i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:44 PM Page i INTEGRATED WATERFLOOD ASSET MANAGEMENT i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:44 PM Page ii i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:44 PM Page iii INTEGRATED WATERFLOOD ASSET MANAGEMENT by Ganesh C Thakur, Ph.D., MBA Manager-Exploration and Production Operations Services and Senior Principal Consultant-Reservoir Management Chevron Petroleum Technology Company La Habra, California Abdus Satter, Ph.D Senior Research Consultant Texaco E&P Technology Department Houston, Texas Disclaimer The recommendations, advice, descriptions, and the methods in this book are presented solely for educational purposes The author and publisher assume no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage that results from the use of any of the material in this book Use of the material in this book is solely at the risk of the user Copyright© 1998 by PennWell Corporation 1421 South Sheridan Road Tulsa, Oklahoma 74112-6600 USA 800.752.9764 +1.918.831.9421 sales@pennwell.com www.pennwellbooks.com www.pennwell.com Marketing Manager: Julie Simmons National Account Executive: Barbara McGee Director: Mary McGee Managing Editor: Marla Patterson Production/Operations Manager: Traci Huntsman Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available on Request Thakur, Dr Ganesh C and Satter, Dr Abdus Integrated Waterflood Asset Management ISBN 0-87814-606-7 ISBN13 978-0-87814-606-2 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the prior written permission of the publisher Printed in the United States of America 12 11 10 09 08 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:44 PM Page v Contents FO REWO RD ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES xiii INTRODUCTION Reasons for Waterflooding .4 History of Waterflooding Importance of Integrated Waterflood Asset Management The State of the Art Scope and Objective Organization RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS, PROCESS AND WATERFLOOD PROSPECT SCREENING Waterflood Asset Management Waterflood Recovery Efficiency 10 Waterflood Prospect Screening 14 INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY - GEOSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 21 Organizing and Collecting Data 22 Geological Input 31 Reevaluation of Subsurface Data 38 Generating New Maps From Old Data 41 Bypassed Oil 43 Geologic Reinterpretation Based on Production History 43 Reservoir Heterogeneities .47 Integration of Geoscience and Engineering 50 Integrating Exploration and Development Technology 54 Development of Reservoir Description 59 WATERFLOOD DATA 63 Laboratory Data 63 Field Data 80 FACTORS INFLUENCING WATERFLOOD RECOVERY 87 Introduction 87 5-Spot Waterflood Base Case - Primary Depletion 88 v i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:44 PM Page vi Integrated Waterflood Asset Management Timing of Waterflood 94 Layer Permeability Variation 96 Critical Gas Saturation 100 Vertical Permeability 104 Oil Gravity 108 INFILL D KILLIN G 113 Introduction 113 Why Infill Drilling? 115 Selection of Infill Wells 120 Case Examples 124 DESIGN OF WATERFLOODS: GEOLOGICAL, ENGINEERING, AND OPERATIONAL ASPECTS 127 Design and Operation Process 127 Project Design Considerations 133 Reservoir Characterization 134 Process and Operations Design 141 Equipment Design 144 Data Acquisition Design 145 Economic Evaluation, Including Project Scale-up 145 Why Waterfloods Fail 146 An Example of Waterflood Design 147 WATERFLOOD PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE AND RESERVES FORECAST 163 Volumetric Method 164 Empirical Methods 166 Classical Methods 167 Performance Curve Analyses 170 Reservoir Simulation 177 WATERFLOODING SURVEILLANCE