Test bank for discovering the scientist within research methods in psychology 1st edition by lewandowski

Name: Date: _ Use the following to answer questions 1-6: Scenario I Scenario I is presents fabricated data inspired by the following study: Witte, V., Kerti, L., Marguelies, D S & Floel, A (2014) Effects of resveratrol on memory performance, hippocampal function connectivity, and glucose metabolism in healthy older adults The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(23), 7862–7870 Red Wine and Chocolate Improve Memory Studies from animal models suggest resveratrol, a compound found in things like chocolate and red wine, improves cognitive function In 2014, Witte and colleagues examined whether this was also true for humans To that end, they conducted a study to assess memory in 46 older adults before and after a 13-week treatment that involved taking a pill daily that contained either 200 mg of resveratrol (experimental group) or an inactive ingredient (control group) Before performing a t-test to determine whether memory differed between the two groups, descriptive statistics were conducted The researchers examined each participant's score relative to the mean score of their group They identified one participant in the experimental group whose memory performance was four standard deviations above the mean and decided to remove his score from the inferential analysis The t-test revealed that memory recall and recognition was statistically greater in those who had received resveratrol than in those who received the placebo These results suggest that red wine and chocolate may improve memory (Scenario I) Dawn was recently arrested for public intoxication and was ordered by the judge to research alcohol abuse During her research she stumbled upon an article in her local newspaper based on the study described in Scenario I She presents the information to her lawyer who uses it as evidence for the importance of alcohol on physical and mental health and argues that Dawn's public intoxication charges should be dropped Which flaw in thinking is apparent in this situation? A) overconfidence B) confirmation bias C) introspection D) pleasure paradox (Scenario I) This study is best described as: A) applied research B) basic research C) correlational research D) descriptive research (Scenario I) The score removed from the data set prior to analysis is called an: A) anomaly B) irregularity C) outlier D) abnormality (Scenario I) You notice that the research study described in Scenario I was funded by the E & J Gallo Winery, one of the largest wine companies in the United States After learning this, you question the study's: A) -mindedness B) empiricism C) creativity D) objectivity (Scenario I) Although the results of the study described in Scenario I suggest that that drinking red wine is beneficial to cognitive function, you are cautious of beginning to drink heavily because other studies have associated heavy alcohol intake with alcohol dependence, dementia, and cirrhosis of the liver This type of thinking is best described as: A) problem solving B) critical thinking C) analytical skills D) interpretive skills (Scenario I) USA Today is going to run a story based on the study described in Scenario I The following four headlines have been proposed Which you hope they use? A) Wine and Chocolate Improve Brain Health B) Researchers Advocate Alcohol Consumption C) Compound Found in Food Associated with Brain Health D) Researchers Uncover Mechanisms Associated with Memory Formation Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Use the following to answer questions 7-11: Scenario II Scenario II presents fabricated data inspired by the following study: Scheele, D., Striepens, N., Gunturken, O., et al (2012) Oxytocin modulates social distance between males and females The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(46), 16074–16079 Oxytocin and Attraction Study The purpose of this study was to examine whether oxytocin (OXT) affects the way in which single men and committed men respond to an unfamiliar woman To that end, men received either OXT or a placebo via intranasal administration after which they were introduced to a woman The researchers measured the distance men kept from the woman and hypothesized that shorter distances indicated interest in her The results showed that the distance between the men and women differed based on the treatment men received Specifically, committed men who received OXT kept a significantly greater distance from the woman compared with not only committed men who received the placebo, but also single men who received either the placebo or OXT This study suggests that OXT may contribute to monogamy in males (Scenario II) This study is best described as: A) applied research B) basic research C) correlational research D) descriptive research (Scenario II) The researcher who administered the intranasal spray to participants in Scenario II did not know whether the spray contained OXT This procedure was probably implemented in order to enhance: A) open-mindedness B) objectivity C) empiricism D) communication (Scenario II) After learning of the study described in Scenario II, an herbal remedy company developed a product called the Love Drug In their marketing campaign for this product they said it contains an ingredient that has been clinically proven to enhance monogamy in adults This is a classic example of how consumers are bombarded by _ on a daily basis A) nonempirical research B) overconfidence C) pseudoscience D) hindsight bias 10 (Scenario II) Knowing that the divorce rate is at an all-time