Mozarabic Lyric and Theodor Frings’ Theories.” Comparative Literature (1952): 1–22 Stern, Samuel “Les vers finaux en espagnol dans les muwassahas hispano-hébraïques.” Al-Andalus 13 (1948): 299–346 —— Les chansons mozarabes Palermo: Manfredi, 1953 Repr Oxford: Cassirer, 1964 Strecker, Karl, ed Die Cambridger Lieder / Carmina Cantabrigiensia Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores 40 Berlin: Weidmann, 1926 Sulpicia See Cornish et al.; Postgate; Smith Switten, Margaret et al Teaching Medieval Lyric with Modern Technology CD-Rom Mount Holyoke College, 2001 Taaffe, Lauren K Aristophanes and Women London: Routledge, 1993 Taylor, Jane H.M “Mimesis Meets Artifice: Two Lyrics by Christine de Pizan.” Christine de Pizan 2000: Studies in Christine de Pizan in Honour of Angus J Kennedy Ed John Campbell and Nadia Margolis Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000 115–22 Theocritus See Edmonds; Gow Thomson, D.E.S., ed Catullus Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997 Ussher, R.G., ed Aristophanes: Ecclesiazusae Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973 van den Boogaard, Nico H.J., ed Rondeaux et refrains Du XIIe siècle au début du XIVe Paris: Klincksieck, 1969 van der Werf, Hendrik The Chansons of the Troubadours and Trouvères Utrecht: Oosthoek, 1972 Varty, Kenneth, ed Christine de Pisan’s Ballades, Rondeaux, and Virelais: An Anthology Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1965 Verducci, Florence Ovid’s Toyshop of the Heart: Epistulae Heroidum Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985 Voigt, Eva-Maria, ed Sappho et Alcaeus Amsterdam: Polak and van Gennep, 1971 Vollmann, Benedikt Konrad, ed and trans Carmina Burana Frankfurt: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 1987 Walther von der Vogelweide See Cormeau; Schweikle Whetnall, Jane “Lírica Feminina in the Early Manuscript Cancioneros.” What’s Past is Prologue: A Collection of Essays in Honour of L.J Woodward Ed Salvador Bacarisse et al Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1984 138–50 and 171–75 Wiessner, Edmund, ed Die Lieder Neidharts Continued Hanns Fischer From the 1858 edition of Moritz Haupt, rev E Wiessner, 1923 4th ed., rev Paul Sappler Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1984 Wilhelm, James J Lyrics of the Middle Ages: An Anthology New York: Garland, 1990 Williamson, Margaret Sappho’s Immortal Daughters Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995 Zink, Michel Les chansons de toile Paris: Champion, 1977 Ziolkowski, Jan M., ed and trans The Cambridge Songs (Carmina Cantabrigiensia) New York: Garland, 1994 Repr Tempe, Arizona: Medieval & Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1998 Zumthor, Paul Essai de poétique médiéval Paris: Seuil, 1972 This page intentionally left blank Index The listings cover primary and secondary authors and works, technical terms, and also major concepts, themes, and motifs Medieval authors are referred to by first name unless better known by last Except where there is a well-known title, poems are cited by first line Modern works of criticism and scholarship are cited by author or editor, not by title Translations are included for headwords in languages that may be unfamiliar This Index was compiled with the assistance of Allison Comeau A A chantar m’er de so q’ieu no volria (Comtessa de Dia), 6, 68, 156 A, dere God, what I am fayn, 139, 173 A la fontana del vergier (Marcabru), 7, 64, 156 A la stagion che ’l mondo foglia e fiora (la Compiuta Donzella), 113, 167 A l’entrade del tens clar, 7, 76, 158 Ab ioi et ab ioven m’apais (Comtessa de Dia), 67, 156 abandonment, of women by lovers, 12, 23, 32, 34, 35, 133, 140 absence, of lover, 55, 70, 110 Acallam na Senórach, 45, 47 Adam de la Halle, 82–83, 159 Adamey filiolo alieno (Ibn ‘Ezra, al-Saraqusti al-Jazzar, and Ibn Baqi), 60, 153 Adonis, 21, 22 Aeneid (Virgil), 31, 35–36, 150 aeolic meter, 19 Agora que soy niña, 11, 89, 126–27, 170 Ai Deus, se sab’ ora meu amigo (Martin Codax), 118 Ai flores, flores verde pino (Denis, King of Portugal), 124, 169 Airas Nunez, 122–23, 124, 169 Akehurst, F.R.P., 63 Al alva venid, buen amigo, 11, 130, 171 Al this day ic han sought (Rybbe ne rele ne spynne yc ne may), 135–37, 173 A-la hal la-na ba‘di hadha l-tafarruqi (Wallada), 58, 152 Alas, alas, the wyle!, 137–39 Alas, good man, most yow be kyst? (I pray yow, cum kyss me), 143 alba: French, 6, 8; Galician-Portuguese, 11, 118, 130, 172; German, 10, 13, 103; Greek, 3, 29; Italian, 115; Occitan, 7–8, 15 nn 27 and 28, 63, 73–74, 84; See also alborada, aube, dawn song, and