Test Bank for Essentials of Criminal Law 11th Edition by Chamelin Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ CHAPTER Historical Background of Criminal Law Chapter Multiple Choice The fact that the U.S Constitution has survived for over two hundred years and is capable of being interpreted in light of contemporary needs, indicates that the Constitution is: a stable and rigid b stable and flexible c straight and narrow d straight and rigid Answer: b Page number: Level: Basic The determination as to whether a particular act is criminal or merely civil in nature is a function of the: a legislative branch b executive branch c judicial branch d governor Answer: a Page number: Level: Basic Which of the following is a characteristic of a crime but not a tort? a Payment of damages b Private wrong c Prosecuted by the state in its own name d Instituted by wronged individual Answer: c Page number: Level: Basic Criminal law is an offspring of: a personal vendetta b common law c civil law d the Code of Hammurabi Answer: a Page number: Level: Basic Most modern legal systems are based on the: a doctrine of determinism Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Essentials of Criminal Law 11th Edition by Chamelin Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ b “XYY” chromosome doctrine c Lombrosean doctrine d doctrine of responsibility Answer: d Page number: Level: Intermediate The common law developed as a result of: a habits, customs, and legislation b habits, legislation, and stare decisis c statutes, rules, and legislation d habits, customs, and stare decisis Answer: d Page number: Level: Intermediate Today in the U.S., even in states that have abolished the common law, the common law is still used for: a definitions b civil wrongs c stare decisis d corpus delicti Answer: a Page number: Level: Basic An “eye for an eye” describes the theory of: a the Dark Ages b modern-day punishment c retributive justice d the doctrine of responsibility Answer: c Page number: Level: Basic Chapter True-False Law became necessary as a means of social control a True b False Answer: a Page number: Level: Basic Enforcement of the law in early societies was usually handled informally by friends, family, and neighbors, in both rural and urban settings a True Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Essentials of Criminal Law 11th Edition by Chamelin Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ b False Answer: b Page number: Level: Basic A principal difference between a crime and a tort is that one causes imprisonment and the other causes the payment of money a True b False Answer: a Page number: Level: Basic Law is a group of rules/regulations governing relationships between people and between people and their government a True b False Answer: a Page number: Level: Basic The federal government does not have common law powers a True b False Answer: a Page number: Chapter Fill in the Blank The essence of law is _ Answer: language Page number: Level: Basic Civil wrongs are commonly referred to as _ Answer: torts Page number: Level: Basic A stable yet flexible document is a Answer: constitution Page number: Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Essentials of Criminal Law 11th Edition by Chamelin Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Level: Basic The federal government has only enumerated Answer: powers Page number: Level: Basic Chapter Matching Match the items in the first column with the proper description in the second column Enumerated powers Stable yet flexible Prosecuted by state in its own name Individual paid money a Crime b Tort c Federal government d Constitution * c * d * a * b Level: Intermediate Chapter Essay Describe the role of stare decisis in the development of common law Answer: • Common law began as customs and habits • When courts developed, they began recording decisions • Later judges looked to those earlier decisions for guidance • That was the beginning of stare decisis Page number: Level: Intermediate Distinguish between common law powers and enumerated powers Answer: • States were free to adopt the common law as the early settlers did • Since then some states have gone entirely to statutory authority • The federal government, when formed by the U.S Constitution, has only those powers given to it by the states and the people Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Essentials of Criminal Law 11th Edition by Chamelin Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ • Thus, the federal government has only those enumerated powers contained in the Constitution Page number: 5-6 Level: Basic Distinguish between crimes and torts Answer: • Crime: public wrong; prosecuted by state in its own name; punished by fine, imprisonment, or death; punishment is prescribed • Tort: private wrong; action instituted by wrong individual, normally ordered to pay monetary damages to injured party but not in any set amount Page number: Level: Basic Describe the significance of the doctrine of responsibility to our legal system Answer: • People act of their own free will • Therefore, the law holds people accountable for their actions • That is the essence of the doctrine of responsibility Page number: Level: Intermediate Chapter Questions for Discussion Below are suggested answers to the Questions for Discussion found in the text The offense John committed cannot be successfully prosecuted in a federal court, for the federal judiciary is without power to prosecute common law offenses The federal courts can only adjudicate criminal offenses enacted by Congress because the federal government is one of enumerated powers rather than common law powers The second portion of the question regarding the possibility of prosecuting the offense in a state court will, of course, vary from state to state In states that have retained the common law either expressly or by implication, John’s offense could be prosecuted However, in states that have abrogated the common law either expressly or by implication, and have made all offenses statutory, John could not be successfully prosecuted Common law has had a great impact on the United States It was the basic legal system brought to the country by the colonists and it was the predominant legal system for some time in this country In most states that have retained common law, it is essential to understand the impact of common law on the law on those states and of the possibility of prosecuting a criminal offense not found in the statute books Even in those states that Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Essentials of Criminal Law 11th Edition by Chamelin Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ have abrogated the common law, it is often essential to refer to common law for definitions and needed elements to prove a particular crime The Constitution, the basic governing document of the United States, was written in the 1700s by people who could not possibly foresee the problems and complexities of the 21st century Yet that document has remained operative for 200 years This is so because the Constitution is stable in that it contains broad principles of law governing the manner in which the federal government may operate to successfully keep us a united nation, and yet it is broadly worded so that, through the judicial and legislative processes, it can be interpreted in light of the needs of contemporary society This is what is meant by the statement that the Constitution must be “stable yet flexible.” The concept of “responsibility” refers to accounting for the reasons people violate the law It concerns itself with the fundamental premise that each person is presumed to act of his/her own free will If an individual commits a prohibited act and does so with free will, the person may be held accountable/responsible for crimes committed Conversely, if some factor in the make-up of the human psyche or some factor in the relationship of one person to another causes a person to commit a prohibited act without the exercise of free will, the person will not be held criminally liable for the conduct Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/