The FACTS ON FILE Dictionary of Music The FACTS ON FILE Dictionary of Music Christine Ammer The Facts On File Dictionary of Music, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 by the Christine Ammer 1992 Trust All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Facts On File, Inc 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ammer, Christine The Facts On File dictionary of music / Christine Ammer.—4th ed p cm Includes index Rev ed of: The HarperCollins dictionary of music 3rd ed c1995 ISBN 0-8160-5266-2 (Facts On File : alk paper) ISBN 978-1-4381-3009-5 (e-book) Music—Dictionaries Music—Bio-bibliography I Title: Dictionary of music II Ammer, Christine HarperCollins dictionary of music III Facts On File, Inc IV Title ML100.A48 2004 780'.3—dc22 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by James Scotto-Lavino Cover design by Semadar Megged Illustrations by Carmela M Ciampa and Kenneth L Donlan Grateful acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint an excerpt from Cornelius Cardew’s “Treatise.” Copyright © 1960 Hinrichsen Edition, Peters Edition Limited, London Reproduced by kind permission of C.F Peters Corporation, New York, on behalf of Peters Edition, Ltd Printed in the United States of America VB Hermitage 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper CONTENTS Author’s Note vii Abbreviations ix Key to Pronunciation xi Dictionary of Music Index of Composers 483 Index of Instruments 491 AUTHOR’S NOTE advised to seek them out, are printed in small capital letters, as, for example, ADAGIO or AEOLIAN HARP Pronunciations for foreign words are as close an approximation as possible of how the words are pronounced in the respective languages, and a pronunciation key appears on page viii Titles of compositions are given in the original language except when that language is judged unfamiliar to most readers (for example, Russian and Hungarian) or when the English translation of a famous title has come into very common use (for example, Bach’s The Art of Fugue and his The WellTempered Clavier) Dates usually refer to the date of first performance, unless indicated otherwise This considerably expanded fourth edition includes new developments in both classical and popular music It incorporates recent research and discoveries in early music, as well as revised and expanded information about technological advances in sound reproduction and creation The most important contemporary composers have been added, and the repertory for instruments and musical forms as well as all of the tables have been brought up to date The author is deeply indebted to the many friends and acquaintances who have unstintingly answered questions, given advice, lent musical instruments and photographs, and otherwise donated invaluable support and assistance Special thanks are due to David Ammer for his patient explanations and knowledgeable answers to numerous detailed questions The dictionary has been vastly improved through their help; its faults and errors and shortcomings are entirely the author’s own responsibility The entries in this dictionary include the most commonly used musical terms In addition, they include considerable material on music history, with a view to explaining the background of musical practice The biographical articles also reflect this historical orientation, including relatively little detail about composers’ lives, which is readily available in books devoted entirely to this subject, but rather concentrating on the composer’s works Additional historical information is provided in the form of charts that briefly identify the composers associated with important styles and periods, ranging from the Middle Ages to the twentieth century At the end of the book, an Index of Composers lists all of the composers whose names appear in these charts, along with those who have separate entries, as well as an Index of Instruments for which there are entries A second kind of chart is used to present notable examples of major musical forms, such as oratorio and opera Further, the articles on musical instruments generally list some of the repertory for each instrument, in order to assist readers interested in hearing recordings