Tagelied alborada (“dawn meeting”), 11, 118, 130 Alcman, 3, 15 n 8, 17, 18, 27, 147 Alfonso X, King of Castile and Leon, 119 al-Khabbaz al-Mursi, 59, 153 al-Kumayt al-Garbi, 60 alliterative long line, 50, 51, 56 al-Qabri, Als i me rod this endre day (Now springes the spray), 133 al-Saraqusti al-Jazzar, 60, 153 Amanu, ya habibi, 62, 155 Amics, en gran cosirier (Raimbaut d’Aurenga and a Lady), 70, 157 amigo See under cantiga amor, “love” See fin’amor and under cantiga amour courtois, 15 n 24 Ana wa-l-Lahi asluhu li-l-ma‘ali (Wallada), 58 Anacreon, 29 anapaestic meter, 23 186 index ancient world, 2, 17 Andalusia, 15 n 20, 57, 60 Anderson, Sarah, 53 Andrieu Contredit d’Arras, 92 Andromache, 3, 17, 26 Anglo-Saxon See Old English animals, 65, 152; sheep, 28, 142; stags, 11, 46, 121; wolves, 49–50, 152 anonymity of authors, 2, 3, 9–13, 15 n 26, 63, 70, 75, 100, 172 Aphrodite, 13, 19, 21, 29 See also Venus April Queen, in A l’entrade, 7, 76, 158 Arabic, 2, 5, 16, 57, 58, 60, 61, 152, 153, 154 Archpoet, Ariadne, 4, 7, 9, 15 n 11, 24, 31, 35, 39, 91 aristocratisant vs popularisant, Aristophanes, 3, 17, 22–23, 98, 148 As I went on Yol Day in our prosessyon (Kyrie, so kyrie), 141 Ashley, Kathleen, 16 n 35, 117 Astell, Ann, 89 Au cuer les ai, les jolis malz, 96, 175 aube, 90, 98 See also alba, alborada, Tagelied Auerbach, Erich, 15 n 22 Aunque soi morena, 126, 170 authorship vs voice, 1–2, 11, 14 n 4, 15 nn 16 and 26, 31, 37, 57, 63 autopanegyric, 12 B baccheus meter, 22 bailada, balada (“dance song”), 74–75, 76–77, 123 Bailemos nós ja todas tres, amigas (Airas Nunez), 123 ballade, 7, 77, 87–88, 109 ballata grande, 115–16 ballette, 77, 83, 84, 115 barcarola (“boat-song”), 11 beating, of girl by her mistress, 54, 139; of girl by her mother, 93; of wife by husband, 6, 74, 83–84 beauty, 59, 91; of young men, 46, 62; of young women, 20, 21, 66, 68–69, 73, 79, 86, 101–02 Bec, Pierre, 1, 2, 6, 8, 12, 14 nn and 6, 15 n 27, 160 Belanoff, Patricia, 49 Bele Erembors (Quant vient en mai), 80–81 Bele Yolanz en chambre koie, 7, 79–80, 159 Bennett, Helen, 49 Bennett, Judith, 133 bereavement, 13, 87 betrayal, of women by lovers, 12, 24, 31, 34, 68, 69, 72, 96, 134 birds, 2, 9, 10, 33, 39, 54, 55, 64, 73, 92, 99, 100, 103, 105, 110–11, 113, 118–19, 157, 162; blackbird, 46; geese, 55; lark, 84–85, 111; nightingale, 104, 111 See also falcon, hawk Blodgett, Edward, 16 n 31, 89, 162 Blumenfeld-Kosinski, Renate, 90 body: husband’s, dead, 45, 53, 54–55; woman’s, 2, 21, 34, 38, 77, 84–85, 96 See also beauty Bokella al-‘iqdi (Ibn al-Sayrafi), 61–62, 155 Boynton, Susan, 14 n 5, 63 Bragg, Lois, 49 Bray, Dorothy Ann, 15 n 17 Brea, Mercedes, 117, 167, 168 Brownlee, Kevin, 78 Bruckner, Matilda, 16 nn 40 and 43, 63, 156, 157 Brynhild, 53, 56 burden, of a carol, 11, 133–45, 173 burning, in love See fire Burns, Jane, 77–78 C Cabelos, los meus cabelos (Johan Zorro), 11, 125 Cairns, Francis, 31 Calame, Claude, 15 n 8, 17, 147 Cambridge Songs, 8–9, 89, 91–93, 162 cancionero (“songbook”), 126–31, 169–72 Cancionero musical de la Colombina, 130, 169, 171 Cancionero musical de Palacio, 126–29, 131, 169–71 index Cancionero de Upsala, 131, 167, 172 canso, 6, 10, 13, 14 n 6, 16 n 28, 63, 67, 71, 74, 75, 77, 109, 117 cantiga “song”, 117; —de amigo (“— about a friend/lover”), 10, 11, 16 n 41, 57, 117, 120, 121, 126, 130, 167, 168, 169; —de amor (“—about love”), 10, 117; —de meestria (“—of mastercraft”), 117; —de refran (“—with refrain”), 117 canzone (“song”), 109 canzonieri (“songbooks”), 165 Carey, John, 45 Carmina Burana, 8–9, 89, 93–96, 98, 162–63 Carmina Cantabrigiensia, (Cambridge Songs), 8–9, 89, 91–93, 162 carols, 11, 133, 140 Carson, Anne, 17 Carstens, Henry, 155 Cartlidge, Neil, 16 n 33, 133, 173 Castelloza, Na, 12, 63, 71, 73, 157 Castilian lyrics, 11, 125–31, 169 castle, as setting, 7, 8, 63, 103, 115 Catullus, 3, 4, 9, 12, 20, 31, 32, 34, 37, 39, 91, 149 cavallier (“knight”), 67, 69, 71 Celle qui nuit et jour desire (Guillaume de Machaut), 7, 85, 160 Celtic poetry, 5, 45 censorship, 9, 92 chanson d’ami (“song about a lover”), 6, 10 chanson d’aventure (“song about an adventure”), 133 chanson de croisade (“crusade song”), 10, 64, 81, 105 See also Kreuzlied chanson de délaissée (“song of an abandoned girl”), chanson de femme (“woman’s song”), 6, 14 n 1, 77 chanson de geste (“song about heroic deeds”), 7, 79 chanson de malmariée (“song of an illmarried wife”), 6, 7, 74, 77, 78, 82, 83, 126 chanson de toile (“sewing song”), 6, 7, 77, 78, 80 chansonniers (“songbooks”), 155 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 99 187 Cheyette, Fredric, 63 choriambic meter, 19 