Empirical analysis of factors affecting work - life balance among employees in Viet Nam banking

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT After two years study in International School of Business (ISB) with MBUS program and the time of doing this thesis, I had great chances to work with professionals come from both internal and oversea Those specialists had to equip me not only knowledge, skills and experience of economy and management, but also provide us valuable information of many aspects of social life Firstly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and deepest appreciation to all my professors, especially, my research supervisor, Dr Nguyễn Quỳnh Mai, for her support, suggesting, guidance during time of my dissertation Secondly, I also have got a very nice friendship who have interacted and helped me so much in studying and shared with me both joys and difficulties during the course, encouraged me so much in doing this thesis I would like to send my appreciation to all of them Last but most important, I would like to send my deepest thank to my Dad, my Mom, my brother and my special friend who always stand by my side to encourage and support my spirit when I’m in the most difficulty Abstract Purpose – This study aims to identify influence of family responsibility and work pressure on work life balance of employees in banking sector, to find out the effects of male and female employees on work life balance and analyze the different between male and female toward work life balance Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative analysis by survey was conducted involving 145 employees working in Vietnam banking sector Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify the impacts of family responsibility, working environment and work load on work life balance of employees in banking sector Moreover, a multiple regression analyses were also test to discover the control role of gender variable Findings – The results showed that two determinants which are working environment and work load negatively influence employees’ work life balance Gender variable plays a control role in the relationship toward the impacts of family responsibility, working environment and work load on work life balance Furthermore, male and female have different influence on work life balance Keywords: Family responsibility, work pressure, work life balance, employee Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Abstract LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURE AND CHART 1.1 Background of the research 1.2 Research problem, research objective, and research questions 1.3 Scope of study 1.4 Significance 1.5 Structure of the thesis statements CHAPER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW & THEORITICAL MODEL 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Work—life balance concepts: 10 2.3 Factors influence Work—life balance 12 2.3.1 Work life balance and family responsibilities: 12 2.3.2 Work life balance and work pressure: 13 2.3.3 Work life balance and gender 15 2.3.4 The Vietnam banking context 16 2.4 Conclusion 16 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 18 3.1 Introduction 18 3.2 Research design process: 18 3.2.1 Measurement of variable: 19 3.2.2 Questionnaires design: 21 3.2.3 Sample 22 3.2.4 Data analysis 23 3.3 Conclusion 24 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS 25 4.1 Introduction: 25 4.2 Sample description: 25 4.2.1 Final sample 25 4.2.2 Demography Statistics: 25 4.3 Refinement of measurement scale: 27 4.3.1 Cronbach’s Alpha results of each measurement 27 4.3.2 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) 30 4.4 Adjustment of hypotheses and research model 35 4.5 Hypotheses testing 36 4.5.1 Model 1: Regression analysis between dependent variable (WLB) with independent variables (FR; WE; WL) 36 4.5.2 Model 2: Relationship between FR, WE, WL and WLB and moderating effect of gender 39 4.6 Testing assumptions of Multiple Regressions 45 4.7 Hypotheses result 45 4.8 Conclusion 47 CHAPTER 5: FINDING, LIMITATION AND FURTURE RESEARCH 48 5.1 Introduction 48 5.2 Findings 48 5.3 Managerial implications and recommendation 49 5.4 Limitations and future research direction 52 References 54 APPENDIX A 58 QUESTIONAIRE (English version) 58 APPENDIX B 62 BẢNG CÂU HỎI 62 APPENDIX C 66 APPENDIX D 69 APPENDIX E 81 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Measurement 20 Table 4.1 Demographic Statistics