featuring an instrument and, for those considering the study of a particular instrument, to indicate something about its repertory The terms in this dictionary, whether they consist of one word or of several words, are listed in strict alphabetical order, letter by letter, up to the comma in the case of inversion In the case of identical terms in different languages and with different meanings, they are listed under a series of numbered definitions in one article, along with closely related terms Terms mentioned in one entry but further explained in another, where the reader is vii ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations and symbols appear in the text and in charts: c comp cont def defs fl illus no op pl pub rev sing circa composed continued definition definitions flourished illustration number opus plural published revised singular flat natural sharp double flat double sharp ix Zwilich, Ellen Taaffe twenty-one being the most common number in modern times The bridges divide the strings into two sections, the righthand one for open strings that are plucked, the lefthand one for strings that are pressed down or released for ornaments (such as vibrato) and pitch changes The instrument rests on a table or stand, and the player’s right hand plucks with the nails (real or artificial) for single notes, octaves, or harmonies, while the left presses down on the strings Occasionally the left hand will also play melody strings along with the right The zheng is a very old instrument, mentioned in sources dating back 2,500 years Sofia Gubaidulina scored for it in a 1999 composition ziemlich (tsim′ liKH ) German: “quite.” A word used in such musical directions as ziemlich schnell, “quite fast.” Zimbel (tsim′bəl) The German word for CYMBAL zingara, alla (ä′ lä tsin gä′ rä) Italian Also, alla zingarese (ä′lä tsin gä ra¯ ′ze) A direction to perform in gypsy style Zink (tsink) German The old CORNETT zither (zith ′ər) A folk instrument of South Germany, Austria, and Switzerland It consists of a flat, shallow wooden box with a large sound hole; over the box are stretched a few melody strings and several dozen accompaniment strings The melody fig 270 p/u from p 503 481 twenty-five to forty or more, are made of gut or nylon and are tuned in a variety of ways The player stops the melody strings with the left hand and strikes them with a plectrum worn on the thumb of the right hand; the other fingers of the right hand strum the accompaniment strings The melody strings are tuned in several different ways; two common tunings are A A D G C and A D G G C (shown in the accompanying example) A general term for fig 271 p/u from p 503 any instrument in which strings are stretched over a soundboard without a neck Examples include the various kinds of PSALTERY, whose strings are plucked, and the DULCIMER, whose strings are struck zögernd (tsŒ′gernt) German A direction to perform in a hesitant manner, holding back the tempo — moo — ′zə fo¯n′′) See under zoomoozophone (zoo MICROTONE zoppa, alla (ä′lä tsôp′pä) Italian A direction to perform in a syncopated rhythm, using the SCOTCH SNAP or a similar pattern — k) Creole: “party.” A style of Caribbean zouk (zoo dance music using synthesizers as well as traditional instruments, such as the Antillean horizontal log drum Produced mainly in Paris, France by musicians from Martinique and Guadeloupe, it combines elements of Caribbean and African music in a sophisticated way — rYk′häl tent) German: zurückhaltend (tsoo “holding back.” A direction to perform somewhat more slowly strings, usually five in number and made of metal, are on one side of the box, over a fingerboard provided with frets (to indicate stopping positions) The accompaniment strings, numbering anywhere from Zwilich (zwil′ək), Ellen Taaffe (ta¯ f), 1939– An American composer who in 1983 became the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for composition for her First Symphony Trained as a violinist, Zwilich wrote primarily instrumental 482 Zwischenspiel music in traditional forms (symphony, concerto) Her harmonies, too, are largely traditional Her music is dramatic, using instrumental tone color to convey emotion Her works include a string quartet, four