Chrétien de Troyes, 6, 15 n 24 Christians, 57, 67 Christine de Pizan, 7, 13, 78, 83, 85, 87–88, 161 Chume, chume, geselle min, 9, 23, 94, 98, 163 Church, 2, 4, 7, See also councils of the Church Classen, Albrecht, 98, 148 Clauss, J.J., 19 Clercq, Charles de, 15 n 15 clerics, clerks, 8, 11, 89, 137, 139–40, 141, 174 clothing, woman’s, 7, 23, 80, 86, 95, 96, 115, 130, 171 coblas (“stanzas”: —alternas, 118–22, 125; —doblas, 67, 68, 70, 82, 85; — singulars, 65, 69, 74, 76, 124, 142; — unissonans, 71, 73, 75, 77 Cohen, Judith, 15 n 21, 16 n 48, 57 Coldwell, Maria, 77, 158 comedy, 22, 23 Compiangomi, laimento e di cor doglio, 111, 166 Compiuta Donzella, 10, 113, 167 Compton, Linda Fish, 15 n 20 Comtessa de Dia, 6, 9, 12, 57, 64, 67–70, 156 Cornish, Francis, 166 Corral, Esther, 16 n 41, 117 councils of the Church, 4, courtliness, 14 n 3, 63, 65–67, 83, 114 courtly love, 3–6, 9, 10, 12, 15 n 24, 63, 85, 97, 99, 109 courtly poetry, 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 16 n 42, 63, 75, 78, 97, 99, 117 Créde, 4–5, 45–47 cretic meter, 23 Croally, N.T., 17 cruelty, 32–35, 40, 51, 80, 88, 111, 112, 118, 134 crusade, 64, 65, 82, 105, 106 cuckoldry, 6, 74, 84 Cummins, John, 126 Cupid, 33, 44 See also Eros cursing, 12, 32, 35, 95–96, 114, 133, 141 Curzon, David, 90 188 index D dactylic meter, 19, 22, 29, 34, 36 Damico, Helen, 49 dance-song, 6–7, 74–78, 87–88, 115, 123, 133 dancing, 2, 4, 74, 82, 133, 137 Davis, Judith, 63 dawn song, 6, 118 See also alba, alborada, aube, and Tagelied death, 36, 51; of deserted woman, 35; from grief, 34, 109; of husband, 46, 54–55, 88, 100; as sexual metaphor, 11, 18, 112, 115; from unrequited love, 71; by violence, 23, 24, 26, 27, 33, 35, 53, 56, 83 Denis, King of Portugal, 124–25, 169 Dentro en el vergel, 128, 171 Der meie der ist rỵche (Neidhart), 106, 165 derived rhyme See rhyme desertion See abandonment Deschamps, Eustache, 7, 78, 85–87, 161 Desmond, Marilynn, 31 devotional poetry, 2, Deyermond, Alan, 16 n 30, 126 dialogue, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16 n 30, 26, 63, 79, 103, 106, 143 Dido, 4, 7, 12, 31, 35–36, 39 Dietmar von Aist, 9, 100, 164 Digades, filha, mia filha velida (Pero Meogo), 121, 168 Diz waeren wunneclỵche tage (Hartmann von Aue), 100–01, 164 Dolce meo drudo (Frederick II, King of Sicily), 109 domna (“lady”), 6, 7, 16 n 28, 71, 75 Dooley, Ann, 45, 151 Doulce chose est que mariage (Christine de Pizan), 88 Dronke, Ursula, 53, 161–62 drudo (“lord,” “lover”), 109, 114, 115 Dû bist mỵn, ich bin dỵn, 9, 97–98 Duncan, Thomas, 133, 172 E Earnshaw, Doris, 12 Ecclesiazusae (Aristophanes), 3, 17, 22, 23, 148 Edda, Poetic or Elder, 53 elegiac couplets, 4, 15 n.12, 31, 38, 41, 44 elegy, 31 embraces, 55, 106, 115 See also sexual acts En un vergier sotz fuella d’albespi, 8, 64, 73, 157 English: language, 8, 15 n 20; literature, 1, 16 n 36, 49; love complaint, 16 n 42; Middle, 6, 11, 133, 172; Old, 2, 4, 5, 11, 49, 152; poetic forms, 11, 49, 80, 133; translation, 17, 45, 53 Entre moi et mon amin, 8, 84, 160 epic, 3, 5, 11, 17, 20, 31, 32, 56, 79, 114 Epistula Sapphus (Ovid?), 41 epiphany, 19 Epithalamion for Helen, 3, 17, 27, 149 Eros, 21, 22, 23 See also Cupid eroticism, 1–4, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15 n 8, 17, 29, 61, 73, 122 See also homoeroticism estado latente (“latent state”), 15 n 14 Estat en greu cossirier (Comtessa de Dia), 69 estribillo (“refrain”), 125–31, 171 Euripides, 4, 17, 23, 26, 39, 148, 149 Ez stuont ein vrouwe alleine (Dietmar von Aist), 100, 164 F falcon, 9, 71, 99–100, 164 Faral, Edmond, 16 n 43 female authors, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12–13, 14 n 1, 15 nn 13 and 26, 57; Castelloza, 71; Christine de Pizan, 87–88; Comtessa de Dia, 67–70; La Compiuta Donzella, 113; a Lady, with Raimbaut d’Aurenga, 70–71; Maroie de Diergnau, 79; Sappho, 19–20; Sulpicia, 37–38; Wallada, 58–59 feminine inflections, 151–52 féminité: génétique vs textuelle, 2, 14 n femna (“woman”), Ferrante, Joan, 12, 13, 16 n 45 Fi maris de vostre amour (Adam de la Halle), 6, 82, 159 fickleness, of lover, 12, 134 See also betrayal fin’amor (“noble love”), 5, 12, 63, 67 fire, of love, 21, 42, 43, 56 First Lay of Guthrun, 3, 4, 26, 53 index Fiskin, Jeffrey, 78 Floret silva nobilis, 94, 98 flowers, in setting, 22, 28, 64, 75, 81, 92, 94, 95, 99, 102, 104–05, 111, 113, 123–24, 162 See also roses fountain, 119 See also spring, of water Fowler, Barbara, 117 France, poetry and song in, 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 14 nn 3, and 6, 74, 77, 80, 81–82, 88, 155, 156 Frauendienst (“service of women,” “love service”), 