high, Scheele and colleagues (2012) teamed up with a clinical psychologist to determine whether intranasal administration of OXT may be an effective means to prevent divorce Of the following career skills, which best characterizes what the researchers did? A) project management B) problem solving C) critical thinking D) analytical skills 11 (Scenario II) Alissa just found out her boyfriend, Jake, cheated on her After her friend suggested Jake may be deficient in oxytocin, Alissa replied “It doesn't matter Even if he took oxytocin he'd still probably cheat on me.” Alissa's perception of the relationship between oxytocin and monogamy reflect which natural flaw in thinking: A) belief perseverance B) what you see is all there is C) focusing effect D) hindsight bias Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Use the following to answer questions 12-14: Scenario III Scenario III is presents fabricated data inspired by the following study: Sikorski, A.M., Hebert, N & Swain, R.A (2008) Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) inhibits new vessel growth in the mammalian brain Brain Research, 1213, 35-40 Exercise and Angiogenesis Sikorski, Hebert, and Swain (2008) examined whether physical activity led to vascular changes in the cerebellum of rats To that end, animals were randomly assigned to an exercise condition or to an inactive control condition Animals that exercised had free access to a running wheel attached to their home cage Animals in the inactive condition were housed in a cage of a similar size, but they had no access to physical activity beyond the confines of the cage To examine vascular changes the researchers removed the brains of animals after 30 days in their respective condition The cerebellums were then sliced and stained to visualize the lumen of the blood vessels Stereology was used to quantify vasculature The results showed that animals permitted to voluntarily exercise had a significantly greater blood vessel density than their inactive counterparts This suggests that exercise has a direct effect on the structure of the brain These morphological changes may underlie a variety of exercise-mediated cognitive enhancements 12 (Scenario III) Even after reading the paper described in Scenario III, Jeffrey still has serious questions about whether exercise does, in fact, alter brain vasculature He therefore decides to conduct the study himself to see if he obtains similar results Jeffrey is conducting a: A) reenactment B) replication C) recreation D) remediation 13 (Scenario III) After hearing about this study Kevin takes up swimming in hopes it will improve his memory Kevin appears to have used _ to come up with the idea to swim A) a heuristic B) introspection C) applied research D) a bias 14 (Scenario III) Jenny cites four reasons why she believes exercise promotes cognitive function Which of the following reasons is NOT anecdotal? A) Since she began exercising, Jenny's GPA has improved significantly B) An article in Psychology Today described that actress Mayim Bialik, who earned her Ph.D in Neuroscience from UCLA, runs five miles each day C) A recent paper in Cognitive Psychology reported that the mean IQ of 10th graders from schools that include daily physical activity in its curriculum is greater than the IQ of 10th graders whose curriculum does not include PE D) A local elementary school board refused to eliminate physical education from its curriculum on grounds it would affect the academic performance of their students 15 Raquel is interested in determining whether astrological signs are predictive of personality To investigate this, she examines her own behaviors, find that they match the predictions in her astrology book, and concludes that everyone's sign does indeed predict how they will behave Believing that everyone thinks and behaves like her is an error that stems from Raquel's use of the: A) “what you see is what there is” phenomenon B) pleasure paradox C) better-than-average effect D) hindsight bias 16 The representativeness heuristic is a strategy for: A) judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily one can think of similar instances B) deciding the likelihood of an event by how much it resembles a “typical” example of that event C) overestimating one's skills and abilities as compared with others D) searching for evidence that supports preexisting beliefs 17 The better-than-average effect occurs when an individual: A) judges the likelihood of an event based on how easily he/she can think of similar instances B) evaluates an event by comparing it to a “typical” example C) overestimates his/her own skills and abilities as compared to others D) searches for evidence that supports preexisting beliefs 18 _ is the tendency to be exceedingly assured of the correctness of one's own judgments A) Hindsight bias B) Confirmation bias C) The outlier effect D) The overconfidence phenomenon Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 19 When Jonathan ran for class president, it never occurred to him that he could lose This tendency is known as: A) hindsight bias B) the representativeness heuristic C) the availability heuristic D) the overconfidence phenomenon 20 Which of the following is known as the “I knew it all along” phenomenon? A) the availability heuristic B) hindsight bias C) the overconfidence effect D) the representativeness heuristic 21 Confirmation bias is the tendency to: A) judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily one can think of similar instances B) only look for evidence that confirms what they already believe to be true C) overestimate