symphonies (1983–2003), and concertos for piano, flute, bassoon, French horn, and trombone Zwischenspiel (tsvish ′ən sh pe¯l) German An instrumental interlude in vocal music A name for the parts of a concerto played by the full orchestra, which alternate with the soloist’s parts zydeco (zı¯′di ko¯′′) A form of lively dance music, typically a fast, syncopated two-step, originating in Louisiana and Texas, combining elements of blues with Cajun (French) dance music It is generally performed on accordion, guitar, and fiddle The name is thought to come from a corruption of les haricots (French for “beans”), from a song title INDEX OF COMPOSERS This index directs the reader to the principal information given about composers, not to every mention of their works or names For example, for Beethoven the reader is directed to the page with the main entry on Beethoven, not to the charts of sonatas or symphonies or other places where his name also appears However, an exception is made in a few instances where there is no main entry and several references are of equal use A Adam, Adolphe 24 Adam de la Halle 235 Adams, John Adès, Thomas Agricola, Alexander 343 Albéniz, Isaac Albert, Stephen 89 Alberti, Domenico Albinoni, Tomaso 29 Albrechtsberger, Johann 7, 37 Albright, William 335 Alfano, Franco 327 Alfonso X, King 62 Alkan, Valentin 305 Amadei, Filippo 303 Ambrose, St 9, 186 Anderson, Laurie 447 Anerio, Felice 29, 282 Anerio, Giovanni Francesco 29 Anglebert, Jean Henri d’ 29 Antes, John 248 Antheil, George 11 Arcadelt, Jacob 343 Arel, Bülent 447 Argento, Dominick 447 Arlen, Harold 14 Arne, Thomas 191, 232, 283, 304 Arnold, Malcolm 141 Ashley, Robert 447 Aston, Hugh 343 Auber, Daniel Franỗois Esprit 236 Aufderheide, May Frances 335 Auric, Georges 17, 140 Austin, Larry 447 B Babbitt, Milton 19 Bacewicz, Grazyna 447 Bach, Johann Christian 21 Bach, Johann Christoph 20 Bach, Johann Sebastian 20 Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel 20 Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann 20 Badings, Henk 447 Bainbridge, Simon 447 Balakirev, Mily Alexeyvitch 22 Banchieri, Adriano 343 Barber, Samuel 28, 277 Barraqué, Jean 375 Bartók, Bela 31 Bartolino de Padova 235 483 Bassani, Giovanni Battista 45 Bax, Arnold 447 Beach, Amy (Mrs H.H.A.) 36 Beethoven, Ludwig van 36 Belknap, Daniel 444 Bellini, Vincenzo 38 Benda, Franz 322 Benda, Georg 382 Benjamin, George 447 Bennett, Richard Rodney 447 Bennett, Robert Russell 15 Berg, Alban 38 Berger, Arthur 447 Berio, Luciano 39 Berkeley, Lennox 447 Berlin, Irving 39 Berlioz, Hector 40, 190 Bernart de Ventadorn 235 Bernstein, Leonard 40, 141 Berwald, Franz 355 Biber, Heinrich von 30 Billings, William 41 Binchois, Gilles 343 Birtwhistle, Harrison 41 Bizet, Georges 42 Blacher, Boris 447 Blake, Eubie 335 Bliss, Arthur 447 Bloch, Ernest 42 484 The Facts On File Dictionary of Music Blomdahl, Karl-Birger 375, 447 Blow, John 30, 43, 232 Boccherini, Luigi 44, 405, 405 Böhm, Georg 30 Boùeldieu, Franỗois 236, 272, 280 Boismortier, Joseph Bodin de 185 Boito, Arrigo 44 Bolcom, William 44 Bonds, Margaret 397 Bononcini, Giovanni 30, 303 Borodin, Alexander 46 Bottesini, Giovanni 113 Boublil, Alain 253 Boulanger, Lili 46 Boulanger, Nadia 46 Boulez, Pierre 46 Boyce, William 48 Brahms, Johannes 48 Brant, Henry 447 Britten, Benjamin 50 Browne, Earle 447 Bruch, Max 51 Bruckner, Anton 51 Brumel, Antoine 343 Bull, John 51 Bull, Ole 173 Burleigh, Harry 397 Busnois, Antoine 52, 343 Busoni, Ferruccio 52, 258 Bussotti, Sylvano 447 Buxtehude, Dietrich 53 Byrd, William 53 C Cabezón, Antonio de 56 Caccini, Francesca 56 Caccini, Giulio 56, 269 Cage, John 58 Caldara, Antonio 30 Campion, Thomas 231 Campra, André 24 Cannabich, Christian 229 Canteloube, Joseph 147 Cardew, Cornelius 447 Carissimi, Giacomo 65, 283 Carpenter, John Alden 24, 202 Carrillo, Julián 447 Carrión, Antonio Literes 480 Carter, Elliott 65 Casella, Alfredo 447 Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Mario 169 Cavazzoni, Marco Antonio 290 Chabrier, Emmanuel 16, 171 Chambonnières, Jacques de 70 Charpentier, Gustave 274 Charpentier, Marc-Antoine 30 Chausson, Ernest 71 Chávez, Carlos 71 Chen Yi 447 Cherubini, Luigi 71 Chopin, Frédéric 73 Chou Wen-Chung 447 Ciconia, Johannes 