TECHNIQUES 183 Key Factors in Waterflooding Surveillance 183 Water-Quality Maintenance 191 Monitoring 193 Case Histories 194 10 FIELD OPERATIONS 201 Water System, Compatibility, and Treatment .201 Subsurface and Surface Fluid Control .223 Thought Items 240 vi i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:44 PM Page vii Contents Conversion Versus Newly Drilled Wells .241 Methods of Increasing Injectivity 245 11 WATERFLOOD PROJECT ECONOMICS 249 Economic Criteria 250 Scenarios 252 Data 252 Economic Evaluation 253 Risk and Uncertainties 258 12 CASE STUDIES 261 Elk Basin Madison 261 Denver Unit Waterflood 266 Means San Andres Unit 270 Jay/LEC Fields 278 Ninian Field 287 13 CURRENT AND FUTURE CHALLENGES 295 Outlook and the Next Step 295 APPENDICES A-299 A RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND PROCESS A-299 Reservoir Management Definition A-300 Reservoir Management Process A-300 Synergy and Team Work A-308 Organization and Team Management A-310 Integration of Science and Engineering A-313 Reasons for Failure of Reservoir Management Program A-315 B RESERVOIR MODEL A·319 Role of Reservoir Model A-319 Geoscience A-323 Loudon Field Surfactant Pilot A-324 Seismic Data A-331 Geostatistics A-332 Engineering A-335 Integration A-335 Case Studies A-336 vii i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:44 PM Page viii Integrated Waterflood Asset Management C DATA ACQUISITION, ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT A-341 Data Types A-341 Data Acquisition and Analysis A-341 Data Validation A-343 Data Storing and Retrieval A-344 Data Application A-34S Example Data A-347 D RESERVOIR ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF WATERFLOODING A-357 Immiscible Displacement Theory A-3S7 Flood Pattern A-362 Reservoir Heterogeneity A-362 Recovery Efficiency A-367 Injection Rates A-370 E OTHER ITEMS OF INTEREST IN SURVEILLANCE A-373 Sor/ROS Determination A-373 Injection and Production Logging A-373 IND EX 1-391 viii i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 388 Integrated Waterflood Asset Management B c o o D C -I -B A c Figure E-12 Pattern Balancing o A c Figure E-13 Identification of Problem Injections A-388 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 389 Appendix E * Other Items of Interest In Surveillance Table E-13 Tracer Test Design Define Objectives of tracer test design, e.g Lack of tracer breakthrough may be attributed to poor reservoir continuity Flow boundary between injector-producer pairs Use of a stream tube simulation study to model the behavior of tracer injection Selection of a tracer Amount of tracer required and when to start/end injection Sampling frequency required and when to discontinue Specifications of which wells to inject in and which wells to sample Specification of field operating conditions during the test Table E-14 Tracer Selection Criterion for tracer selection requires the tracer to be: Safe Inert and nonreactive with the formation (rock) or fluids Nonadsorbing Thermally stable Present in low levels in formation fluids and injected fluid Detectable at low concentrations Able to follow the fluid of interest Inexpensive Both chemical and radioactive tracers are used to tag injected water in waterflooding Generally radioactive tracers are more cost effective than chemical tracers A-389 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 390 Integrated Waterjlood Asset Management Table E-15 Chemical Tracers Chemical Tracers for Waterflooding Examples • Dyes • Inorganic Salts Applicability Rhodamine, Fluorescein Detected at low concentrations (ppb), but are easily adsorbed and degraded Recommended for minimum rock exposure and short transit time Sodium, Potassium, Nitrates go through thermal and