of the Respondents 26 Table 4.2 Reliability Statistics of Family responsibilities variable 29 Table 4.3 Reliability Statistics of Work pressure variable 30 Table 4.4 Reliability Statistics of Work life balance variable 31 Table 4.5 KMO and Barlett’s Test 32 Table 4.6 Rotated Component Matrix 35 Table 4.7 Model Summary 38 Table 4.8 ANOVA 38 Table 4.9 Regression analysis of Work life balance 39 Table 4.10 Model Summary and ANOVA of work life balance with moderating effect of gender 40 Table 4.11 Regression analysis of work life balance with moderating effect of gender 42 Table 4.12 Regression analysis of gender variable – female only 44 Table 4.13 Regression analysis of gender variable – male only 45 Table 5.14 Questionnaire for working environment pressure 51 Table 5.15 Questionnaire for work load 53 LIST OF FIGURE AND CHART Figure 2.1 Hypotheses Model 17 Figure 3.1 Research design process 18 Figure 4.1 New Hypotheses Model 36 Figure 4.2 Testing models 37 Chart 4.1 Impact of family responsibility on work-life balance of Male and Female 42 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the research Each organization has its own asset which contains two main components – labor and capital Capital is so important to the achievement of the business, while labor is vital to it The labor does everything daily and the whole existing time of the organization The reality of working life today is that employees are frequently trying to manipulate their work and personal lives Two important points of adult life are family and work However, the role expectations of these two domains are not always compatible, creating conflicts between work and family life (Netemeyer, Boles, and McMurrian, 1996) In recent years, research on balance between the different role fields of work and family has dramatically increased To balance between the family responsibilities and work responsibilities has become a challenge for the people in many professions Felstead, Jewson, Phizacklea and Walters (2002) defined the work life balance strategies as those strategies which enhance the independence of employees in coordinating with the work and non-work aspects of their lives Balancing the demands of work and family roles has become a principal daily task form any employed adults, imparts result of changes in employee demographic characteristics and societal attitudes about work and family (Zedeck,1992) The spirit of employees is so important which is absolutely necessary for the success of each organization in any field, including business According to The international labor organization, labor productivity of Singapore is 15 times the productivity of Viet Nam Therefore, in doing business today, beside the instability of financial sector, one of the biggest problems for Vietnamese that have been discussed so much on media is productivity of Vietnamese labor is low This problem is agreed by both Vietnamese government officials and employees And many foreign managers who have worked with Vietnamese people also reveal that Vietnamese labor is intelligent and has good skills, but the output is quite low compare to labor of other neighbor countries, this problem could relate to the motivation aspect that requires reasonable answer and solutions Moreover, the fact is that not many managers in Vietnam consider carefully about factors that motivate their employees in doing works, encourage them to perform better Many companies in Viet Nam have policies to motivate their employees but almost of them only focus on working environment and policies related to compensations, training or promotion, not to help their employees dealing with the conflict between work and life responsibilities Therefore, improving work-life balance of employees is one of important factors that must to be concerned when planning encourages policies which help strengthen the human resource of Vietnamese companies Understand the importance of employees’ work life balance and implement reasonable policies are so important to each manager for the Vietnam banks and the whole Vietnamese economic system in competing with foreigners In this study, work life balance will be investigated to find out the factors effect work life balance and the differences of gender toward work life balance 1.2 Research problem, research objective, and research questions Research problem How family responsibilities and work pressure effect on work-life balance of employees in Vietnam banking? What are the differences of those impacts on gender? Research questions  What is the factors effect work life balance of employees working in Viet Nam banks?  