235 Cilèa, Francesco 270 Cimarosa, Domenico 275, 279 Clemens non Papa, Jacobus 343 Clementi, Muzio 83 Cleveland, James L 164 Compère, Loyset 343 Coperario, John 231 Copland, Aaron 92, 140 Corelli, Arcangelo 93 Corigliano, John 447 Cornelius, Peter 271 Couperin, Franỗois 96 Cowell, Henry 97 Crawford Seeger, Ruth 97 Crecquillon, Thomas 343 Crumb, George 98 Cui, César 100 Czerny, Carl 101 D Dahl, Ingolf 447 Dalbavie, Marc André 447 Danielpour, Richard 447 Dallapiccola, Luigi 103 David, Ferdinand 466 David, Johann Nepomuk 291 Davidovsky, Mario 447 Davies, Peter Maxwell 104 Debussy, Claude 105 Delibes, Léo 24, 274 Delius, Frederick 105 Dello Joio, Norman 447 Del Tredici, David 259, 447 Des Prez See Josquin des Prez Diabelli, Anton 303 Diamond, David 447 D’Indy See Indy Distler, Hugo 303 Dittersdorf, Carl Ditters von 80, 382 Dodge, Charles 447 Dohnányi, Ernö 111 Donizetti, Gaetano 111 Dorsey, Thomas A 164 Dowland, John 18, 115 Dragonetti, Domenico 113 Druckman, Jacob 115 Dubensky, Arkady 113 Dufay, Guillaume 117 Dukas, Paul 117 Dun See Tan Dun Dunstable, John 118 Duparc, Henri 16 Dupré, Marcel 448 Durey, Louis 383 Durón, Sebastián 480 Duruflé, Maurice 347 Dutilleux, Henri 448 Dvorˇák, Antonin 119 E Eaton, John 279, 448 Egk, Werner 24 Eimert, Herbert 448 Einem, Gottfried von 448 Eisler, Hanns 448 Index of Composers Elgar, Edward 127 Ellington, Edward “Duke” 127 Enesco, Georges 128 F Falla, Manuel de 136 Farnaby, Giles 343 Fauré, Gabriel 138 Fayrfax, Robert 343 Feldman, Morton 448 Ferneyhough, Brian 448 Ferrabosco, Alfonso, I 343 Ferrabosco, Alfonso, II 231, 343 Field, John 260 Filtz, Anton 229 Finck, Heinrich 216 Fine, Irving 448 Finney, Ross Lee 448 Finzi, Gerald 448 Fischer, Johann Kasper Ferdinand 30, 153 Flesch, Carl 466 Flotow, Friedrich von 275 Floyd, Carlisle 276, 448 Forqueray, Antoine 462 Fortner, Wolfgang 448 Foss, Lukas 148 Foster, Stephen 148 Franck, César 149 Franco of Cologne 235 Frauenlob 235 Frederick the Great 322 Frescobaldi, Girolamo 151 Friml, Rudolf 280, 281 Froberger, Johann 151 Frye, Walter 343 G Gabrieli, Andrea 155 Gabrieli, Giovanni 155 Gabrielli, Domenico 45 Gade, Niels 355 485 Galuppi, Baldassare 279 Gastoldi, Giovanni 26 Geminiani, Francesco 158, 465 Gerhard, Roberto 448 Gershwin, George 158 Gershwin, Ira 158 Gesualdo, Don Carlo 343 Giannini, Vittorio 277 Gibbons, Christopher 159 Gibbons, Orlando 159 Gilbert, William S 159 Ginastera, Alberto 87, 448 Giordano, Umberto 270 Giovanni da Cascia 15, 235 Glass, Philip 160 Glazunov, Alexander 24, 161 Glière, Reinhold 161 Glinka, Mikhail 161 Gluck, Christoph 163 Goehr, Alexander 448 Golijov, Osvaldo 303 Gombert, Nicolas 343 Górecki, Henryk 448 Gottschalk, Louis Moreau 164 Gould, Morton 448 Gounod, Charles 164 Grainger, Percy 165 Granados, Enrique 165 Graun, Karl Heinrich 322 Gregor, Christian 248 Grétry, André 80, 279 Grieg, Edvard 167 Griffes, Charles 167 Grofé, Ferde 15 Gruber, Franz 65 Gubaidulina, Sofia 167, 303 Guerrero, Francisco 344 Guido d’Arezzo 168 Guthrie, Arlo 170 Guthrie, Woody 170 Handel, George Frideric 172 Handy, W C 172 Hanon, Charles-Louis 141 Hanson, Howard 172 Harbison, John 173 Harris, Roy 448 Harrison, Lou 178 Hartke, Stephen 448 Hartmann, John Peder Emilus 24 Hartmann, Karl A 448 Hasse, Johann Adolf 270, 280 Hassler, Hans Leo 344 Hauer, Josef 374 Haydn, Franz Josef 179 Haydn, Michael 180 Henry, Pierre 24, 448 Hensel See Mendelssohn, Fanny Henze, Hans Werner 181, 274 Herbert, Victor 181 Herbst, Johannes 248 Hidalgo, Juan 480 Herrmann, Bernard 141 Hiller, Lejaren 448 Hindemith, Paul 157, 182, 259 Hofhaimer, Paul 216 Holden, Oliver 444 Holmbae, Vagn 448 Holst, Gustav 183 Holyoke, Samuel 444 Holzbauer, Ignaz 229 Honegger, Arthur 184 Hotteterre, Jacques 145 Hovhaness, Alan 448 Huber, Klaus 449 Hummel, Johann Nepomuk 185 Humperdinck, Engelbert 185 Husa, Karel 89, 449 Hyla, Lee 449 H I Hába, Alois 241 Halévy, Fromental 171 Ibert, Jacques 449 Imbrie, Andrew 449 486 The Facts On File Dictionary of Music Indy, Vincent d’ 191 Isaac, Heinrich 344 Ives, Charles 198 J Jacopo da Bologna 15, 235 Jacques de Liège 235 Janácˇek, Leosˇ 199 Janequin, Clément 199 Jaques-Dalcroze, Émile 200 Jehan de Lescurel 235 Joachim, Joseph 466 Johannes de Muris 15, 235 Jolas, Betsy 449 Jolivet, André 