bio Ammonium -degradation Thiocyanates also Bromide, Iodide, degrade at temperatures approach Nitrate, Thiocyanate ing 200 oF Bromides and iodides are generally applicable, and in most produced waters they are present in low concentrations, ±5 ppm Bromides are much less expensive (40 times) than iodides A-390 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 391 Index A Acceleration of recovery, 113, 115,117,119-120 Acoustic logging, 27 Air-brine capillary pressure test, 74,76 Alternatives, design/operation, 128-132,155-161, A-304 - A-306 Aluminum citrate, 231 Amott wettability index, 69, 74 B Backpressure, 190 Bacterial problems, 219-221 Base case, 5-spot 88-94 Before federal income tax, 253, 258 Big Wells field (San Miguel), 124 Biocides, 220-221 Bottomhole location, 242 Brassey oil field, A-338 Breakthrough, 12,18,44, 95-96, 104,119-120 Bubble point, 17,20,88,90,9495,185,187 Buckley-Leverett method, 167169 Bypassed oil, 43 C Capillary pressure, 26, 31, 65, 69, 74-76,138 Carbon dioxide flood, 275, 277-278 Carbon dioxide minitest, 35 Case examples, infill drilling, 124 Case histories, waterflood surveillance, 194-198 Jay/Little Escambia Creek (LEC) flood, 196-197 Means San Andres Unit 194-195 ' South Hobbs Unit, 195-196 Ventura field, 196 Wasson Denver Unit, 197-198 West Yellow Creek field, 196 Case studies, 261-293, A-336, A-338 Denver Unit waterflood 266-269 ' Elk Basin Madison, 261-265 Jay/Little Escambia Creek (LEC) fields, 278-286 Means San Andres Unit, 270-279 Ninian field, 287-292 Reservoir models A-336 A-338 " Case studies, reservoir model A-336, A-338 ' Brassey oil fields, A-338 North Sea Lemen field A-336, A-338 ' Casing leak, 224 Cement treatments, 224, 228-229 244 ' Failure, 224 Methods, 228-229 Challenges, 295-297 Channeling, 43, 133 Chemical program, 28 Chemical tracer, A-387, A-390 Circle drive, Classical methods, 163, 167-169 Colorado, 38 Communication, well, 82-84 /-391 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 392 Integrated Waterflood Asset Management Communications, 50-59, A-308 A-31O Compatibility, water, 79-80,141, 192,201-223 With rock, 208-209 Compressibility, 67 Computing technology, 29, 54-58 Concentration analyses, 79 Coning, 224 Connate water, 25-26, 76 Connectivity, 113, 120 Construction materials, 217-218 Contact angle test, 69 Controlled waterflood, 189 Conversion vs newly drilled wells, 190,241-245 Core data/analysis, 12,22,24-27, 47-48,53,136,139,284,286, A-346 Corrosion, 191,206,211-212,214217,220 Craig-Geffen-Morse method, 167-169 Croes and Schwarz correlation, 165 Crossflow, 88,104 Crosslinked polymer gels, 230232 Cut-off value, 39-40 D Data acquisition, 5, 10,22-32,5458,64,127-129,133-134,141, 144-145,178-179,252-253,281,A341 - A-355 Data application, A-345 A-347 Data input, 178-179 Data organization/collection, 22-32 Data storinglretrieval, A-344 A-345 Data types, A-341 - A-342 Data validation, A-343 A-344 Example, A-347 - A-354 Database, 29-30, 54-58 Decline curve analysis, 113-114, 123-124 Denver Unit waterflood, case study, 266-269 Field discovery/development, 266-269 Secondary operation, 266-269 Depletion, 4-5, 96-98,102-112, 163 Design/operation process, waterflood,127-134 Alternatives, 128-132 Considerations, 133-134 Implementation, 132 Operating/evaluating, 132-133 Opportunity identification, 127-138 Development alternatives, 128132, 155-161, A-304 - A-306 Development phases, 127-133 Differential vaporization, 64-65, 69-72 Discounted cash flow return, 252 Dispersed oil, 206, 212, 214 Displacement efficiency, 4, 10-12, 15-16,18,87,133,165,167 Dissolved minerals, 209 Dorward field, 124 Drawdown, 82 Drilling program, 24 Drive mechanisms, 1-2 et passim Dykstra-Parsons factors, 48,88, 96-100,167-169 Dykstra-Parsons method, 167-169 