Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - Earth Systems 1. The geosphere consists of three major layers: the , , and ANSWER: crust, mantle, core crust, core, mantle mantle, crust, core mantle, core, crust core, crust, mantle core, mantle, crust 2. The is the zone inhabited by life ANSWER: biosphere 3. The majority of water on Earth is found in the ANSWER: oceans 4. The Earth formed years ago ANSWER: 4.6 billion 4,600,000,000 5. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, mostly and ANSWER: nitrogen, oxygen oxygen, nitrogen 6. The fundamental source of energy that drives the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere is the ANSWER: Sun 7. The is the largest layer of Earth ANSWER: mantle 8. Earth's outer, cool, rigid shell that makes up tectonic plates is called the ANSWER: lithosphere 9. The central portion of the Earth, called the , contains a solid layer surrounded by a molten layer ANSWER: core 10. A(n) is a sequential process or phenomenon that returns to its beginning and then repeats itself over and over ANSWER: cycle Copyright Cengage Learning Powered by Cognero Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - Earth Systems 11. A complex community of individual organisms interacting with each other and the environment is called a(n) ANSWER: ecosystem 12. is a principle stating that the geologic processes operating today also operated in the past ANSWER: Uniformitarianism 13. is a principle that states that occasional huge catastrophes alter the course of Earth history ANSWER: Catastrophism 14. A(n) occurs when a small initial perturbation affects another component of the system, which amplifies the original effect ANSWER: feedback mechanism 15. Earth's average temperature has increased by 0.8° C since the Industrial Revolution due to an increase in the atmospheric gas ANSWER: carbon dioxide CO2 Fill in the blank 16. Oceans, rivers, glaciers, and rain are part of the a. geosphere b. atmosphere c. hydrosphere d. biosphere ANSWER: c 17. The is the densest layer of Earth a. lithosphere b. core c. mantle d. crust ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning Powered by Cognero Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - Earth Systems 18. are large segments of lithosphere that float on the asthenosphere a. Crustal cells b. Convection cells c. Subduction zones d. Tectonic plates ANSWER: d 19. Water frozen in glaciers is part of Earth's a. geosphere b. atmosphere c. hydrosphere d. biosphere ANSWER: c 20. Earth's core consists mostly of a. iron and nickel b. frozen water c. solid rock d. gas ANSWER: a 21. The rigid, outer part of Earth, including the crust and the uppermost mantle, is called the a. atmosphere b. geosphere c. lithosphere d. hydrosphere ANSWER: c 22. The majority of Earth’s freshwater is found in a. glaciers b. groundwater c. streams and lakes d. oceans ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning Powered by Cognero Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - Earth Systems 23. The atmosphere consists mainly of a. nitrogen and argon b. nitrogen and oxygen c. oxygen and carbon dioxide d. carbon dioxide and argon ANSWER: b 24. A(n) occurs when the initial response to a change is minor, but any additional change results in a rapid and dramatic response a. feedback mechanism b. catastrophic event c. threshold effect d. systematic catastrophe ANSWER: c 25. Earth's surface systems are ultimately powered by the a. Moon b. mantle convection c. Sun d. radioactive decay in Earth's interior ANSWER: c 26. Homo sapiens and our direct ancestors have been abundant on our planet for about years a. 5-7 million b. 10-15 million c. 42-44 million d. 4.6 billion ANSWER: a 27. Geologists estimate that Earth formed years ago a. 4.6 million b. 46 million c. 4.6 billion d. 46 billion ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning Powered by Cognero Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - Earth Systems 28. means that the geologic processes operating today also worked in the past a. Gradualism b. Uniformitarianism c. Catastrophism d. Density layering ANSWER: b 29. During cycles, matter never disappears, though it may change form. Scientists say this means matter is a. recycled b. reserved c. conserved d. reformed ANSWER: c 30. According to current trends in Earth's population development, it is likely that pressure on Earth's resources will a. increase b. decrease c. not change d. be insignificant ANSWER: a 31. The lithosphere consists of a. crust and asthenosphere b. crust only c. crust and upper mantle d. mantle only ANSWER: c 32. As we move from the surface of Earth to the interior, a. temperatures increase b. layers become less dense c. layers become molten liquids d. tectonic plates become smaller ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning Powered by Cognero Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - Earth Systems 33. The mantle is a. the least dense layer of Earth b. the densest layer of Earth c. the thickest layer of Earth d. composed of liquid magma ANSWER: c 34. Ground water saturating