one's skills and abilities as compared with others D) see the event as having been predictable 22 The focusing effect is: A) when some information is emphasized while other information is undervalued B) a failure to see the limitations of one's own immediate experience C) the tendency to prioritize information that is most readily available in our memory D) the tendency to overestimate one's skills and abilities 23 _ is the process of reflecting on one's own thoughts and experiences to find relevant evidence that can be used to evaluate claims about ourselves and the world A) The focusing effect B) Hindsight bias C) Introspection D) Belief perseverance 24 Katie is a psychologist interested in examining the pleasure paradox In order to induce the pleasure paradox, she should ask participants to: A) list a few reasons why they dislike something B) list a lot of reasons why they dislike something C) list a few reasons why they like something D) list a lot of reasons why they like something 25 Belief perseverance is the tendency to: A) judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily one can think of similar instances B) maintain a belief despite encountering contradictory factual information C) overestimate one's skills and abilities as compared to others D) search for evidence that supports preexisting beliefs 26 Which of the following states that extreme outcomes are more likely when considering fewer cases? A) the law of large numbers B) Weber's law C) the law of small numbers D) the law of effect 27 Jeremiah is a door-to-door salesman He has been keeping a record of his sales for the past few months He is not surprised when his data revealed an outlier during the month of _, given the inclement weather around that time A) November (total sales = 22) B) December (total sales = 23) C) January (total sales = 7) D) February (total sales = 19) 28 The scientific method is a(n): A) systematic approach for addressing questions of interest B) heuristic-based approach for studying human phenomena C) mental shortcut for judging the likelihood of an event occurring based on how easy it comes to mind D) outdated approach to studying nature that is rarely used in the twenty-first century 29 Data are to science as: A) anecdotes are to pseudoscience B) opinions are to empirical research C) systematic observations are to pseudoscience D) nonsystematic observations are to basic research Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 30 Craig is looking at an online dating website and discovers the profile of someone who seems perfect for him In fact, she appears almost too good to be true Which of the following qualities of a good scientist may help him to avoid potential disappointment upon meeting her? A) humility B) open-mindedness C) skepticism D) creativity 31 April is studying lucid dreaming, specifically examining whether people can control their dreams while remaining asleep Adam is examining whether lucid dreaming can be utilized to solve previously unsolvable problems, like preventing cancer April is conducting _ research, whereas Adam is conducting _ research A) pseudoscientific; scientific B) scientific; pseudoscientific C) applied; basic D) basic; applied 32 Leonardo claims to have graduated at the top of his class from a very prestigious state university Before the admissions officer approves his application for law school, she requests to see his transcript In this case, the admissions officer is demonstrating: A) objectivity B) open-mindedness C) creativity D) communication skills 33 _ is research dedicated to expanding the existing knowledge on a topic A) Applied research B) Basic research C) Pseudoscience D) Introspection 34 Your research program yields a significant finding about the ability of a new medication to successfully treat Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) The ability of others to build upon your work to make future advances depends on your: A) problem solving skills B) project management skills C) communication skills D) critical thinking skills 35 Which of the following classes relies the heaviest on using the scientific method to answer questions? A) biopsychology B) abnormal psychology C) developmental psychology D) research methods 36 A major goal of this research methods book is for students to learn how to: A) think differently B) feel differently C) behave differently D) assume differently 37 Using appropriate research methods to examine how people think, feel, and behave is important because: A) it decrease the likelihood that we draw empirically sound conclusions B) it decreases the likelihood that we make poor decisions C) biases in how we think make the study of psychology more like real life D) it makes us more likely to use the availability heuristic 38 Each of the following is a processing error that leads to natural flaws in the way people think, EXCEPT: A) the representativeness heuristic B) the confirmation bias C) the better-than-average effect D) replication 39 Generally speaking, human thinking is _ flawed A) not B) a little C) very D) all Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 40 The availability heuristic is responsible for people's tendency to overestimate memorable occurrences like each of the following, EXCEPT: A) plane crashes B) car accidents C) shark attacks D) earthquakes 41 According to the representativeness heuristic, which of the following are you most likely to think of as an Olympic athlete? A) a curvaceous woman in her mid-30s B) a physically fit man in his early 20s C) an elderly woman who wears her hair in a bun D) a middle-aged