449 Jommelli, Niccolò 278 Joplin, Scott 335 Josquin des Prez 203 K Kabalevsky, Dmitri 89, 449 Kagel, Mauricio 291, 449 Kálmán, Imre 281 Kancheli, Giya 449 Kay, Hershy 15 Keiser, Reinhard 270 Kern, Jerome 206 Kernis, Aaron Jay 449 Khatchaturian, Aram 208 Kirchner, Leon 449 Klebe, Giselher 449 Knussen, Oliver 87, 277, 449 Kodály, Zoltán 209 Kolb, Barbara 449 Korngold, Erich 141 Koussevitsky, Serge 113 Kreisler, Fritz 210 Krˇenek, Ernst 274, 375, 449 Kreutzer, Rodolphe 466 Krieger, Johann 30 Kubik, Gail 140 Kuhnau, Johann 30 Kupferman, Meyer 202, 375 Kurka, Robert 273 Kurtág, György 449 L Lachenmann, Helmut 449 Laderman, Ezra 448 Lalo, Édouard 87, 89 Lambert, Constant 24 Lam Bung-Ching 449 Landini, Francesco 14, 212 Lanier, Nicholas 232 Lansky, Paul 449 Larsen, Libby 449 La Rue, Pierre de 344 Lasso, Orlando di 212 Law, Andrew 444 Lawes, Henry 232 Lawes, William 23 Lazarov, Henri 449 Leclair, Jean-Marie 465 Lehár, Franz 214 LeJeune, Claude 344 Leoncavallo, Ruggero 214 Leonin 14, 215 Liebermann, Lowell 449 Liebermann, Rolf 449 Lieberson, Peter 449 Ligeti, György 216 Liszt, Franz 217 Locatelli, Pietro 30, 93 Locke, Matthew 30 Loesser, Frank 219 Loewe, Frederick 219 Loewe, Karl 219 Lomax, Alan 147 Lomax, John A 147 Lortzing, Gustav 277 Lucier, Alvin 450 Luening, Otto 450 Lully, Jean Baptiste 24, 220, 294 Lutoslawski, Witold 222 Lutyens, Elizabeth 375, 450 M MacDowell, Edward 225 Machaut, Guillaume de 15, 225 Machover, Tod 125, 450 Macmillan, James 303, 450 Maderna, Bruno 450 Mahler, Gustav 227 Malipiero, Gian F 450 Marais, Marin, 30 462 Marenzio, Luca 344 Marini, Biagio 30, 465 Marin Marais See Marais Marley, Bob 341 Marpurg, Friedrich Wilhelm 322 Martin, Frank 283, 375, 450 Martini, Padre Giovanni 80 Martino, Donald 450 Martin , Bohuslav 231 Martín y Soler See Soler Mascagni, Pietro 231 Massenet, Jules 233 Matteo da Perugia 235 Maw, Nicholas 87, 259, 450 Maxwell Davies See Davies Mayuzumi, Toshiro 450 Méhul, Étienne 80 Mendelssohn, Felix 238 Mendelssohn-Hensel, Fanny 238 Menotti, Gian Carlo 238 Merulo, Claudio 344 Messiaen, Olivier 239, 291 Meyerbeer, Giacomo 241 Miki, Minoru 450 Milán, Luis 242 Milhaud, Darius 242 Millöcker, Karl 281 Monk, Meredith 308 Monn, Georg 89, 322 Monte, Philippe de 344 Montemezzi, Italo 270 Monteverdi, Claudio 247 Index of Composers Moore, Douglas 247 Morales, Cristobál de 344 Morley, Thomas 248 Morton, Ferdinand “Jelly Roll” 248 Moussorgsky See Mussorgsky Mouton, Jean 344 Mozart, Leopold 251, 465 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 251 Muffat, Georg 30 Mumma, Gordon 450 Murch, Walter 141 Musgrave, Thea 25, 450 Mussorgsky, Modest 255 N Nancarrow, Colin 317 Narváez, Luis 344 Neidhart von Reuenthal 235 Niccolò da Perugia 235 Niebergall, Julia Lee 335 Nielsen, Carl 260 Nilsson, Bo 450 Nishimura, Akira 450 Nono, Luigi 25, 273, 450 Nørgård, Per 450 Notker, Balbulus 236 Nyman, Michael 243, 450 O Obrecht, Jacob 266 Ockeghem, Johannes 267 Odington, Walter 236 Offenbach, Jacques 268 Oliver, Joseph “King” 200 Oliveros, Pauline 450 Orff, Carl 286 Ornstein, Leo 450 Ortiz, Diego 344 Oswald von Wolkenstein 236 P Pachelbel, Johann 30 Paderewski, Ignace 297 Paganini, Niccolò 297 Palestrina, Giovanni 233, 297 Panufnik, Andrzej 450 Paolo Tenorista 236 Parker, Horatio 283 Parry, Charles 283 Pärt, Arvo 450 Partch, Harry 450 Peeters, Flor 291 Penderecki, Krzysztof 306 Penella, Manuel 480 Pepping, Ernst 303 Pergolesi, Giovanni 278, 308 Peri, Jacopo 276, 308 Perle, George 451 Perotin 15, 308 Peter, Johann Friedrich 248 Petrassi, Goffredo 451 Pfitzner, Hans 89 Piccinni, Niccolò 163, 278 Picker, Tobias 68, 451 Pierre de la Croix 15, 236 Pijper, Willem 451 Pinkham, Daniel 451 Piston, Walter 315 Pizzetti, Ildebrando 271, 450 Pleyel, Ignaz 80 Ponce, Manuel 169 Ponchielli, Amilcare 319 Popper, David 67 Porter, Cole 320 Porter, Quincy 312 Poulenc, Francis 312, 321 Pousseur, Henri 451 Powell, Mel 312, 451 Power, Leonel 236 Praetorius, Michael 322 Previn, André 391, 451 Price, Florence 397 Prokofiev, Sergey 141, 325 Puccini, Giacomo 327 Purcell, Henry 328 487 Q Quantz, Johann Joachim 330 R Rachmaninoff, Sergey 333 Rameau, Jean-Philippe 335 Ran, Shulamit 451 Rands, Bernard 451 Ravel, Maurice 336 Read, Daniel 399, 444 Redford, John 290 Reger, Max 