Dynamic data, 22, 46,140 Dynamic reservoir conditions, 140 1-392 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 393 Index E Economic criteria, 250-252 Discounted cash flow return, 252 Investment efficiency, 252 Payout time, 251 Present worth net profit, 251 Profit-investment ratio, 251 Economic evaluation, 5, 15,95, 120,124,127-128,135-137,145146,166, 249-260,A-304 - A-306 Economic criteria, 250-252 Elk Basin, Madison field, 44, 261265 Case study, 261-265 Elk Basin anticline, 261-262 Empirical analysis, 10, 16,24, 163, 166-167 Encroachment, natural, 224 Environmental regulations, 202 Equipment design, 144-145 Example, data acquisition/analysis, A-347 - A-354 Example, waterflood design, 147161 Production rates, 155-161 Reserves forecasts, 155-161 Reservoir data, 148-154 Reservoir modeling, 153-156 Exploration/development integration,54-59 Exponential/constant decline, 172-173 F Facies maps, 25, 34, 36-38 Failure analysis, 18, 146-147, A315 - A-316 Feasibility study, 127-128 Field automation, 297 Field data, 80-85 Profile surveys, 82-85 Tracer surveys, 84 Water injectivity, 81-82 Well pressures, 82-83 Field discovery/development, 266-272,279-287 Denver Unit, 266-269 Jay/LEC fields, 279-286 Means San Andres Unit, 270272 Ninian field, 287 Field operations, 201-247 Conversion vs newly drilled wells, 241-245 Injectivity increase, 245 Subsurface/surface fluid control,223-240 Thought items, 240-241 Water system, 201-223 Fines migration, 208-209 Fingering, 18 Flash liberation test, 64, 66-67 Flood pattern, 10-11, 15,30,45, 87-88,93,115-121,131,133,141143,155-156,168,189,243,252, 267,274-276,280-282,284-285, 287, A-362 - A-365, A-387 - A388 Flood response, 16,20 Flood-front map, 185-187 Flow capacity, 48 Fluid control, 191, 221, 223-240, 296 Treatments, 224-228 Fluid distribution, 12, 14-19,39, 82,123,135,140 Fluid properties, 3,10, 12, 14-19, 24,28,39,63-73,87-88,135,138, 166,183,271,288 Transport properties, 138 Fluid saturation, 14-19, 140 Formation damage, 80, 208-209, 222, 234-235 1-393 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 394 Integrated Waterflood Asset Management Formation evaluation, 27 et passim Formation volume factor, 11, 1415,17,19,67,90,165 Fractional flow theory, 165 Fractures, 18-19,21,48, 139 Frontal advance theory, 10 Fuhrman Mascho Black field, 124 Fullerton field, 124 G Gas deviation factor, 72 Gas saturation, 16-17,20-21,77, 87,100-104,133-135,137-138 Gas viscosity, 73 Gas-cap drive, Gas-oil ratio, 2,17,19,70,90,93, 102,104-108,110,185 Geologic model, 59, A-319, A-323 - A-324, A-331, A-335 - A-336, A-338 Geological data, 50-53 Geological evaluation, 5, 27, 3851 Geological input, 31, 33-38, 50-53 Data, 50-53 Facies maps, 36-38 Geological mapping, 33-34 Isopach maps, 36 Paleogeologic maps, 37 Structural maps/sections, 34-35 Geological mapping, 33-34 Geophysics, 50-53 Geoscience/engineering integration, 21-61, A-313 - A-315 Bypassed oil, 43 Data organization/collection, 22-32 Exploration/development, 54-59 Generating new maps from old data, 41-42 Geological input, 31, 33-38 Geoscience/engineering, 50-53 Reevaluation, subsurface data, 38-41 Reinterpretation, geologic, 43-47 Reservoir description, 59-60 Reservoir heterogeneities, 47-50 Geoshare standards, 56, 58 Geostatistics, reservoir model, A-332 - A-334 Gravity drainage, H Hall plot, 188-189 Harmonic decline, 173 Heterogeneity, reservoir, 11, 15, 20,46-50,87,96,113, 167,A-362, A-365, A-367 Hewitt field, 124 Higgins and Leighton method, 167-168 History matching, 178-180, A-331 History, waterflooding, 4-5 Horizontal permeability, 104-108 Howard Classcock field, 124 Hyperbolic decline, 173 Hypochloric acid, 211 Hypochlorous acid, 211 I lAB field (Menielle Penn), 124 Illinois, 124 Immiscible displacement, 