man who is overweight 42 Which of the following is an example of the better-than-average effect? A) Most people think they drive better than other people B) People often seek to confirm their current opinions C) Individuals maintain beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence D) People often prioritize some information while undervaluing other information in a given situation 43 Penny is a smoker Although she has heard of the data linking smoking to lung cancer and emphysema, she does not feel concerned Penny's belief that she will not get sick is an example of: A) the availability heuristic B) the representativeness heuristic C) the overconfidence phenomenon D) hindsight bias 44 Jerico attended the Kentucky Derby but decided not to bet on any of the horses When American Pharoah won, he said to his friends, “I should have put money on that horse, because I knew he was going to win!” Jerico's behavior is an example of: A) the availability heuristic B) the representativeness heuristic C) hindsight bias D) the overconfidence phenomenon 45 In psychology, how researchers avoid making mistakes? A) They trust their gut instinct, but only when it is strong B) They use deliberate and conscientious approaches C) They base findings off the anecdotal evidence of respected others D) They use their personal experience as evidence 46 _ is a strategy for judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily one can think of similar instances A) Covariation B) Confirmation bias C) Availability heuristic D) Representativeness heuristic 47 Fiona wants to study motivation for achievement by asking her friends to reflect on their own drives for success In this example, Fiona is using which research technique? A) introspection B) experiment C) pseudoscience D) the scientific method 48 All of the following are characteristics of a good scientist, EXCEPT: A) skepticism B) open-mindedness C) subjectivity D) creativity 49 _ is gaining knowledge with the use of systematic observation, experience, or measurement A) Empirical research B) Pseudoscience C) Nonempirical research D) Introspection 50 The primary avenue by which psychologists share their findings with the larger research community is through: A) word of mouth B) journal articles C) websites D) infomercials Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 51 Applied research: A) is dedicated to solving a problem and helping people improve their quality of life B) uses minimal design to explore a phenomenon C) is dedicated to expanding the existing knowledge on a topic D) incorporates sophisticated research methodology and design to investigate a topic 52 The _ you believe pseudoscience claims, the _ likely you are to make well-informed decisions A) more; more B) more; less C) less; more D) less; less 53 Which of the following is a career skill that studying research methods instills in students? A) emotional intelligence B) interpersonal acuity C) artistic ability D) critical thinking skills 54 Psychology majors gain _, which is the highly sought-after ability to plan, manage, organize, and follow-through on a task by paying attention to the nuances and details A) critical thinking skills B) analytical ability C) communication skills D) project management skills 55 Compare and contrast the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic 56 List and describe three characteristics of a good scientist 57 Tavris and Aronson (2007) believe that “science is a form of arrogance control.” Use what you learned in this chapter to provide support for their claim 58 In talking with her friends, Fabiana realizes that many college-aged students still believe in the existence of Santa Claus Although few think he is a rosy-cheeked, bearded character who goes down chimneys, many believe that he exists in spirit, instilling a sense of “Christmas cheer” and goodwill during the holiday season Use you understanding of belief perseverance to explain why adults may still believe in Santa Claus 59 Mark wonders whether he should pursue a degree in psychology Help him see the merit in this major by describing three career skills that he will acquire by studying research methods and the discipline of psychology 60 Joaquin refuses to go into the ocean during his family's summer vacation because he has seen a number of recent news stories about shark attacks along the eastern seaboard Use your understanding of the availability heuristic to explain Joaquin's fear of sharks 61 Dr Turpin is a social psychologist who teaches classes on the psychology of relationships As part of a class discussion, he states that nearly half of all marriages end in divorce He then asks his students whether they think that they will someday get divorced Knowing what you about the better-than-average effect, roughly what percentage of students you expect will say that they will get divorced? 62 What is the hindsight bias and when has it occurred in your own life? 63 Ashlyn was asked by her research advisor to conduct a literature review of personality psychology articles that speak to their hypothesis that having siblings is associated with higher levels of conscientiousness Knowing what you about the confirmation bias, what types of articles is Ashlyn likely to bring to her advisor? 64 Use your knowledge of the focusing effect to explain why people are often surprised to hear that winning the lottery can ruin people's lives 65 How is hindsight bias different from confirmation bias? 66 Carl refuses to believe that he is a bad driver even after experiencing a number of accidents and receiving several speeding tickets Explain how his perception of his own driving abilities is the result of belief perseverance 67 Define an outlier and give an example from your own experience Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 68 Explain why good researchers should be open-minded 69 How is introspection different from empirical research? 