9, 99 Frauenlieder (“women’s songs”), 1, 9, 97, 101, 109, 163, 165 Frauenstrophen (“women’s stanzas”), 9, 97, 101 Frederick II, King of Sicily, 10, 109, 166 French, 1, 6, 7, 12, 77, 79, 97, 114, 115, 155, 158, 172; Northern, 6, 7, 8; Northern —poems, 7, 8, 88, 90, 171; pastourelles in, 6, 8, 16 n 30, 63, 77, 78, 156, 158 See also chanson d’ami, chanson d’aventure, etc Frenk, Margit, 126, 170, 171, 172 friends, 2, 3, 11, 25, 27, 51, 61, 70, 102, 123–24 Frings, Theodor, 5, 9, 15 n 22, 16 n 46 frouwe (“lady”), 99, 105 G Gaissner, Julia Haig, 31 Galician, 168 Galician-Portuguese, 10, 11, 57, 106, 117–25, 167 Galmés de Fuentes, 15 n 19 game, of love, 15 n 25, 73, 78, 79, 96 garden, as setting, 28, 73, 78, 113, 115, 128 Garid bosh, ay yermanellash (Yehuda Halevi), 69, 170 Garulo, Teresa, 57, 153 Gaunt, Simon, 63, 77, 156 Gautier d’Épinal, 82 gender, 2, 15 n 7, 31, 49, 63, 77, 134, 173; change of, 134, 173 genres, 3, 6–13, 15 n 28, 31, 57, 63, 65, 74, 77, 80, 85, 89, 90, 104, 117, 120, 126, 165 See also under genre names 189 German, 2, 6, 7–8, 9, 10, 11, 15 n 20, 53, 73, 94, 95, 97, 98, 104, 109, 110, 162, 163 Germanic, 4–5, 50 Gibbs, Marion, 97 gifts, 19, 49, 130, 141, 143, 152 gilos (“jealous”), 6, 8, 68, 73, 74, 157 glosa (“gloss”), 125–31, 172 glyconic meter, 21, 22 goliardic poetry, 8, 89 Golias, 8, 16 n 31 Gordon, Pam, 31 Gormonda de Monpeslier, 15 n 26 grand chant courtois (“song of courtly love”), 6, 15 n 25, 77 Greece, ancient, 1, 2, 3, 8, 17–30, 147 Grimbert, Joan Tasker, 14 n 3, 16 n 39, 77 guarding, from seducers, 60, 129–30 GuWrúnarkviWa in fyrsta, 4, 53, 152 Guthrun, 3, 4–5, 26, 53–56, 152 H hair: man’s, 23, 55, 81; woman’s, 11, 18, 39, 41, 55, 86, 91, 125, 127 Hallett, Judith, 31 Hartmann, Wilfried, 15 n 15 Hartmann von Aue, 100, 164 Harvey, Ruth, 63, 156 Harwood, Britton, 49 Hatto, Arthur, hawk, 9, 10, 112–13 See also falcon Heale, Elizabeth, 17 heart, 18, 26–27, 31, 33, 53, 54, 69, 85, 111, 114; hardened, 32, 38, 51, 54, 66; joyful, 21, 68–69, 74, 79, 88, 99, 102, 105, 115; as metaphor, 10, 19, 26, 74, 97–98, 104, 109, 112, 115; suffering, 32, 34, 44, 50, 51, 64, 70, 82, 83, 90, 92, 94, 110, 111, 112, 123 Hebrew, 5, 16 n 42, 57, 60, 61, 89, 153, 154 Heger, Klaus, 15 n 20 Helen of Troy, 20 Henderson, Jeffrey, 164 Heroides, 4, 15 n 10, 31, 39, 41, 44, 150, 151 hexameter, 22, 29, 34, 36, 38 190 index Hey noyney! I wyll love our Ser John and I love eny, 11, 143 Hispanic, 16 n 48, 21, 126 Hitchcock, Richard, 15 n 8, 17 Hoffman, Richard, 133, 172 holidays, 135–36 Holst-Warhaft, Gail, 17 Holzberg, Niklas, 15 n.12 homoeroticism, 3, 15 n 8, 17 Horace, Odes, 31, 89 Huc usque me miseram, 8–9, 93 Huchet, Jean-Charles, 12, 16 n 40 humor, 7, 11, 76, 80, 133, 135 husband: cruelty of, 6, 50, 83–84; death of, 13, 26, 45, 54–56, 88, 101; jealous, 29, 74, 76; as lover, 10, 88, 114; vs lover, 2, 6, 34–35, 49, 70, 72, 76, 78–79, 80, 83, 115; spurning of, 1, 6, 7, 8, 24–25, 26, 82, 113 Hymn to Aphrodite (Sappho), 13, 19 I I have forsworne hit whil I live, 140–41 I pray yow, cum kyss me, 143–45, 174 iambic meter, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27 Iberian, 11 Ibn al-Sayrafi, 60 Ibn Bassam al-Santarini, 5, 152–53 Ibn Baqi, 60, 61, 153, 154 Ibn ‘Ezra, Moshe, 6, 153 Ibn Labbun, 59–60, 153 Ibn Ruhaym, 60, 154 Ibn Sana’ al-Mulk, 5, 15 n 20 Ibn Zaydun, 57, 58 Icelandic, 53–56, 152 Ich was ein chint so wolgetan, 9, 95, 104 Ich zôch mir einem valken, 99–100, 164 Idylls, of Theocritus, 3, 27, 149 Il me semble a mon avis (Eustache Deschamps), 7, 85–86, 161 imprisonment, 49, 76, 89–90, 97 Ingalls, Wayne, 15 n 8, 17 ioi See joy ioven (“youth”), 6, 67 Irigary, Luce, 16 n 40 Irish, 4, 5, 45 Italian, 6, 9, 10, 109, 113, 155 J Jack, Jankin, as seducer, 135, 137, 141 See also John Jackson, William, 97 jealousy, 53, 54, 99, 112, 115 Jean de Neuville, 82 Jeanroy, Alfred, 15 n 23 Jensen, Frede, 16 n 37, 109, 117, 166, 169 jeu parti (“debate”), 77 Jews, 57 Jherusalem, grant damage me fais, 81–82, 159 Jochens, Jenny, 53 joglaresa (“woman performer”), 15 n 21 Johan Zorro, 11, 125, 169 John, Sir, 1, 11, 140–41, 142–43, 174 See also Jack, Jankin Johnson, Sidney, 97, 158 Johnston, S.I., 17 Jones, Alan, 15 n 18, 57, 153, 154 journey, 38, 50, 54, 58, 76, 82, 110, 159 joy: absence of, 99; of fin’amanti (“noble lovers”), 113; of marriage, 88; in Occitan lyric, 1, 6, 64–65, 66, 67, 70–71, 72, 76; in sense of “sexual satisfaction,” 111; vs sorrow, 50, 55–56, 64–65, 70–71, 82, 101; in spring song, 134 K kamil meter, 59 Kasten, Ingrid, 9, 97, 163, 164, 165 Kay, Sarah, 13, 16 n 45, 63 Keith, Alison, 31 Kelley, Mary Jane, 15 n 18 kharjas, 5, 9, 