87, A-357 - A-362 Theory, A-357 - A-362 Implementation phase, 132, A-306 Incremental recover~ 113-125 Infill drilling predictive model (IDPM),124 Infill drilling, 7,113-125,187,274, 1-394 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 395 Index 276,284 Case examples, 124 Predictive model, 124 Well selection, 120-124 Information management system, 297 Injected fluid design, 143 Injection data, 28-29 Injection modification, 225-232 Injection performance, 120 Injection pressure, 20-21, 81, 88, 191,201 Injection profiles, 82-84,189-190, 195,209,224 Surveys, 189 Injection rates, 81-82, 87, 191, 209, 221-224,A-370 - A-371 Injection surveys, 189, 195 Injection treatments, 225-232 Injection wells, 114, 133, 188, 190, 223-240 Injection/production logging, A373 A-375 - A-390 I~terwell tracers, A-383 A-390 Injectivity, 45, 81-82, 138, 141, 143,201,212,245 Input data, 178-179 Integration, 3, 5, 50-59, A-335 A-337 Exploration/development, 54-59 Geoscience/engineering, 50-53 Reservoir model, A-335 A-337 Interference tests, 140 Internal rate of return, 252 Inverted isolated patterns, 141 Interwell tracers, A-383 - A-390 Isopach maps, 34, 36 Iteration, 43-47 J Jay/Little Escambia Creek (LEC) fields, 196-197,278-286 Case study, 278-286 Field discovery/development, 279-286 Flood, 196-197 K Key factors, waterflood surveillance, 183-191 Facilities/operations, 191 Reservoir characterization, 185-189 Wells, 189-191 Kingdom Abo field, 53 Klinkenberg effect, 25-26 L Laboratory data, waterflood, 6380,141 Capillary pressure, 74-76 Fluid properties, 63-73 Relative permeability, 75-78 Residual oil saturation, 77-79 Rock properties, 65 Rock wettability, 69, 74 Water quality, 79-80 Layer permeability, 96-100 Layering, 87 Lens model, 124 Levelland field, 34 Liquid/rock expansion, 1-2 Lithofacies maps SEE FacIes maps Little Escambia Creek (LEC) field 196-197,278-286 Loud~n field, surfactant pilot, 124, A-324 - A-331 1-395 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 396 Integrated Waterflood Asset Management M Maps/mapping, 31, 33-38, 41-42 Means San Andres Unit, 115-118, 124,194-195,270-279 Case study, 270-279 Field discovery/development, 270-272 Primary/secondary operations, 273-276 Tertiary operations, 275, 277-279 Mechanical failures, fluid control, 224 Mechanical methods, fluid control, 225-228 Meren field, Nigeria,A-347 A-354 Microbiological effects, 207, 219-221 Mission Canyon formation, 34-35 Monitoring, waterflood, 183-199, A-306 - A-307 Facilities, 194 Performance, A-306 - A-307 Reservoir, 193 Water system, 194 Wells, 194 Mud logging, 27 N Nigeria, 121 Ninian field, 287-292 Case study, 287-292 Production forecasts, 292 Reservoir characterization, 287-290 Reservoir management, 292 Sweep efficiency, 288, 291 Well management, 289, 292 Non-crosslinked polymer solutions, 230-231 Normal isolated patterns, 141 North ApoilFuniwa field, 121 North Sea Lemen field,A-336, A-338 North Ward Estes field, 186 o Offshore waterflood, 287-292 Oil content, 214 Oil gravity, 71, 88,108-112 Oil saturation, 11, 15, 17,75,7779,119,121-122,135-137,165 Oil viscosity, 11, 14-15, 17, 19-20, 73,90,94,108-112 Oklahoma, 4-5, 124 Operating costs, 201-202 Operating/evaluating phase, 132-133 Opportunity identification, 127-128 Organization structure, 57-59, A-310 - A-313 Original oil-in-place, 1, 13,88, 110,164-166 Oxygen, 212 p Paleogeologic maps, 34, 37 Particulates, 206, 212-213 Parting pressure, 81-82 Pattern balancing, 117, 119-120, 189,284-285, A-387 - A-388 Pattern modification, 117-118 Pattern, injection, 4,10-11,15,30, 45,87-88,93,115-121,131,133, 141-143,155-156,168,189,243, 252,267,274-276,280-282,284285,287, A-362 - A-365, A-387 A-388 Payout time, 251 Pennsylvania, Perforations, 224 Performance curve analyses, 163, 