70 Give an example of basic research and discuss how it is different from applied research 71 Margot recently saw an infomercial for a cleaning product that promises to remove all set-in stains from garments Discuss how an understanding of psychological research provides Margot with the skills necessary to defend against potentially overzealous claims and make her a more critical consumer 72 Individuals who study research methods gain a number of important career skills Please use your understanding of these skills to argue for which one you think is the most valuable 73 What is the law of small numbers? 74 Why is replication a useful tool within the field of psychology? 75 In what way does a research methods course differ from other psychology courses, like developmental psychology and biopsychology? A) Research methods courses focus on concepts and content B) Research methods courses emphasize the use of the scientific method to answer questions C) MemorizingTest is more important in research methods courses than in other courses Methods in Psychology 1st Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research D) Only biopsychology courses emphasize the use of the scientific method to answer questions Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 76 How is this research methods book a lot like the Apple Corporation? A) they share the goal of thinking differently B) both ask individuals to prioritize similarity C) neither value unique insight D) both caution against creativity 77 Research methods courses focus on: A) know-what B) know-why C) know-how D) know-who 78 _ is the term that describes an individual's tendency to accept an explanation simply because it feels right A) Pleasure paradox B) Outlier C) Introspection D) Truthiness 79 A friend tells you that shaving more frequently causes hair to grow back darker and coarser than before You think this sounds correct, so you vow to only shave once a week In this case, you have fallen victim to a phenomenon known as: A) truthiness B) better-than-average effect C) confirmation bias D) introspection 80 Psychological science is based on: A) gut feelings B) intuition C) introspection D) empirical research 81 Gut feelings are to _ as empirical research is to _ A) truthiness; science B) science; truthiness C) bias; error D) science; bias 82 The availability heuristic is a strategy for: A) judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily one can think of similar instances B) deciding the likelihood of an event by how much it resembles a “typical” example of that event C) estimating one's skills and abilities as compared with others D) searching for evidence that supports preexisting beliefs Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Edition by Lew 83 Josh lives in Wilmington, NC, and has recently learned that there was a hurricane warning issued for his location In deciding whether to evacuate or remain at his house he remembered pictures from Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy of individuals clinging to their rooftops waiting for air lifts to safety He quickly decides to evacuate His choice was the result of the: A) representativeness heuristic B) better-than-average effect C) availability heuristic D) confirmation bias 84 People often overestimate the likelihood of death by shark attack, plane crash, and violence, because news programs emphasize these extreme occurrences to drive up ratings Your tendency to readily recall such instances even though they are objectively rare is the result of the: A) representativeness heuristic B) better-than-average effect C) confirmation bias D) availability heuristic 85 Imagine that you are a fundraiser for the Susan G Koman cancer foundation When planning for an upcoming speech you remember the availability heuristic and decide to devote the majority of time to a _ rather than _ A) moving testimonial from a cancer survivor; charts and statistics about cancer risks factors B) moving testimonial from a cancer survivor; pictures of cancer survivors C) charts and statistics about cancer risks factors; pictures of cancer survivors D) charts and statistics about cancer risks factors; moving testimonial from a cancer survivor Test are Bank Discovering thedonating Scientist Research Methods in Psychology 86 You know that people oftenfor more generous when to a Within cause after seeing a moving photograph than hearing1st impersonal statistics In this case, research on the _ confirms that a picture is worth a thousand words A) representativeness Fullheuristic file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ B) availability heuristic C) better-than-average effect D) hindsight bias 87 Deciding the likelihood of an event based on how much it resembles the “typical” example of that event is known as the _ heuristic A) representativeness B) availability C) better-than-average D) outlier 88 According to the representativeness heuristic, which of the following are you most likely to think of as a librarian? A) a beautiful woman in her early twenties B) an athletically toned man in his teens C) an elderly woman who wears her hair in a bun D) a middle-aged man who is poorly shaven with tattered clothes 89 Juries may be more lenient when determining the innocence or guilt of individuals