13, 15 n 20, 16 n 46, 57, 143 kisses, 42, 58, 70, 72, 74, 81, 84, 104, 127, 143, 174 Klinck, Anne, 14 nn 1, and 5, 15 nn and 21, 16 n 34, 49, 53, 57, 63, 78, 97, 117, 133, 151, 173 knight, 6, 7, 8, 63, 65–66, 69, 71, 80, 99, 102, 104, 114 Koch, John, 45 Komo si filiolo alieno (Anonymous and Yehudi Halevi), 61, 154 index Kovacs, David, 148–49 Kraus, Carl von, 163, 165 Kreuzlied (“cross song”), 7, 105 See also chanson de croisade Kruse, Margot, 109 Kürenberg, Der von, 9, 99–100, 164 Kyrie, so kyrie, 11, 141–42, 174 L Lachmann, Karl, 9, 165 Ladd Y the daunce a Myssomur Day (Alas, alas, the wyle!), 137 lament, of a woman: for absent beloved, 5, 41–44, 49–51, 82, 91, 101, 111–12; of Andromache, 3, 26–27; of Ariadne, 4, 7, 32–34, 39–41; of Christine de Pizan, 13, 87; of Créde, 4–5, 45–46; of Dido, 4, 7, 35; of Guthrun, 5, 53–54; for husband, 23–26, 26–27, 50–51, 53–54; of Medea, 3, 23–26; in Middle English poetry, 137–42, 173–74; in Old English poetry, 49–51, 151–52; of Sappho in Heroides, 15 n 10, 41–44; of seduced girl, 8, 11, 93, 95, 137–42; for slain beloved, 5, 26–27, 45–46, 53–56; of young nun, 89, 126 Larrington, Carolyne, 53 “latent state” (estado latente), lark, 84–85, 111 Latin, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 58, 94, 95, 97, 98, 141; medieval, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16 n 29, 89, 161, 162; manuscripts, 163; classical, 3, 31, 89 Laurie, Ian, 78 L’autrier jost’ una sebissa (Marcabru), 8, 12, 65 L’autrier tout seus chevauchoie mon chemin (Richard de Semilly), 78, 158 lauzengier (“slanderers”), 6, 70–71 Law kunta tunsifu fi l-hawa ma bayna-na (Wallada), 59 Le Vot, Gérard, 14 n 5, 156, 157, 159, 160 leixa-pren meter, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 125, 131 letters, from lovers: Ariadne to Theseus, 39–41; Sappho to Phaon, 41–44; Sulpicia to Cerinthus, 37–38 191 Levad’, amigo, que dormides as manhanas frias (Nuno Fernandes Torneol), 118–19 Levis exsurgit zephirus, 91–92 Libro de Alexandre, 15 n 21 Libro de Apolonio, 15 n 21 Lietz, Jutta, 109 lime or linden tree, 1, 10, 13, 95–96, 97, 104, 165 Linker, Robert White, 155 Locrian Song, 3, 8, 13, 17, 29, 149 longing, for love, 9, 16 n 46, 23, 58, 75, 89, 91, 92–93, 94, 99, 115, 117, 127, 133 lover, 21, 23, 44, 51, 97, 100, 104, 105, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118; absence of, 2, 61, 119, 124, 131; false, 70, 72, 134; female, 6, 36, 43, 57, 60, 63, 151; illicit, 6, 7, 10, 63, 76, 78–79, 82, 84, 103, 115; in kharjas, 60, 61, 62; male 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 21, 31, 35, 39, 56, 57, 58, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71–72, 73, 75, 78, 86, 99, 101, 115, 123, 125, 134, 152, 154, 156, 157, 164; meeting with, 11, 62, 84, 92, 98, 118, 120–21, 122, 128; praise of, 62, 83; return of, 80, 91; separation from, 3, 7, 9, 10, 49, 59, 61, 64–65, 73, 81, 84, 94, 109, 111–12, 118, 133; in Wallada, 58–59 love-tokens, 130 Luria, Maxwell, 133, 172 lyric, 5, 12, 14, 14 nn and 5, 15 n 28, 16 nn 37 and 42; in archaic Greece, 3, 17–22, 41–42, 147, 148; Cambridge Songs, 8–9, 89, 91–93, 162; Carmina Burana, 8–9, 89, 93–96, 98, 162–63; Castilian, 11, 126–31, 169; Celtic, 5, 8, 45; in England, 11, 49, 133–45, 172–74; Galician-Portuguese, 10, 117–25; German, 9–10, 97–107, 162–65; Italian, 109–16; in Northern France, 6, 77–88; in Provence 5–7, 63–76, 155–58; in proto-Romance languages, M macaronic verse, 89, 94–95, 98, 161 Machaut, Guillaume de, 7, 78, 82, 85, 160 MacLachlan, Bonnie, 17 Mädchenlied (“maiden’s song”), 10 mal maridada (“ill-married wife”), 126 192 index male authors, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 31, 57, 63, 89, 100, 117; Adam de la Halle, 82–83; Airas Nunez, 122–24; Alcman, 18–19; al-Khabbaz al-Mursi, 59–60; al-Kumayt al-Garbi, 60; al-Saraqusti al-Jazzar, 60, 153; Aristophanes, 22–23; Catullus, 32–34; Denis, King of Portugal, 124–25; Deschamps, Eustache, 85–87; Dietmar von Aist, 100; Euripides, 23–27; Frederick II, King of Sicily, 109–10; Hartmann von Aue, 100–01; Ibn alSayrafi, 60–62; Ibn Baqi, 60–61; Ibn ‘Ezra, 60, 153; Ibn Labbun, 59–60; Ibn Ruhaym, 60–61; Johan Zorro, 125; Kürenberg, Der von, 99–100; Machaut, Guillaume de, 85; Marcabru, 64–67; Martin Codax, 117–18; Martin de Ginzo, 120–21; Mendinho, 122; Neidhart, 106–07; Nuno Fernandes Torneol, 118–20; Otto von Botenlauben, 105–06; Ovid, 39–44; Pero Meogo, 121; Raimbaut d’Aurenga, 70–71; Reinmar der Alte, 101–03; Richard de Semilly, 78–79; Rinaldo d’Aquino, 110–11; Theocritus, 27–29; Virgil, 35–36; Walther von der Vogelwiede, 104–05; Wolfram von Eschenbach, 103–04; Yehuda