How the gender factor influence on the work life balance? Research objective The overall objective of this research is to identify the factors effect work life balance of employees working in Viet Nam banking sector and to find out the differences of gender toward work life balance Specific objectives in this research are as follows:  Identify factors influence work life balance of employees banking sector  Investigate effects of moderators of gender on work life balance 1.3 Scope of study  This study will be mainly undertaken on the employees in Vietnam banking sector only which should be considered as a specific economy - developing economy with the speed of changing so fast, therefore the result of this research may not appreciate with other sector  The sample of surveying is quite small within Ho Chi Minh City which has the biggest banking business, so the result may not totally relevant to the whole country, etc 1.4 Significance Research results will measure the effects of the work life balance of employees Since then HR managers have plan to develop policies that based on gender and specific status of employees to enhance their performance 1.5 Structure of the thesis statements The structure of this research report consists of five chapters Chapter introduces the overview of the research topic Chapter presents the theoretical basis of the concepts involved, theoretical modeling with the proposed hypothesis Chapter presents the research methodology to test the scale and theoretical models offered Chapter presents the results of the implementation of the testing and analysis of information and data from which to draw conclusions for the research hypotheses proposed in Chapter Chapter summarizes the main results of the study, the contribution of management theory and practice and also mentioned the limitations of research to guide subsequent studies CHAPER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW & THEORITICAL MODEL 2.1 Introduction There are number of investigates about work life balance that has demonstrated in many studies worldwide Those include determinants effect from both internal and external of each organization, each individual employee, and from tangible or intangible Each determinant could have positive or negative effect on work life balance of employees with different levels that depend on each specific situation and each kind of organization This study only looks at work life balance that have considering in previous studies to have a general knowledge about their influence on employees, compare the difference impacts on gender and on groups of age, from that find out hypothesizes to build a model for analyzing 2.2 Work—life balance concepts: This section will review previous studies about causes of work life balance to see how they impacts together, and finding hypothesizes for analyzing The concepts ‘Work-life balance’ and ‘Work-life conflict’ have received much attention in academic literature (Hayman, 2005; Moore, 2007; Pocock, 2005) We not consider balance to be a work–family linking mechanism because it does not specify how conditions or experiences in one role are causally related to conditions or experiences in the other role (Edwards & Rothbard, 2000) Work-life balance refers to people having enough time to have balance in their job and home life Karakas and Lee, (2004) explain work life balance issues as spending good time with family members, getting free time to be able to relax for passionate welfare and health of family members, having good communication and support from the associated colleagues, obtaining high quality child care and education; and being satisfied with the work load According to the study of Kinman (2001), the strongest element of psychological distress and job dissatisfaction is related to work life balance He find out that over half of the academics survey complained that they have to regularly work at home during the evenings which cause 10 Frequencies [DataSet1] E:\MBUS\Thesis\SPSS\Data_NEW removed FR3.sav Statistics So N Valid Missing Mean 145 92 Median 1.00 Mode Sum 133 So Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid No 54 37.2 37.2 37.2 52 35.9 35.9 73.1 36 24.8 24.8 97.9 2.1 2.1 100.0 145 100.0 100.0 Over Total FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=VTCV /STATISTICS=MEAN MEDIAN MODE SUM /ORDER=ANALYSIS Frequencies [DataSet1] E:\MBUS\Thesis\SPSS\Data_NEW removed FR3.sav Statistics VTCV N Valid Missing 145 Mean 1.63 Median 1.00 Mode Sum 237 68 VTCV Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Staff 87 60.0 60.0 60.0 Team Leader 31 21.4 21.4 81.4 Manager 21 14.5 14.5 95.9 Middle manager 3.4 3.4 99.3 Top manager 7 100.0 145 100.0 100.0 Total APPENDIX D REGRESSION ANALYSIS REGRESSION /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS CI(95) R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE /CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT WLB /METHOD=ENTER FR WE WL /SCATTERPLOT=(*ZPRED ,*SDRESID) /RESIDUALS HISTOGRAM(ZRESID) NORMPROB(ZRESID) Regression [DataSet1] E:\MBUS\Thesis\SPSS\Data_NEW after revised.sav Variables Entered/Removeda Model Variables Variables Entered Removed WL, FR, WEb Method Enter a Dependent Variable: WLB b All requested variables entered 69 Model Summaryb Model R R Adjusted R Std Error of the Square Square Estimate 722a 521 511 Change Statistics R Square F Change Change 53615 521 df1 df2 Sig F Change 51.223 141 000 a Predictors: (Constant), WL, FR, WE b Dependent Variable: WLB ANOVAa Model Sum of df Mean Square F Sig Squares Regression 44.173 14.724 Residual 40.531 141 287 Total 84.704 144 000b 51.223 a Dependent Variable: WLB b Predictors: (Constant), WL, FR, WE Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients t Sig Coefficients 95.0% Collinearity Confidence Statistics Interval for B B Std Beta Error (Constant 5.311 226 FR -.045 045 WE -.460 WL -.256 ) Lower Upper Bound Bound Tolerance VIF 23.534 000 4.865 5.757 -.061 -1.000 319 -.135 044 922 1.085 064 -.487 -7.198 000 -.587 -.334 742 1.347 054 -.331 -4.732 000 -.362 -.149 695 1.439 a Dependent Variable: WLB 70 Collinearity Diagnosticsa Model Dimension Eigenvalue Condition Index Variance Proportions (Constant) FR WE WL 3.848 1.000 00 01 00 00 094 6.412 00 76 13 02 030 11.317 44 00 07 85 028 11.746 55 24 79 12 a Dependent Variable: WLB Charts 71 REGRESSION /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS CI(95) R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE /CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10) /NOORIGIN 72 /DEPENDENT WLB /METHOD=ENTER FR WE WL /METHOD=ENTER Gioitinh FR WE WL /SCATTERPLOT=(*ZPRED ,*SDRESID) /RESIDUALS HISTOGRAM(ZRESID) NORMPROB(ZRESID) Regression [DataSet1] E:\MBUS\Thesis\SPSS\Data_NEW after revised.sav Variables Entered/Removeda Model Variables Variables Entered Removed WL, FR, WEb Gioi Method Enter thinhb Enter a Dependent Variable: WLB b All requested variables entered Model Summaryc Model R R Adjusted R Std Error Change Statistics Square Square of the R Square F Estimate Change Change df1 df2 Sig F Change 722a 521 511 53615 521 51.223 141 000 726b 526 513 53526 005 1.470 140 227 a Predictors: (Constant), WL, FR, WE b Predictors: (Constant), WL, FR, WE, Gioi thinh c Dependent Variable: WLB 73 ANOVAa Model Sum of df Mean Square F Sig Squares Regression 44.173 14.724 Residual 40.531 141 287 Total 84.704 144 Regression 44.594 11.149 Residual 40.110 140 286 Total 84.704 144 51.223 000b 38.913 000c a Dependent Variable: WLB b Predictors: (Constant), WL, FR, WE c Predictors: (Constant), WL, FR, WE, Gioi thinh Coefficientsa Model Unstandardize Standard d Coefficients t Sig ized 95.0% Confidence Collinearity Interval for B Statistics Coefficie nts B Std Beta Error (Constant) 5.311 226 FR -.045 045 WE -.460 WL Lower Upper Toleranc Bound Bound e VIF 23.534 000 4.865 5.757 -.061 -1.000 319 -.135 044 922 1.085 064 -.487 -7.198 000 -.587 -.334 742 1.347 -.256 054 -.331 -4.732 000 -.362 -.149 695 1.439 (Constant) 5.237 233 22.443 000 4.776 5.699 FR -.011 053 -.015 -.216 829 -.116 093 668 1.498 WE -.434 067 -.459 -6.457 000 -.567 -.301 668 1.497 WL -.256 054 -.331 -4.743 000 -.362 -.149 695 1.439 Gioi thinh -.147 121 -.088 -1.213 227 -.387 093 636 1.572 a Dependent Variable: WLB 74 Collinearity Diagnosticsa Model Dimension Eigenvalue Condition Index Variance Proportions (Constant) FR WE WL Gender 3.848 1.000 00 01 00 00 094 6.412 00 76 13 02 030 11.317 44 00 07 85 028 11.746 55 24 79 12 4.648 1.000 00 00 00 00 01 216 4.642 02 00 01 02 66 083 7.476 00 59 13 01 14 030 12.451 28 00 14 93 00 023 14.121 70 40 71 04 19 a Dependent Variable: WLB Charts 75 76 REGRESSION /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS CI(95) R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE /CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT WLB /METHOD=ENTER FR WE WL /METHOD=ENTER Gioitinh FR WE WL /METHOD=ENTER FRGender WLGender WPGender /SCATTERPLOT=(*ZPRED ,*SDRESID) /RESIDUALS HISTOGRAM(ZRESID) NORMPROB(ZRESID) Regression [DataSet1] E:\MBUS\Thesis\SPSS\Data_NEW after revised.sav Variables Entered/Removeda Model Variables Variables Entered Removed WL, FR, WEb Gioi Method Enter thinhb Enter WLGender, FRGender, Enter WPGenderb a Dependent Variable: WLB b All requested variables entered Model Summaryd Model R R Adjusted Std Error Change Statistics Square R Square of the R Square F Estimate Change Change df1 df2 Sig F Change 722a 521 511 53615 521 51.223 141 000 726b 526 513 53526 005 1.470 140 227 746c 557 534 52331 031 3.155 137 027 a Predictors: (Constant), WL, FR, WE b Predictors: (Constant), WL, FR, WE, Gioi thinh c Predictors: (Constant), WL, FR, WE, Gioi thinh, WLGender, FRGender, WPGender d Dependent Variable: WLB 77 ANOVAa Model Sum of df Mean Square F Sig Squares Regression 44.173 14.724 Residual 40.531 141 287 Total 84.704 144 Regression 44.594 11.149 Residual 40.110 140 286 Total 84.704 144 Regression 47.186 6.741 Residual 37.518 137 274 Total 84.704 144 51.223 000b 38.913 000c 24.615 000d a Dependent Variable: WLB b Predictors: (Constant), WL, FR, WE c Predictors: (Constant), WL, FR, WE, Gioi thinh d Predictors: (Constant), WL, FR, WE, Gioi thinh, WLGender, FRGender, WPGender 78 Coefficientsa Model Unstandardize Standardiz d Coefficients t Sig 95.0% Collinearity ed Confidence Statistics Coefficient Interval for B s B Std Beta Error (Constant) 5.311 226 FR -.045 045 WE -.460 WL Lower Upper Bound Bound Tolerance VIF 23.534 000 4.865 5.757 -.061 -1.000 319 -.135 044 922 1.085 064 -.487 -7.198 000 -.587 -.334 742 1.347 -.256 054 -.331 -4.732 000 -.362 -.149 695 1.439 (Constant) 5.237 233 22.443 000 4.776 5.699 FR -.011 053 -.015 -.216 829 -.116 093 668 1.498 WE -.434 067 -.459 -6.457 000 -.567 -.301 668 1.497 WL -.256 054 -.331 -4.743 000 -.362 -.149 695 1.439 Gioi thinh -.147 121 -.088 -1.213 227 -.387 093 636 1.572 (Constant) 4.281 431 9.935 000 3.429 5.133 FR 291 131 391 2.219 028 032 551 104 9.608 WE -.396 131 -.418 -3.022 003 -.655 -.137 169 5.931 WL -.194 093 -.250 -2.080 039 -.377 -.010 223 4.483 Gioi thinh 1.197 555 720 2.159 033 100 2.294 029 34.428 FRGender -.354 143 -.786 -2.477 014 -.637 -.071 032 31.168 WLGender -.119 115 -.313 -1.038 301 -.346 108 035 28.220 WPGender -.035 153 -.072 -.227 821 -.336 267 032 31.373 a Dependent Variable: WLB 79 Charts 80 APPENDIX E PROCESS REGRESSION Run MATRIX procedure: ***************** PROCESS Procedure for SPSS Release 2.13 *************** Written by Andrew F Hayes, Ph.D www.afhayes.com Documentation available in Hayes (2013) www.guilford.com/p/hayes3 ************************************************************************** Model = Y = WLB X = FR M = Gender Sample size 145 ************************************************************************** Outcome: WLB Model Summary R 4126 R-sq 1703 MSE 4984 F 9.7974 df1 3.0000 df2 141.0000 p 0000 Model constant coeff 2.9068 se 0789 t 36.8454 81 p 0000 LLCI 2.7508 ULCI 3.0627 Gender FR int_1 -.9074 0869 -.5435 1962 0790 2027 -4.6254 1.1005 -2.6811 0000 2730 0082 -1.2952 -.0692 -.9443 -.5196 2430 -.1427 Interactions: int_1 FR X Gender ************************************************************************* Conditional effect of X on Y at values of the moderator(s): Gender Effect se t p LLCI -.6966 4655 1867 2.4930 0138 0964 3034 -.0780 0790 -.9883 3247 -.2341 ULCI 8346 0781 Values for quantitative moderators are the mean and plus/minus one SD from mean Values for dichotomous moderators are the two values of the moderator ************************************************************************** Data for visualizing conditional effect of X on Y Paste text below into a SPSS syntax window and execute to produce plot DATA LIST FREE/FR Gender WLB BEGIN DATA -1.0298 0000 1.0298 -1.0298 0000 1.0298 -.6966 -.6966 -.6966 3034 3034 3034 3.0594 3.5388 4.0182 2.7118 2.6314 2.5511 END DATA GRAPH/SCATTERPLOT=FR WITH WLB BY Gender ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND WARNINGS ************************* Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95.00 NOTE: The following variables were mean centered prior to analysis: FR Gender NOTE: All standard errors for continuous outcome models are based on the HC3 estimator END MATRIX - 82