who appear attractive, sharply dressed, and well-mannered, because of the: A) better-than-average effect B) confirmation bias C) representativeness heuristic D) availability heuristic 90 The _ heuristic relies on how readily instances come to mind, whereas the _ heuristic relies on how typical that instance is A) availability; confirmation B) availability; representativeness C) representativeness; availability D) representativeness; confirmation 91 _ is to typical as _ is to memorable A) Availability; confirmation B) Availability; representativeness C) Representativeness; availability D) Representativeness; confirmation 92 The _ is the tendency to overestimate skills, abilities, and performance when comparing oneself with others A) better-than-average effect B) confirmation bias C) representativeness heuristic D) availability heuristic Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Edition by Lew 93 Which of the following is NOT an example of the better-than-average effect? A) Most people think they drive better than others B) Most people think they are smarter than others C) Most people think they are funnier than others D) Most people think they are angrier than others 94 First-born children may think they are braver than their siblings, whereas middle children may think they are more patient than their siblings, and youngest children may think they are more creative than their siblings Each of these beliefs demonstrates a natural tendency for individuals to endorse the: A) confirmation bias B) better-than-average effect C) hindsight bias D) overconfidence effect 95 Going into the first exam, a professor asks his students how well they think they will In line with the better-than-average effect, what percentage of the class likely anticipates performing better than the class average? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% 96 Dr Pelham cautions her students against merely reviewing their notes when studying for an exam She has found that when students only look over their written notes they experience _, which can lead them to underprepare and underperform A) confirmation bias Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition B) hindsight bias C) overconfidence D) belief perseverance Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 97 Overconfidence is: A) a sense that one “knew it all along.” B) a tendency to be overly assured of the correctness of one's own judgments C) the tendency to seek out information that supports your current beliefs D) a strategy for deciding the likelihood of an event based on how much it resembles a “typical” example of that event 98 _ is most likely responsible for endorsement of the better-than-average effect A) The availability heuristic B) The representativeness heuristic C) The overconfidence phenomenon D) Hindsight bias 99 After returning home from a blind date, Kelly's friend asks her how it went She says that the date was a bust Kelly's continued belief that she is a successful dater, despite the evidence of this unsuccessful date is an example of: A) the overconfidence phenomenon B) the representativeness heuristic C) the availability heuristic D) hindsight bias 100 Professor Grey found that nearly 15% of her students turned in their project after its due date Although this could be the result of procrastination, Professor Grey knows that the tardiness may also be the result of her students underestimating how long it will take them to complete the project By thinking they can more in the time allotted than they actually can, her students are demonstrating the: A) overconfidence phenomenon B) representativeness heuristic C) availability heuristic D) hindsight bias 101 The false-consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate the degree to which others agree with your beliefs and opinions Based on your understanding of processing biases, you know that this is most likely the result of: A) hindsight bias B) the representativeness heuristic C) confirmation bias D) the overconfidence phenomenon 102 Which of the following is correct regarding people's confidence and accuracy? A) People are often more confident than they are accurate B) People are often less confident than they are accurate C) People tend to be equally confident and accurate D) People tend to be neither confident nor accurate Page 10 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ by Lew 103 Hindsight bias is: A) the tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of judgments B) the tendency, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable C) a cognitive bias where some evidence is overvalued, but other evidence is undervalued D) the assumption that immediate experience provides all the information needed to make a conclusion 104 Galileo once said, “All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them.” This is best representative of the: A) “what you see is all there is” phenomenon B) representativeness heuristic C) hindsight bias D) confirmation bias 105 _ is a bias in which people only look for evidence that agrees with what they already believe to be true A) Confirmation bias B) Hindsight bias C) “What you see is all there is” bias D) Belief perseverance 106 The first information that people receive is often more influential than information presented later One reason that early information is so effective is that it shapes information received later through the process of: A) confirmation bias B) hindsight bias C) the “what you see is all there is” bias Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st D) belief perseverance Edition by