Halevi, 60–61 malmariée, chanson de See chanson de malmariée malmonjada, (“ill-made nun”), 11, 126 Mamma, ayy habibi, 62, 155 Mamma lo temp’è venuto, 109, 113 Manesse Codex, 162 manuscript sources: Arabic, 152–53; Castilian, 169–72; English, Old, 151–52; English, Middle, 172–74; French, 155–61; Galician-Portuguese, 167–72; German, 162–65; Greek, ancient, 147–149; Italian, 165–67; Latin, classical, 149–51; Latin, medieval, and macaronic, 161–62; Mozarabic, 152–54; Norse, 152; Occitan, 155–61 Marcabru, 7, 8, 12, 63, 64–67, 156 marinha (“sea-song”), 11, 117, 119–20, 122 markaz, (kharja), Marnette, Sophie, 13 Maroie de Diergnau, 79, 99, 158 marriage, 12, 24, 27, 32, 33, 35, 114; in Christine de Pizan, 7, 88; in la Compiuta Donzella, 10, 113 Martin Codax, 11, 117–18, 167, 168 Martin de Ginzo, 120, 168 Mary, the Virgin, 2, 105 Masera, Mariana, 126 mass, service of, 141 May, as setting, 10, 76, 80, 106, 141 McCone, Kim, 45 McDermott, Emily, 17 meadow, as setting, 73, 95, 105, 106, 110 Medea (Euripides), 3, 4, 17, 23–26, 39, 148 meeting, of lovers, 11, 118, 122, 128, 130; in Johan Zorro, 125; in Wallada, 58, 59 Memoriali Bolognese, 114, 167 Mendinho, 11, 122, 128, 168 Menéndez Pidal, Ramón, 15 n 14 messenger, sent to a lover, 69, 76 meter, 4, 7, 10, 17, 49, 85; aeolic, 19; alliterative, 50, 51, 56; anapaestic, 23; baccheus, 22; balada, 75, 77; ballette, 83, 84; ballade, 88; ballata grande, 115, 116; canso, 10; in chanson de geste, 7; choriambic, 19; coblas alternas, 118–22, 125; —doblas, 70, 82, 85; —singulars, 65, 67, 69, 74, 76, 123, 124; — unissonans, 71, 73, 75, 77; cretic, 23; dactylic, 19, 21, 22, 29, 34, 36; decasyllabic, 79, 81, 82; distich, 60, 61, 118–22, 125, 131; elegiac, 38, 41, 44; estribillo, 127–30, 131; glosa, 127–30, 131; glyconic, 21, 22; hemistitch, 58; iambic, 22, 23, 26, 27; kamil, 59; leixa pren, 118–22, 125, 131; long line, 50, 51, 56, 99, 100; lyric, 41; octosyllabic, 80, 88, 92; pentameter, 38; pherecratic, 22; rondeau, 83, 85; rotrouenge, 79; Sapphic stanza, 19–21; sonnet, 113; tawil, 58, 59; trimeter, 26, 27; trochaic, 19, 23; virelai, 87; wafir, 58 Mich dunket niht sô guotes, 99, 164 Middle Ages, 2, 9, 14, 77, 89, 91, 97, 104 Middle English, 6, 11, 133, 172 Middle French, 7, 77, 155 Middle High German, 10, 53 See also German Middle Irish, 45 index Minne (“love”), 96, 99, 104, 163, 164 Minnesangs Frühling, 9, 163 Mir hât ein ritter, 99, 164 misogyny, 8, 9, 11, 89 Mölk, Ulrich, 109, 157–58, 166–67 Monroe, James T., 57 moon, 39, 57, 58, 59, 84 Moors, 57, 88 morena (“dark-skinned girl”), 126 Morgner, Irmtraud, 64 Moser, Hugo, 163, 165 mother, 24, 27, 28, 36, 54, 55, 66, 93, 97; appeal to, 2, 11, 59; in cantiga de amigo, 120–21; in chanson de toile, 7, 21, 79–80; confidence addressed to, 6, 11, 21, 62, 120, 124, 125, 127; in dialogue with daughter, 7, 10, 60, 80, 106–07, 114–15, 125, 128, 129–30; in kharjas, 59, 60, 62 Mout avetz faich lonc estatge (Castelloza), 71–72, 157 Mozarabic, 2, 5, 57, 59, 152, 153 Murphy, Gerard, 45, 151 music, 4, 8, 29, 42; in editions, 14 n 5, 15 n 21, 57, 64, 77; in manuscripts, 7, 117, 155, 156, 158, 159, 167; separated from lyric, 2, 7, 14, 77 Muslim, 1, 57, 153 muwashshahas, 5, 13, 16 n 42, 57, 59, 60, 153 193 O Ó Hogáin, Dáithi, 45i O Lord, so swet Ser John dothe kys (Hey noyney), 143 occasional poems, 3, 17 Occitan, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 16 nn 29 and 30, 63, 73, 76, 77, 84, 103, 117, 118, 155, 158, 169 Occitania, 6, 12 Oí oj’eu ûa pastor cantar (Airas Nunez), 122–23 Old English, 2, 4, 5, 11, 49, 53, 152 Old French, 6, 12, 77, 79, 155, 172 See also French Old Testament, Olsen, Alexandra, 49 Ondas mar de Vigo (Martin Codax), 117 orality, 2, 4, 5, 15 n 28, 16 n 48, 126 orchard, as setting, 7, 8, 64, 73, 112 See also garden Ormai quando flore (Rinaldo d’Aquino), 10, 92, 110, 166 Otto von Botenlauben, 7, 10, 105, 163, 165 Overing, Gillian, 49 Ovid, 3, 4, 9, 12, 15 nn 10 and 11, 24, 31, 37, 39–44, 91, 150 P N Nagy, Joseph, 45 Nam languens, 9, 91, 119 Neidhart, 10, 97, 106–07, 163, 165 Nibelungen stanza, 99, 100 Nibelungenlied, 53 Niña y viña, 129, 171 No pueden dormir mis ojos, 127, 170 No she kedadh (al-Kumayt al-Garbi), 60, 154 Non me tanqesh, ya habibi (Yehuda Halevi, Ibn Ruhaym, and Ibn Baqi), 60 Norse, 53–56, 152 Northern French, 7, 8, 76–88, 155 Now springes the spray, 133–34, 172 Nugent, S Georgia, 31 nun, 89–90, 97, 105, 126–27, 170 Nuno Fernandes Torneol, 118–19, 168 Paden, William, 8, 156, 157, 158 paganism, 45, 50 Page, Christopher, 14 n 3, 15 n 25, 77, 147, 148, 149 panegyric, 5, 12, 57, 61 Pantelia, Maria, 11 parallel structure, in Iberian