Solutions Manual for Nester's Microbiology A Human Perspective 8th Edition by Denise Anderson Chapter Microscopy and Cell Structure Instructor Manual Overview Microscopes are the basic tools for the study of microscopic form and structure This chapter begins with an introduction to the various kinds of microscopes (including light, electron, and atomic force) and staining techniques used by microbiologists to study both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms Next, the major features of the prokaryotic cell are presented with special emphasis on the cell wall, and also external structures, cytoplasmic membrane, and internal components of the cell Last, the eukaryotic cell is also presented more briefly, with a focus on the components that directly affect the interaction of eukaryotic microbes with human hosts Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are compared and contrasted The book emphasizes that the prokaryotic structures discussed focus on bacteria, and that archaea show some differences from bacteria The case presentation discusses an outbreak of antibiotic-resistant MRSA bacterial infections among people receiving a tattoo, and focuses on the topic of antibiotic resistance, as well as how the infection could spread Learning Objectives These are taken from the learning outcome headings of each chapter section – instructors may find it useful to use and/or modify these to provide students with a framework for making a study guide After studying the material in this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss the principles and importance of magnification, resolution, and contrast in microscopy Compare and contrast light microscopes, electron microscopes, and atomic force microscopes Describe the principles of a wet mount, a simple stain, the Gram stain, and the acid-fast stain Describe the special stains used to observe capsules, endospores, and flagella Describe the benefits of using fluorescent dyes and tags Describe the common bacterial shapes and groupings, and their significance Describe two multicellular associations of bacteria Describe the structure and chemistry of the cytoplasmic membrane, focusing on how it relates to membrane permeability Describe how the cytoplasmic membrane is involved with proton motive force 10 Compare and contrast the different types of prokaryotic transport systems: facilitated diffusion, active transport, and group translocation 11 Explain why prokaryotic cells must secrete certain proteins 12 Describe the chemistry and structure of peptidoglycan 13 Compare and contrast the structure and chemistry of the Gram-positive and Gramnegative cell walls 14 Explain the significance of lipid A and the O antigen of LPS 15 Explain how the cell wall affects susceptibility to penicillin and lysozyme 16 Explain how the cell wall affects Gram staining characteristics 17 Describe the cell walls of archaea 18 Compare and contrast the structure and function of capsules and slime layers 19 Describe the structure and arrangements of flagella, and explain how they are involved in chemotaxis 20 Compare and contrast the structure and function of fimbriae and sex pili 21 Describe the structure and function of the chromosome, plasmids, ribosomes, storage granules, gas vesicles, and endospores 22 Describe the significance and processes of sporulation and germination 23 Describe the structure and function of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane, comparing and contrasting it with the prokaryotic counterpart 24 Describe the mechanisms eukaryotic cells use to transfer molecules across the cytoplasmic membrane Nester etal MICROBIOLOGY: A Human Perspective Case Study Answer Keys Case At the Mount Union hospital, a 5-year old white male child in good general health and physical condition was presented at the Saturday walk-in clinic by his mother He was brought in because he had a fever, was cranky and had complained of a sore throat for about 24 hours On physical examination by the attending resident, the patient had a fever of 39.3C, and he had considerable swelling and drainage of the pharynx and in the conjunctivae His tonsils were enlarged and coated with a white patchy exudate He had a red throat and swollen anterior cervical lymph nodes His ears were clear His chest sounded clear and he had no additional remarkable findings on routine examination What would be your presumptive diagnosis for this child? Why? What diagnostic testing would be indicated to follow this exam? What is the most likely treatment for this illness? Why is it important? What factors of this case allowed you to make a presumptive diagnosis? Nester etal MICROBIOLOGY: A Human Perspective Case At the Mount Union hospital, a 5-year old white male child in good general health and physical condition was presented at the Saturday walk-in clinic by his mother He was brought in because he had a fever, was cranky and had complained of a sore throat for about 24 hours On physical examination by the attending resident, the patient had a fever of 39.3C, and he had considerable swelling and drainage of the pharynx and in the conjunctivae His tonsils were enlarged and coated with a white patchy exudate He had a red throat and swollen anterior cervical lymph nodes His ears were clear His chest sounded clear and he had no additional remarkable findings on routine examination What would be your presumptive diagnosis for this child? Why? What diagnostic testing would be indicated to follow this exam? What is the most likely treatment for this illness? Why is it important? What factors of this case allowed you to make a presumptive diagnosis? Answers streptococcal pharyngitis Classical symptoms, pus on tonsil and pharynx, fever culture and sensitivity from throat swab, rapid strep test penicillin