340 Reich, Steve 341 Respighi, Ottorino 347 Reusner, Esajas 222 Richafort, Jean 344 Richter, Franz Xaver 229 Riegger, Wallingford 375, 451 Rieti, Vittorio 451 Rihm, Wolfgang 451 Riley, Terry 451 Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay 350 Rochberg, George 351 Rodgers, Richard 353 Rodrigo, Joaquin 169 Romberg, Sigmund 280, 281 Rore, Cipriano de 344 Rorem, Ned 391, 451 Rossi, Salamone 344 Rossini, Gioacchino 355 Rosza, Miklos 141 Rouse, Christopher 169, 451 Roussel, Albert 25, 356 Rubinstein, Anton 356 Ruders, Poul 451 Ruggles, Carl 357 Rutter, John 163, 451 Rzewski, Frederic 451 S Saariaho, Kaija 359 Sachs, Hans 237, 359 488 The Facts On File Dictionary of Music Saint-Saëns, Camille 359 Salieri, Antonio 80 Salzedo, Carlos 177 Sammartini, Giovanni Batista 322 Sarasate, Pablo de 361 Satie, Erik 361 Scarlatti, Alessandro 364 Scarlatti, Domenico 365 Schaeffer, Pierre 255 Scheidt, Samuel 31 Schein, Johann 31 Schickele, Peter 300 Schlick, Arnolt 247, 345 Schnittke, Alfred 366 Schoenberg, Arnold 14, 366 Schoenberg, Claude-Michel 253 Schubert, Franz 367 Schuller, Gunther 368 Schuman, William 368 Schumann, Clara Wieck 369 Schumann, Robert 368 Schütz, Heinrich 303, 369 Schwantner, Joseph 451 Sciarrino, Salvatore 451 Scriabin, Alexander 371 Searle, Humphrey 375, 451 Seeger, Charles 147 Seeger, Ruth See Crawford Seeger Segovia, Andrés 169 Senfl, Ludwig 216, 345 Sermisy, Claudin de 345 Sessions, Roger 376 Shapey, Ralph 378 Shchedrin, Rodion 451 Sheng, Bright 451 Shepherd, Adaline 335 Shostakovitch, Dmitri 380 Sibelius, Jean 380 Siegmeister, Elie 452 Skalkottas, Nikos 375, 452 Smalley, Roger 452 Smetana, Bedrich 384 Soler, Martín y 80 Soler, Padre Antonio 365 Sondheim, Stephen 389 Sor, Fernando 169 Sousa, John Philip 230, 395 Spohr, Ludwig 293, 466 Stainer, John 283 Stamitz, Anton 229 Stamitz, Johann 229, 399 Stamitz, Karl 229 Steiner, Max 141 Still, William Grant 400 Stockhausen, Karlheinz 246, 401 Stradella, Alessandro 278 Straus, Oscar 281 Strauss, Johann (the Elder) 402 Strauss, Johann (the Younger) 402 Strauss, Richard 402 Stravinsky, Igor 403 Strouse, Charles 452 Subotnick, Morton 452 Sullivan, Arthur 409 Suppé, Franz von 281 Süssmayr, Franz Xaver 252 Swan, Timothy 444 Sweelinck, Jan 410 Szymanowski, Karol 452 T Tailleferre, Germaine 383 Takemitsu, Toru 420 Tallis, Thomas 420 Talma, Louise 452 Tan Dun 303, 452 Tansman, Alexander 169 Tarréga, Francisco 169 Tartini, Giuseppe 422 Tavener, John 423 Taverner, John 192, 345 Tchaikovsky, Piotr Ilyitch 423 Telemann, Georg Philipp 424 Thibaut IV 236 Thomas, Ambroise 275 Thompson, Randall 429 Thomson, Virgil 141, 429 Tinctoris, Johannes 432 Tippett, Michael 432 Torelli, Giuseppe 45, 435 Tower, Joan 452 Tudor, David 392 Turina, Joaquín 169, 452 Turnage, Mark-Anthony 452 Tye, Christopher 345 U Umlauf, Ignaz 382 Ussachevsky, Vladimir 452 V Varèse, Edgard 456 Vaughan Williams, Ralph 141, 456 Verdelot, Philippe 345 Verdi, Giuseppe 457 Victoria, Tomás 459 Vieuxtemps, Henri 466 Villa-Lobos, Heitor 461 Viotti, Giovanni 465, 466 Vitali, Giovanni Batista 31, 45 Vitry, Philippe de 15, 467 Vittoria See Victoria Vivaldi, Antonio 468 Vogelheide, Walther von 236 W Wagenseil, Georg 322 Wagner, Richard 471 Waldteufel, Emil 473 Walton, William 472 Watts, Isaac 186 Webber, Andrew 253 Weber, Carl Maria von 473 Webern, Anton 474 Weelkes, Thomas 345 Index of Composers Weill, Kurt 474 Weir, Judith 271, 452 Weisgall, Hugo 452 Wellesz, Egon 25, 452 Wert, Giaches de 345 Wesley, Charles 186 Widor, Charles-Marie 291, 475 Wieck See Schumann, Clara Wieck Wieniawsky, Henryk 475 Wilbye, John 345 Willaert, Adrian 475 William IX of Poitiers 236 Williams, John 141 Williams, Ralph See Vaughan Williams Wolf, Hugo 476 Wolf-Ferrari, Ermanno 276 Wolfram von Eschenbach 236 Wolpe, Stefan 375, 452 Wuorinen, Charles 375, 477 X Xenakis, Iannis 479 489 Y Young, LaMonte 392, 452 Ysaÿe, Eugène 466 Z Zandonai, Riccardo 273 Zemlinsky, Alexander 452 Zimmermann, Bernd Alois 68, 276, 452 Zwilich, Ellen 481 INDEX OF INSTRUMENTS A accordion Aeolian harp aerophone 5, 192 A instrument alphorn althorn alto clarinet 80 alto flute 146 alto horn See tenor horn alto oboe 266 alto saxophone See saxophone American organ 175 angelica 10 anvil 12 Appalachian dulcimer 118 