170-178 1-396 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 397 Index Performance evaluation, A-307 A-308 Performance monitoring, 183199, A-306 - A-307 Performance prediction, 180-181 Permeability variation, 12,96-100 Permeability, 11-12, 14-15,17-18, 20-25,31,40-42,45,48-50,53,65, 69,75-78,80,83,87-89,92-93,96100,104-108,138-139,149,153, 165,167,189,226,231,263 Permeability/thickness map, 42 Petrochemical Open Software Corporation (POSC), 55 Phase equilibrium, 138 Phases, development, 127-133 Physical characteristics, reservoir, 185 Pilot tests, 133-134, 142, 144, A-324 - A-331 Planimeter, 41-42 Plugging treatments, 225-232 Polyacrylamide gels, 231-232 Polymer systems, 230-232 Pore volume, 95, 99, 100, 103-104, 107-109,111-112 Porosity, 14,22,24,31,39-40,42, 65,83,89,138,152,165 Porosity/thickness map, 42 Prats-Matthews-Jewett -Baker method, 167-169 Precipitation, 218-219 Present worth index, 252 Present worth net profit, 251 Pressure transient analysis, 82-83, 139-140 Pressures, 74-76,82-83,139-140 Capillary, 74-76 Pressure transients, 82-83, 139-140 Well,82-83 Primary recovery, 14-15, 88-94, 96,185,273-276 Probability, 89 Problem areas, wells, 189 Process, reservoir management, A-300 - A-308 Process/operations design, 141-144 Injected fluid, 143 Pattern type, 141-143 Project duration, 143 Reservoir performance, 144 Produced water, 189,205-206,210 Analysis, 189 Producing mechanisms, 1-2 Production curves, 185 Production data, 28-30, 45 Production performance/reserves forecast, 93, 120,163-182,202, 292 Classical methods, 167-169 Empirical methods, 166-167 Performance curve analyses, 170-178 Reservoir simulation, 177-181 Volumetric methods, 164-166 Production profiles, 82, 85 Production rates, 113-114, 155161,166,170-178,285-286 Production wells, 133, 244 Productivity, 20,143 Profile control, 191 Profile modification, 225-232 Profile surveys, 82-85 Profiles, 82-85,191,225-232 Control, 191 Modification, 225-232 Surveys, 82-85 Profit/profitability, 9, 251-252 Profit-investment ratio, 251 Profitability index, 252 Project duration, 141, 143 Project economics, 249-260 Data, 252-253 Economic criteria, 250-252 Economic evaluation, 253-258 1-397 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 398 lntegrated Waterflood Asset Management Risk/uncertainties, 258-259 Scenarios, 252 Prospect screening, 14-20 Purpose/strategy, A-302 - A-303 Pulse testing, 83,140 R Radiation logging, 27 Radioactive tracer, 84 Recompletion, 43 Recoverable oil, 10 Recovery efficiency, 10-15,23,87, 93-95,97-99,101-103,106-113, 120, A-366 - A-370 Recovery factors, waterflood, 87-113 Reevaluation, subsurface data, 38-41 Regional fluid distribution, 140 Reinterpretation, geologic, 43-47 Relative permeability, 11, 14-15, 17-18,23,65,69,75-78,88,92-93, 138,231 Remaining oil saturation, A-373 A-375 Remedial treatments, 225-235 Reserves forecasts, 155-161, 163-182 Reservoir characterization, 3, 9, 21,31,52-53,59-60,83,127, 134141,183,185-189,261-265,267268,279,287-290, A-302 - A-303 Conditions, 140 Description, 59-60 Fluid distribution, 140 Fluid transport properties, 138 Oil saturation, 135-137 Phase equilibrium data, 138 Reservoir conditions, 140 Rock properties, 138-140 Water/gas saturation, 137-138 Reservoir data, 148-154, 178-179 Reservoir description, 46-47, 59- 60,120,148-154,184,295-296, A-323, A-332 - A-334, A-336 Reservoir engineering, 50-53, 87, A-357 - A-372 Flood pattern, A-362 - A-365 Heterogeneity, reservoir, A362, A-365, A-367 Immiscible displacement, A-357 - A-362 Injection rates, A-370 - A-371 Recovery efficiency, A-366 A-370 Reservoir fluid, 28, 66, 73 Reservoir heterogeneity SEE Heterogeneity, reservoir Reservoir management, 9-20, 183-199,286,292, 297,A-299A-317 Definition, A-300 Failure analysis,A-315 - A-316 Geoscience/engineering integration, A-313 - A-315 Organization/team management, A-310 - A-313 Process, A-300 - A-308 Synergy/teamwork, A-308 A-31O Waterflood asset, 9-10 Waterflood prospect screening,14-20 Waterflood recovery efficiency, 10-15 Reservoir model, 5, 21, 45-47, 5053,59,120-124,153-156,262, A-305, A-319 - A-320, A-323 A-324, A-332 - A-334, A-336 A-338 Case studies, A-336, A-338 Engineering, A-335 Geoscience, A-323 - A-324 Geostatistics, A-332 - A-334 Integration, A-335 - A-337 /-398 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 399 Index Loudon field surfactant pilot, A-324 - A-331 Role of, A-319 - A-323 Seismic data, A-331 Reservoir monitoring, 194-198 Reservoir performance, 3, 5, 21, 43-45,47-48,53,59,94,132-136, 141,144,153-155,163-185,191, 261-293,A-304 - A-307,A-320 Simulation, 180-181 Reservoir pressure, 2, 4,10,1920,24,28,63,82-83,90-91,97, 101,105,109-110,115,155,285 Reservoir simulation, 177-181 History matching, 179-180 Input data, 178-179 Performance prediction, 180-181 Reservoir study, 22-23, 32-33, 273-278, A-308 - A-31O Reservoir temperature, 63, 90-91 Residual oil saturation, 13, 15,7779,135-137, A-373 - A-375 Restored-state method, 26 Revision, plans/strategies, A-308 Risk/uncertainties, 258-259 Robertson field (Clearfork), 124 Rock properties, 10,24,31,41-42, 44,47-50,59,65,69,74,87,135, 138-140,166 Wettability, 69, 74 Rules of thumb, 14, 16,76,166, 213 S Sampling, 24 Sand Hills field, 124 Scale/scale inhibition, 44, 79-80, 192,206,218-219 Scaleup, 127, 145-146 Scanning electron microscope, 24 Scenarios, project economics, 252 Screening, waterflood prospect, 14-20 Secondary operation, Denver unit, 266-269 Seismic data, 24, 51-53,A-331 Sensitivity analysis, 79-80,87, 258-259 Simulation, 52-53, 120, 123, 141, 143-144,153-155,163,177-181, 280, A-322 - A-331, A-336, A338 Skin factor, 83 Slaughter field, 34 Smackover Jay/LEe fields, 279280 Sodium silicate gels, 229-230 Software, A-336 - A-337 Soluble components, 207 Solution-gas drive, 1-2 South Hobbs Unit, 195-196 Spinner flowmeter survey, 82 Static data, 22 Stiles method, 167-169 Streamlines, 117, 119 Structural maps/sections, 34-35 Subsurface data, reevaluation, 38-41 Subsurface injection control, 236238 Subsurface/surface fluid control, 223-240 Injection/production wells, 223-224 Plugging/injection/profile modifications, 225-232 Subsurface injection, 236-238 Surface injection, 238-240 Treatment processes, 224-225, 232-235 Well selection, 235-236 Surface facilities, 3, 29 Surface injection control, 238-240 1-399 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 400 Integrated Waterflood Asset Management Surface measurements, 27 Surfactants, 124, A-324 - A-331 Surveillance, 183-199, A-306 - A307, A-373 - A-390 Techniques, 183-199 Surveys, 82-85 Profile, 82-85 Tracer, 84 Suspended solids, 206, 212-213 Sweep efficiency, 11-14, 184, 283, 288,291,296, A-369 - A-370 Synergy/teamwork, 9, 11-15, 33, 46,50-53,87,117-119, A-308 A-31O, A-313 - A-315 T Temperature survey, 82 Tertiary recovery, 195,275,277279 Texas,1-5,34,53,113,124 Thought items, field operations, 240-241 Three-dimensional seismic, A-331 Throughput, 10-11, 80 Time normalization, 30 Time, 15,23,30,87,94-96,114, 170,175 Timing, 15,23,87,94-96 Tracer surveys, 82, 84, 136,197, 281, A-383 - A-390 Transport properties, 135 Treatment system, water, 202204, 210-213 Treatments, 202-204, 210-213, 224-225,232-235 Fluid control, 224-225 Process selection, 225, 232-235 Water system, 202-204,210213 Triple-N field (Grayburg), 124 V Ventura field, 196 Vertical permeability, 104-108 Visual inspection, 24 Visualization, 55-56 Void age, 30 Volumetric data, 67 Volumetric methods, 164-166 W Wasson Clearfork Trend, 124 Wasson San Andres field, Denver Unit, 