or erythromycin for 10 days; treatment is important to prevent scarlet fever and rheumatic fever with their associated heart problems and kidney problems that could occur later in life the clinical picture, clear lungs, pus on tonsils and pharynx, fever and history End of chapter review questions Sample Chapter # and Question type Chapter Short answer #1 Question Answer How did Louis Pasteur help disprove spontaneous generation? Chapter Short answer #2 Describe the scientific method Chapter Short answer #3 Explain why life could not exist without the activities of microorganisms Pasteur demonstrated that swan necked flasks containing sterile growth medium would remain sterile indefinitely if the bend in the flask did not come in contact with the medium Scientists formulate a question and then develop a testable explanation (a hypothesis) An experiment that includes appropriate controls is done to test the hypothesis Data is collected and then a conclusion is drawn, which is communicated to other scientists who can further experiments to test the validity of the conclusion Nitrogen would not be available in a form that humans and plants could use The supply of O2 would eventually be depleted if microorganisms were not available to replenish it A wide variety of materials would pile up if microorganisms were not present to degrade them Chapter Short answer #4 How is the normal microbiota important to human health? Chapter Short answer #5 List four commercially important benefits of microorganisms The normal microbiota plays a number of essential roles such as competing with disease-causing microbes, helping the body digest foods, and promoting the development of the immune system Their role in food and beverage production Role in pollutant degradation Synthesis of commercially valuable products Their importance in synthesizing medically important products, following genetic modification Their importance as model organisms for the study of universal biological processes Chapter Short answer #6 What characteristics of microorganisms make them important research tools? Chapter Short answer #7 List three factors that contribute to the emergence of infectious disease Chapter Short answer #8 In the designation Escherichia coli B, what is the genus? What is the species? What is the strain? Why are viruses not microorganisms? Escherichia is the genus; coli is the species and B is the strain Name three non-living groups in the microbial world and describe their major properties Chapter Short answer #9 Chapter Short answer #10 They grow quickly on inexpensive media, and the processes they use to duplicate their DNA, harvest energy, and synthesize cell structures are similar to those of other organism, so they serve as a model organism used in research experiments Aging population is more susceptible to disease Organisms controlled by antimicrobial medications have become resistant to the medications Children are not being routinely vaccinated against many diseases They are not composed of cells Viruses not have all of the machinery necessary to replicate and so they obligate intracellular parasites Chapter Multiple Choice #1 The property of endospores that led to confusion in the experiments on spontaneous generation is their C Viruses contain a protein coat and either DNA or RNA They are obligate intracellular parasites and as a group, infect of all forms of life Viroids contain only a short RNA molecule They cause serious plant diseases Prions consist only of protein that is a misfolded version of normal cellular protein found in the brain of animals They are resistant to the commonly used sterilizing procedures that destroy viruses and bacteria Chapter Multiple Choice #2 Chapter Multiple Choice #3 Chapter Multiple Choice #4 Chapter Multiple Choice #5 Chapter Multiple Choice #6 a) small size b) ability to pass through cork stoppers c) heat resistance d) presence in all infusions e) presence on cotton plugs The Golden Age of Microbiology was the time when a) microorganisms were first used to make bread b) microorganisms were first used to make cheese c) most pathogenic bacteria were identified d) a vaccine against influenza was developed e) antibiotics became available If all prokaryotes were eliminated from the planet a) animals would thrive because there would be no disease b) archaea would thrive because there would be no competition for nutrients c) all animals would die d) A and B All of the following are emerging infectious diseases except a) smallpox b) hepatitis C c) Lyme disease d) hantavirus pulmonary syndrome e) mad cow disease All of the following are biological domains except a) Bacteria b) Archaea c) Prokaryota d) Eukarya Which name is written correctly? a) staphylococcus aureus b) escherichia Coli c) Staphylococcus epidermidis d) bacillus Anthracis C C A C C Chapter Multiple Choice #7 Chapter Multiple Choice #8 e) Clostridium Botulinum Members of which pairing are most similar in appearance to each other? a) fungi and algae b) algae and archaea c) archaea and bacteria d) bacteria and viruses e) viruses and algae If you wanted to increase your chances of obtaining a member of the Archaea (rather than a member of another domain), which would be the best site to obtain a sample? a) intestine of an elephant b) skin of an elephant c) a 95oC hot spring in Yellowstone d) a 45oC hot spring in Hawaii e) a raw hamburger patty C C More links nester's microbiology 8th edition solutions nester's microbiology test bank pdf microbiology a human perspective 8th edition pdf nester microbiology 7th edition pdf nester's microbiology 8th edition pdf free nester's microbiology: a human perspective 8th edition pdf nester's microbiology 8th edition test bank microbiology a human perspective 8th edition pdf free nester's microbiology pdf