archlute 13 armonica See glass harmonica ARP 417 arpa 14 arpeggione 14 aulos 17 Autoharp 17 B baby grand 19, 313 Bach trumpet 21 bagpipe 21 balafon 479 balalaika 22 bandola 27 bandura 27 bandurria 27 banjo 27 baritone horn 29 baritone oboe 266 barrel organ 31 baryton 32 Barytonhorn 32 bass clarinet 79 bass drum 33 basset horn 34 bass fiddle See double bass bass flute 146 bass horn 375 Bassklarinette 34 basson 34 bassoon 34 bass trombone 440 bass trumpet 442 bass tuba 444 bass viol 35, 462 BB-flat bass 36 Becken 36 bell 37 bell chime 38 bell lyre 162 B-flat instrument 41 bible regal 340 bird organ 31 biwa 42 block See wood block Blockflöte 43 blues harp 174 bombarde 45, 379 bombardon 45, 444 bones 45 bongo drums 45 brass instruments 48 491 Bratsche 49 Buchla 417 bugle 51 bugle pistons 51 buzuki 53 C cabaỗa 55 caisse claire 58 caisse roulante 58 calliope 59 campana 60 campanella 60 campanelli 60 carillon 64 cassa rullante 65 castanets 66 celesta 66 cello 67 cembalo 69 chair organ 69 chalumeau 69, 79 chimes 72 ch’in 82 Chinese block See wood block chitarra 72 chittarone 72 choir organ 72 chordophone 76 chord organ 123 chromatic instrument 76 chyn 77 cimbalom 77 cinelli 78 492 The Facts On File Dictionary of Music cithara 78 cither 78 citole 78 cittern 78 clapper 78 clarinet 79 clarinette 80 clarinetto 80 clarino 80 clavecin 81 claves 81 clavicembalo 81 clavichord 81 clavier 82 cog rattle 83 colascione 83 combo organ 123 concert grand 86, 313 concertina conga drum 91 console piano 313 contrabass 92 contrabass clarinet 80 contrabasso 92 contrabasson 92 contrabassoon 35 contrafagotto 92 contrebasse 92 contrebasson 92 cor 92 cor anglais 92 cordes 93 cornemuse 22 cornet 93 cornet bouquin 93 cornet pistons 93 cornett 93 cornetta 94 cornetto 94 corno 94 corno inglese 94 cowbell 97 crash cymbal 101 cromorne 98 crouth 98 crowd 98 cruit 98 crumhorn 99 crwth 99 cuivres 100 curtal 100 cymbales 100 cymbals 100 D descant viol 462 didgeridoo 107 digital keyboard 123 digital piano 108, 313 D instrument 103 Disklavier 109 dobro 110 dombra 111 double bass 113 double bassoon 35 double B-flat bass See BB-flat bass double euphonium 132 double horn 150 double instrument 114 drum 116 drum machine 116 drum synthesizer 116 Dudelsack 117 dulcian 117 dulcimer 117 Dynamophone 123 E E-flat instrument 122 electric bass 124 electric guitar 124 electric piano 124, 313 electronic cello 124 electronic flute 124 electronic harpsichord 124 electronic instruments 123 electronic keyboard 123 electronic organ 123 electronic piano 124, 313 electronic saxophone 124 electronic violin 124 electronic viola 124 electrophone 127 English flute 128 English horn 128 épinette 130 erhu 130 euphonium 132 F Fagott 136 fagotto 136 Fender bass 124 fiddle 139 fife 139 finger cymbals 141 F-instrument 135 fipple flute 142 flageolet 143 flauto 143 flauto piccolo 143 flauto traverso 143 flexatone 144 flicorno 144 Flöte 144 flugelhorn 144 flute 145 flûte bec 146 Flutophone 146 fortepiano 148 French horn 150 G galoubet 421 gamba 156 gambang 156 Geige 158 gemshorn 158 Index of Instruments gender 158 German flute 158 Gitarre 160 gittern 160 glass harmonica 160 Glocke 162 glockenspiel 162 gong 163 grand piano 165, 313 gran tamburo 165 grosse caisse 167 grosse Trommel 167 güiro 168 guitar 169 guitare 169 guitarra 170 gusle 170 H Hackbrett 171 Hammond organ 123 hand bells 38 hand horn 150 hardanger fiddle 173 hardingfele 173 Harfe 173 harmonica 173 harmonium 175 harp 176 harpe 177 harpsichord 177 hautbois 179 Hawaiian guitar 179 heckelphone 180 helicon 180 hichiriki 155 hi-hat cymbals 182 Hoboe 187 Holzblasinstrument 183 horn 184 hornpipe 184 hunting horn 185 hurdy-gurdy 185 hydraulos 186 hyperinstruments 125 I idiophone 189 instrument musical 192 Irish harp 197 J Jew’s-harp 202 jingling Johnnie 445 K kantele 205 Kastagnetten 205 kazoo 205 Kent bugle/horn 208 kettledrums See timpani keyboard instruments 207 key bugle 207 keyed harmonica 160 kin 210 kit 208 kithara 208 Klarinette 209 Klavier 209 kleine Flöte 209 kleine Trommel 209 Knarre 209 Kontrabass 210 Kontrafagott 210 kora 210 Kornett 210 koto 210 Krummhorn 210 L Laute 213 lira 217 lira da braccio 217 lira da gamba 217 lituus 218 liuto 218 loure 219 lur 220 lute 221 