45, 124,197-198,266-269 Water analyses, 79-80,189 Water compatibility, 79-80,141, 192,201-223 With rock, 208-209 Water cut, 2, 12, 96, 100, 108-109, 112, 170-178 Water injection, 4-5, 81-82, 95, 141,160,180-181,201-202,209211,221-223,226,265,287,296 Water pollution, 210-213 Water quality, 79-80,191-193, 201,204-208 Handling, 201 Maintenance, 191-193 Requirements, 204-207 Water saturation, 14-15,21,2526,74,76-77,92,133,135,137138 Water shutoff candidates, 235-236 Water sources, 203-208, 210 Water system, 3, 184, 191-194, 201-223 Compatibility, 208-209 Construction materials, 217218 Corrosion control, 214-217 Dispersed oil, 214 Microbiological effects, 219221 1-400 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 401 Index Treatment system, 202-204 Water injection/production control, 221-223 Water quality, 201, 204-207 Water sources, 207-208 Water treatment, 202-204, 210213 Water/water interactions, 218219 Water treating, 201-223 Equipment, 204 System, 202-204, 210-213 Water-alternating-gas injection, 195 Water/gas coning, 224 Water/rock compatibility, 208-209 Water/water interactions, 208209,218-219 Waterflood alternatives, 130-132 Waterflood asset, 3, 5-7, 9-10, 201, 297 Waterflood cycle, 184 Waterflood data, 63-86 Field, 80-85 Laboratory, 63-80 Waterflood design, 5, 7,127-161 Data acquisition, 145 Design considerations, 133134 Design/operation process, 127-133 Economic evaluation, 145-146 Equipment design, 144-145 Example, 147-161 Failure, 146-147 Process/operation, 141-144 Reservoir characterization, 134-140 Waterflood performance, 163182,261-293 Waterflood prospect, screening, 14-20 Fluid saturation/distribution/ properties, 14-19 Fractures, 18-19 Reservoir heterogeneity, 20 Reservoir pressure, 20 Waterflood recovery efficiency, 10-15,23,87,93-95,97-99,101103,106-113, 120,A-366 - A-370 Displacement, 10-11 Primary recovery factor, 14-15 Sweep efficiency, 11-14 Waterflood recovery factors, 1015,87-112 5-spot base case, 88-94 Critical gas saturation, 100104 Efficiency, 10-15 Layer permeability, 96-100 Oil gravity, 108-112 Timing, 94-96 Vertical permeability, 104-108 Waterflood surveillance, 7,183199,277-278,281,283,285-286, A-306 - A-307, A-373 - A-390 Case histories, 194-198 Key factors, 183-191 Monitoring, 193-194 Water quality maintenance, 191-193 Waterflood susceptibility, 78-79 Waterflooding, characteristics, 1-7 History, 4-5 Integrated asset management, 3,5 Reasons for, State of the art, 5-6 Well cleanout, 190 Well completion, 28, 87, 190,227, 244,288,291 Well data, 10,26,31,34 1-401 i-xxviii,1-404 5/16/08 10:52 PM Page 402 Integrated Waterflood Asset Management Well logging, 10, 22, 24, 27, 34, 3839,47-48,136,139,263,265,272, 281, A-345 - A-346, A-373 - A390 Well management, 289, 292 Well plugging, 225-233 Well pressures, 82-83 Well problems, 189-190,223-224 Well selection, 120-124,235-236 Infill drilling, 120-124 Treatment, 235-236 Well spacing, 115-120, 123,252 SEE ALSO Patterns Well surveillance, 189-191 Well testing, 10,82-83,136,190 Well treatments, 223-240 West Yellow Creek field, 196 Wettability, 65, 69, 74, 76 Rock, 69, 74 1-402 X X-plot method, 187-188 ... Fundamentals of waterflood asset management Technical, operational and economic aspects of waterflood asset management Real life examples to show best practices in waterflood asset management i-xxviii,1-404... RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS, PROCESS AND WATERFLOOD PROSPECT SCREENING Waterflood Asset Management Waterflood Recovery Efficiency 10 Waterflood Prospect Screening 14 INTEGRATED. .. with waterflood asset management The college students in petroleum engineering, geoscience, economics, and management can also benefit from this book Organization Integrated waterflood asset management