rock underground is a component of the a. atmosphere b. hydrosphere c. biosphere d. geosphere ANSWER: b 35. Water frozen in glaciers is a component of the a. geosphere b. biosphere c. hydrosphere d. atmosphere ANSWER: c 36. Which scientist is responsible for formulating the principle of uniformitarianism? a. Nicholas Steno b. John McPhee c. James Hutton d. William Whewell ANSWER: c 37. The crust is the a. thinnest layer of Earth b. hottest layer of Earth c. densest layer of Earth d. innermost layer of Earth ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning Powered by Cognero Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - Earth Systems 38. The consequence of the vastness of geologic time is that a. events that occur slowly become insignificant b. events that occur slowly become significant c. improbable events seldom occur d. improbable events never occur ANSWER: b 39. Our Solar System formed a. when a fiery hot nebula in space coalesced under the force of gravity b. from huge meteoroids that had been flying through intergalactic space c. when another star exploded, shooting rocky debris into space d. from a coalescing frigid cloud of dust and gas ANSWER: d 40. A tectonic plate is composed of a. cool, rigid rock that rides on a continuous shell of molten magma b. cool, rigid rock that rides on a plastic mantle layer c. hot, plastic rock supported by a rigid foundation of cool rock d. cool, rigid rock that floats on the Earth's molten core ANSWER: b 41. Which of the following is not a system? a. The human body b. The digestive organs in a human body c. A bacterium that lives within the small intestine d. An atom ANSWER: d 42. The earliest known life forms existed on Earth a. 38 million years ago b. 544 million years ago c. 1 billion years ago d. 3.8 billion years ago ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning Powered by Cognero Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - Earth Systems 43. During the formation of the solar system, rocky clumps collided to form larger bodies called , which would ultimately collide to form the planets a. asteroids b. meteorites c. planetismals d. accretionaries ANSWER: c 44. What is an example of a catastrophic event? a. mountain erosion b. formation of mountains via plate collisions c. a tsunami d. formation of an ocean ANSWER: c 45. As Earth warms, the rate at which organic matter decomposes increases. As organic matter decomposes, carbon dioxide is released, which in turn, makes Earth warmer and increases the rate at which organic matter decomposes This is an example of a. uniformitarianism b. catastrophism c. a threshold effect d. a feedback mechanism ANSWER: d 46. At its center, Earth is as hot as the Sun's surface a. True b. False ANSWER: True 47. The direct ancestors of humans lived on Earth with the dinosaurs a. True b. False ANSWER: False 48. Scientists have become adept at predicting the effects of a change to a system a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning Powered by Cognero Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - Earth Systems 49. Earth's atmosphere is a mixture of gases, mostly nitrogen and hydrogen a. True b. False ANSWER: False 50. Multicellular life forms have existed for the majority of Earth history a. True b. False ANSWER: False 51. Each of Earth’s spheres is an independent system with unique cycles that has minimal interactions with other spheres a. True b. False ANSWER: False 52. When Earth was forming, it was so hot that most of the material on the planet was molten a. True b. False ANSWER: True 53. Earth's mantle is composed of liquid magma a. True b. False ANSWER: False 54. Earth’s layers formed due to density differences in materials. Less dense material sank, while more dense material rose to the surface a. True b. False ANSWER: False 55. Oceans cover about 71 percent of Earth a. True b. False ANSWER: True 56. Systems are driven by the flow of matter and energy a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning Powered by Cognero Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - Earth Systems 57. Earth's atmosphere is thickest at the surface and rapidly thins with altitude a. True b. False ANSWER: True 58. Humans are presently living through the largest documented extinction event since the age of the dinosaurs a. True b. False ANSWER: True 59. Studies of Earth history reveal that catastrophic events rarely occur a. True b. False ANSWER: False 60. A threshold effect begins with a rapid and dramatic change in response to an event, and then after a threshold is crossed, additional small perturbation causes further little or no effects a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning Powered by Cognero Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page 10 ... at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix. .. at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix. .. at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix Page Test Bank for EARTH2 2nd Edition by Hendrix Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-EARTH2-2nd-Edition-by-Hendrix