lute-harpsichord 222 lyra 222 lyra viol 222 lyre 222 M mandolin 228 mandora 228 maraca 229 marimba 230 mbira 361 mechanical instruments 234 mellophone 237 melodeon Melodica 237 membranophone 238 mirliton 244 monochord 246 Moog 247 mouth bow 250 mouth organ 14 mridanga 252 musical bow 253 musical glasses 160 music box 253 Mustel organ 175 N natural trumpet 443 novachord 123 nun’s fiddle 440 O oboe 265 oboe da caccia 266 oboe d’amore 266 493 494 The Facts On File Dictionary of Music ocarina 267 Oktavflöte 268 oliphant 268 ondes Martenot 123 ophicleide 280 organ 287 organetto 291 Orgel 292 orgue 292 orgue de barbarie 31, 292 orgue expressif 292 ottavino 294 ottoni 294 oud 294 P pandoura 298 panpipes 298 Pauke 304 pedal clarinet 305 pedal clavichord 82 pedal guitar 305 pedeal harpsichord 305 pedal organ 306 pedal piano 306 percussion instruments 307 period instruments 308 piano 310 pianoforte 314 piatti 314 piccolo 315 piccolo trumpet 442 p’ipa 315 pipe 315 pipe organ 315 pitch pipe 316 player piano 317 Pommer 319 portative 332 Posaune 320 positive organ 321 post horn 321 prepared piano 61 (Cage), 313 psaltery 327 pyiba 328 Q qa¯nu¯n 329 R rabab 333 racket 333 racket bassoon 334 ratchet 336 rattle 336 Rauschpfeife 336 rebab 337 rebec 337 recorder 338 reed organ 339 regal 340 ribab 349 ribible 350 ride cymbal 350 rubebe 356 Rückpositif 357 Rührtrommel 357 Russian bassoon 357 ryúteki 156 S sackbut 359 samisen 360 sansa 361 santouri 361 sarangi 361 sarod 361 saron 361 sarrusophone 361 sassofono 361 sausage bassoon 362 saw, musical 362 sax 362 saxhorn 362 saxophone 363 saxotromba 364 saxtromba 364 Schalmei 365 Schellen 365 Schellentrommel 365 Schlaginstrumente 366 serpent 375 shakuhachi 378 shamisen 378 shawm 379 sheng 379 sho 379 shofar 379 side drum 381 simphonie 381 singing saw 381 sistrum 382 sitar 382 slide guitar 384 slide trumpet 384 slit drum 384 snare drum 385 so¯ 210 soprano trumpet 442 sousaphone 395 spinet 313, 396 square piano 397 sruti 397 steel drum 399 steel guitar 399 street organ 31 string bass 404 stringed instruments 404 stromenti di legno 406 studio upright 313 subbass tuba 444 subcontrabass tuba 444 Synket 417 synthesizer 417 syrinx 418 T tablas 419 tabor 420 taiko 420 talking drum 420 tambour 421 Index of Instruments tambour de Basque 421 tambourin 421 tambourine 421 tambour militaire 421 tambura 421 tamburo 421 tam-tam 421 tanbur 421 tanbura 442 Telharmonium 123 temple block 425 tenor cor 426 tenor drum 426 tenor horn 426 tenor saxophone 426 tenor trombone 440 tenor tuba 444 tenor viol 426 tenor violin 426 theater organ 427 theorbo 428 theremin 123 thumb piano 361 timbales 430 timbrel 430 timpani 431 tin whistle 432 tom-tom 433 Tonette 434 transposing instruments 436 transverse flute 436 Trautonium 123 triangle 437 tri-toms 439 tromba 440 tromba marina 440 trombone 440 Trommel 441 Trompete 441 trompette 441 trumpet 442 tuba 443 tub bass 444 tubular bells 444 tubular chimes 444 Turkish crescent 445 tympani 446 U ’ud 453 ukulele 453 union pipes 453 upright piano 313 V vcl 457 vibes 458 vibraharp 458 vibraphone 458 viele 460 vielle 460 vielle roue 460 vihuela 460 vihuela de arco 461 vina 461 viol 462 viola 463 viola da braccio 463 viola da gamba 462, 463 viola d’amore, 463 viole 464 violin 464 violin family 466 violino 466 violon 466 violoncelle 466 violoncello 466 violone 466 virginal 466 virginals 467 vl 468 vla 468 vlc 468 vll 468 W Wagner tuba 444, 472 water organ 473 whistle 474 wind instruments 475 wood block 476 woodwind instruments 476 Wurlitzer organ 123 X xylophone 479 Z zampogna 480 zheng 480 Zimbel 481 Zink 481 zither 481 zoomoozophone 241 495 ...The FACTS ON FILE Dictionary of Music The FACTS ON FILE Dictionary of Music Christine Ammer The Facts On File Dictionary of Music, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 by the... Music? ??Dictionaries Music? ??Bio-bibliography I Title: Dictionary of music II Ammer, Christine HarperCollins dictionary of music III Facts On File, Inc IV Title ML100.A48 2004 780'.3—dc22 Facts On. .. music Along with the development of polyphony (music with many voice-parts) in church music came the rise of monophonic song (vocal music with a single voice-part) in secular (nonreligious) music,