lyrics, 11, 117–31, 169 Paris, Gaston, 6, 15 n 24 Parker, Holt, 13, 15 n 13, 148 partheneia, parting of lovers, 3, 7, 9, 10, 49, 59, 61, 64–65, 73, 81, 84, 94, 109, 115–16, 118, 133 Pàrtite, amore, adeo, 115–16, 167 Parzival (Wolfram von Eschenbach), 103, 162 pastorela, 63–65 194 index pastourelle, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 16 nn 28 and 30, 63, 77, 78, 95, 104, 122, 156, 158, 165 Paterson, Linda, 63, 156 Pavlock, Barbara, 15 n 11 peasant girl, in pastourelle, 8, 64, 65–67, 165 Pela ribeira rio salido (Johan Zorro), 125 Perdida traygo la color, 127, 170 performance, of medieval poetry, 2, 14 n Pero Meogo, 11, 121, 168 Péronne d’Armentières, 85 Pertz, Georg Heinrich, 15 n 16 Pfeffer, Wendy, 15 n 24, 158 pherecratic meter, 22 Phoebi claro, 16 n 29 pilgrimage, 11, 120, 127, 128, 129, 139 See also romaria Pillet, Alfred, 155 Plangit nonna, 89–90, 126, 161 Plummer, John, 14 nn and 6, 89, 97, 117 popular poetry, 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 14 and n 3, 17, 63, 117, 126, 169 popularisant vs aristocratisant, Por coi me bait mes maris, 6, 83–84, 160 Portuguese, 10, 11, 12, 16 nn 37 and 41, 57, 106, 117, 118, 120, 123, 125, 126, 167 Powell, Anton, 17 pregnancy, 8, 12, 93, 140, 142 pretz (“worth”), 66, 67, 68, 69 Propertius, 31 prostitutes, 5, 15 n 21, 150 Provenỗal, 5, 63, 155, 157 See also Occitan Provence, 1, 5, 57, 63, 65, 68, 74, 75, 76, 97, 155 rain, 55, 58, 127 rape, 9, 95–96 Rasmussen, Ann Marie, 14 nn and 5, 15 n 21, 16 n 34, 49, 57, 63, 78, 97, 117, 133 refrain, 1, 2, 5; in Castilian, 11, 127–31, 172; in English, 5, 138–43; in French, 7, 79, 80–83; in Galician-Portuguese, 11, 117–22, 124–25; in German, 105; in Italian, 115; in medieval Latin, 91, 93, 95–96; in Occitan, 8, 16 n 29, 67, 73–75, 77 Reinmar der Alte, 9, 101, 164 Reuental, 106, 165 Reynolds, Margaret, 17 rhyme: in Arabic, 58–59; in Castilian, 126–31; derived —, 16 n 45; in French, 78–88; in Galician-Portuguese, 117–25; in German, 98–107; in Italian, 109–16; in macaronic verse, 94–96; in medieval Latin, 89–94; in Middle English, 132–45; in Occitan, 64–77; in the trobairitz, 13 Richard de Semilly, 78–79, 158 riding, in chanson d’aventure, 78, 133 Rinaldo d’Aquino, 10, 92, 110, 166 ritual, 2, 3, 17, 19, 21, 87 river-bank, as setting, 123 Roe, Harry, 45 Romance words, in kharjas, 5, 57, 153–54 romaria (“pilgrimage”), 11, 120, 122, 127, 128, 168 Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 84 rondeau (“round song”), 7, 77, 82–83, 85 Rosenberg, Samuel, 14 nn and 5, 77, 156, 157, 159, 160 roses, 99, 105, 127, 128, 129–30 rotrouenge (“refrain song”), 79 rural settings, Rybbe ne rele ne spynne yc ne may, 135–37, 173 Q Quan vei los praz verdesir, 75, 158 Quant lo gilos er fora, 6, 74, 157 Quant vient en mai, que l’on dit as lons jors, 80, 159 R Raimbaut d’Aurenga, 68, 70–71, 157 Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, 16 n 30 S Sankovitch, Tilde, 16 n 40, 63 Sapphic stanza, 19, 20, 21 Sappho, 3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 15 nn and 10, 17, 19–22, 27, 29, 31, 41, 44, 75, 147–48, 151 Sayce, Olive, 97 Scandinavian, 53–56, 152 index Schotter, Anne Howland, 16 n 32, 89 sea, as setting, 9, 11, 32–34, 35, 40–41, 44, 45–46, 82, 91, 117, 119–20, 122 Sedia-m’eu na ermida de San Simion (Mendinho), 11, 122, 168 seduction, 2, 83, 104, 135–45 senhal (“signal,” “code name”), 67 servant girls, 135, 139 Seulete sui et seulete vueil estre (Christine de Pizan), 87 sexual acts, 8, 10, 16 n 36, 89, 114, 135 See also embraces Shepard, Laurie, 63 shepherdess, 16 n 28, 63, 65, 122–23 Showerman, Grant, 151 Si la noche hace escura, 131, 172 Sicilian School, 10, 109 sickness, 24; of love, 72, 75, 83 Sigal, Gail, 15 n 28 Sỵne klâwen (Wolfram von Eschenbach), 10, 13, 97, 103, 164 singing, 2, 4, 18, 73, 78, 82, 110, 119, 122–23, 125 Sinnreich-Levi, Deborah, 78 sisters, 54, 61, 124 Skoie, Mathilde, 31 sleep, 18, 27, 29, 39, 42, 60, 61, 75, 90–91, 123, 127, 129, 133–34, 154 sleeplessness, 127 So ell enzina, enzina, 128, 171 Solá-Solé, Josep, 12, 16 n 42, 153, 154 solitude, 13, 25, 40, 50–51, 54, 87–88, 92, 93, 100, 118 Sommerlieder (Neidhart), 106 Song of Songs, 9, 89, 91, 92, 126 sonnet, 10, 109, 112–13 sorrow, 46, 47, 56, 59, 101, 103, 120, 123 Spain, 1, 2, 5, 15 n 21, 57–62, 117–31, 152, 153, 167 Spanish, 57, 126; Arabic influence in proto- —, 5; pastourelles in, 8; postRenaissance woman’s songs in, 14 See also Castilian, Galician-Portuguese, Hispanic, Iberian Spanke, Hans, 155 Spitzer, Leo, 16 n 46 spring, of water, 7, 11, 42, 64 spring, of the year, 2, 8, 28, 91–92, 113; as setting, 7, 11, 92, 94, 99; —songs 76, 94, 110–11 195 Stern, S.M, 5, 154 strophic structure, 5, 93 style: in female-authored vs male-authored poetry, 4, 63; high vs lower, 1, 6, 10, 31, 68, 74, 75, 77, 79, 85 Sui je, sui je, sui je belle? (Il me semble, a mon avis) (Eustache Deschamps), 86–87 Sulpicia, 4, 12, 13, 15 nn 12 and 13, 31, 37–38, 150 sun, 58, 92 Swanson, Arthur, 16 n 31, 89, 162 Swenson, Karen, 53 Switten, Margaret, 14 n 5, 63, 156, 157, 159, 160 symbolism, 2, 121, 122, 125, 127, 128, 129 T Taaffe, L K., 17 Tagelied (“dawn song”), 10, 73, 103 See also alba, alborada, aube Tapina in me, c’amava uno sparvero, 9, 10, 112, 166 Taraqqab idha janna l-zalamu ziyarati (Wallada), 58 tawil meter, 58, 59 Taylor, Jane, 78 tenso, 63, 70 tenzone (“debate”), 111, 112 Tervooren, Helmut, 163, 165 tetrameters, 22 The last tyme I the wel woke (I have forsworne hit whil I live), 140 The man that I loved altherbest (Wolde God that hyt were so), 134 Theocritus, 17, 27–29, 149 This enther day I mete a clerke (A, dere God, what I am fayn), 139 Tibullus, 4, 31, 37, 150 tokens, of love, 130 See also gifts tornada (“envoy”), 67, 68, 69, 76 transliteration, of Arabic, 152 trees, 2, 29, 43, 64, 92, 100, 106, 128; cypress, 28; fruit, 64; hawthorn, 73, 169; hazel, 123–24; laurel, 55; lime or linden, 1, 10, 13, 95–96, 104, 165; oak, 21, 29, 50, 51, 128–29; pear, 129; pine, 124, 169; plane, 28 196 index Treides, mia madr’, en romaria (Martin de Ginzo), 120, 168 trimeters, 26, 27 trobairitz, 2, 6, 13, 14 nn and 6, 16 n 40, 63, 70, 77, 155, 156 trochaic meter, 19, 23 The Trojan Women (Euripides), 3, 17, 26, 148 troubadours, 4, 14 nn and 5, 15 n 22, 77, 40, 109, 155; male vs female, 6, 12, 13, 31, 63; women, 2, 6, 16 n 40 U Under der linden (Walther von der Vogelweide), 14, 97, 104, 165 V Vásquez, Juan, 127, 169, 170 Veni, dilectissime, 9, 92, 97 Venus, 37, 44 See also Aphrodite Verducci, Florence, 31 Vi eu, mia madr’, andar (Nuno Fernandes Torneol), 119–20, 168 vilain, vilan (“peasant,” “boor”), 6, 78 vilaina (“peasant woman”), 65–67 villancicos (“rural songs”), 125–26, 127, 169, 170 virelai (“refrain song”), 7, 77, 86–87 Virgil, 3, 4, 12, 31, 35–36, 37, 150 virginity, 10, 27, 66, 95, 125 voice, 6, 7, 9, 18, 19, 32, 40, 58, 98, 141, 163; vs authorship, 1–2, 15 n 13, 63; woman’s contrastive to man’s, 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16 nn 40 and 43, 31, 49, 63, 117, 134 Voir-Dit (Guillaume de Machaut), 85 Volsungs, Saga of the, 53 W Waere diu werlt alle mỵn, 9, 98, 134 Waere Kristes lơn niht alsô süeze (Otto von Botenlauben), 105, 165 wafir meter, 58 Wallada, 57, 58–59, 152 Walther von der Vogelweide, 10, 97, 104, 163, 165 War kan iuwer schoener lỵp? (Reinmar der Alte), 101, 164 watchman, in alba, 7–8, 10, 63, 73, 84, 103–04 water, as motif, 2, 11, 33, 51, 59, 121 Wechsel (“exchange”), 7, 105 wedding song, 17, 20, 21 weeping, 36, 43, 50, 60, 64, 88, 90, 113, 118, 123, 151 Welsh, 8, 45 Were it undo that is ydo, 140, 174 Whetnall, Jane, 16 n 47 White, Sarah, 63 widows, 26, 53, 87 Wiessner, Edmund, 163, 165 Wife’s Lament, 49, 50, 151, 152 wilderness, as setting, 50 Wilhelm, James, 16 n 29 Williamson, Margaret, 15 n winileudos (“songs for a friend/lover”), winter, 17, 28, 58, 79, 99, 106 Winterlieder (Neidhart), 106 wỵp (“woman”), 99, 101, 102, 103 Wolde God that hyt were so, 12, 134–35, 173 Wolfram von Eschenbach, 10, 73, 97, 103, 163, 164 woman’s song, 9, 10, 11, 14 and n 3, 16 n 46, 49, 67, 78, 81, 133; artlessness of, 2, 4, 31; contrast to male voice, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 31, 63, 89, 97; definitions of, 1, 5, 14 n See also under countries and languages Wulf and Eadwacer, 5, 12, 49, 56, 151 XYZ Y lovede a child of this cuntre (Were it undo that is ydo), 140 Ya mamma, mio al-habibi (Ibn Labbun and al-Khabbaz al-Mursi), 59, 169 Ya rabb, komo bibreyo (Yehuda Halevi), 61, 154 Yehuda Halevi, 60–61, 154 Ziolkowski, Jan, 89, 162 Zumthor, Paul, 15 n 25 Zuo niuwen vrưuden stât mỵn muot (Reinmar der Alte), 102 .. .An Anthology of Ancient and Medieval Woman’s Song This page intentionally left blank An Anthology of Ancient and Medieval Woman’s Song Edited by Anne L Klinck ANTHOLOGY OF ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL. .. himself and his art.34 10 ancient and medieval woman’s song Probably the most sophisticated and nuanced examples of Middle High German woman’s song are those by Wolfram von Eschenbach and Walther... passion for another woman, and the man is just a foil Starting with early Greece, and continuing with ancient Rome and medieval Europe, this anthology brings together a collection of women’s voices