Lew Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 107 Which of the following is the reason that good leaders often employ someone to play the role of devil's advocate before making an important decision? A) confirmation bias B) hindsight bias C) “what you see is all there is” bias D) belief perseverance 108 People who are victims of the confirmation bias are like detectives who are focused on looking for _ information A) supporting B) contradicting C) all available D) the most salient 109 Jamal believes that he will well on his upcoming chemistry exam Without being aware of it, he selectively studies and reviews only information that he is familiar with and already knows In this case, the _ may be doing Jamal a disservice, as it keeps him from adequately studying for the exam A) confirmation bias B) hindsight bias C) better-than-average effect D) representativeness heuristic 110 _ is a bias in which people emphasize some pieces of information while undervaluing other pieces of information A) Overconfidence phenomenon B) Confirmation bias C) The focusing effect D) Bester-than-average effect 111 When parents emphasize their children's good attributes, while selectively minimizing their negative attributes, they are displaying the _ effect A) focusing B) overconfidence C) introspection D) confirmation 112 Introspection is: A) reflecting on a another person's thoughts and experiences to find relevant evidence B) reflecting on one's own thoughts and experiences to find relevant evidence C) systematic experimentation on your own thoughts and experiences D) systematic experimentation on the thoughts and experiences of others Page 11 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 113 A famous psychologist who was known for his use of introspection to unravel the mysteries of the unconscious mind was: A) Darwin B) Milgram C) Piaget D) Freud 114 Introspection is to _ as observational data is to _ A) self; self B) self; other C) other; self D) other; other 115 The “what you see is all there is” phenomenon is: A) the tendency to look for evidence that confirms what we already believe B) a sense that one “knew it all along.” C) the tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of one's judgments D) a failure to see the limitations of one's immediate experience 116 The “what you see is all there is” phenomenon leads people to: A) underestimate alternative explanations and outcomes B) overestimate alternative explanations and outcomes C) ignore the status quo D) engage in accuracy checking of beliefs Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition by Lew 117 Which of the following is most similar to the confirmation bias? A) hindsight bias Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ B) better-than-average effect C) “what you see is all there is” phenomenon D) representativeness heuristic 118 The pleasure paradox is: A) when introspection about a positive experience results in it becoming less enjoyable B) when introspection about a positive experience results in it becoming more enjoyable C) when introspection about a negative experience results in it becoming less enjoyable D) when introspection about a negative experience results in it becoming more enjoyable 119 _ relating to an activity that you love can lead you to like it _ A) Introspection; more B) Introspection; less C) Experimentation; more D) Experimentation; less 120 Introspection about which of the following things is likely to result in the pleasure paradox? A) getting a root canal B) receiving a speeding ticket C) winning the lottery D) failing an exam 121 _ is the tendency to maintain a belief despite encountering contradictory factual information, often by interpreting information in a way that does not invalidate the original belief A) The availability heuristic B) Overconfidence C) Hindsight bias D) Belief perseverance 122 Veronica continues to attribute sounds in her house to ghosts although she knows they are not real This is an example of: A) hindsight bias B) better-than-average effect C) belief perseverance D) pleasure paradox 123 Bobby is a loyal North Carolina Tar Heels basketball fan, even when they suffer setbacks and defeats After a string of losses, he still claims that they are the best team in the nation Bobby's loyalty demonstrates: A) belief perseverance B) the “what you see is all there is” phenomenon C) illusory correlation D) planning fallacy Page 12 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 124 Humans have a tendency to _ anecdotes and personal experience A) undervalue B) overvalue C) ignore D) discount 125 The tendency to value anecdotes and personal experience is believed to stem from a(n): A) inclination for quick and simple explanations B) need for thoughtful consideration C) drive to evaluate the world based on others' opinions D) need for empirically verified data 126 The law of small numbers states: A) extreme outcomes are more likely when considering a small number of cases B) as a sample grows, its average will get closer to the average of the entire population C) extreme outcomes are less likely when considering a small number of cases D) as a sample grows, its average will get farther away from the average of the population 127 According to the _, the there is a tendency for more extreme outcomes to occur when considering a small sample as compared to a large sample A) law of large numbers B) law of small numbers C) law of even numbers D) law of odd numbers Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition by Lew 128 A case that is the exception thehttps://TestbankDirect.eu/ rule would be known as the: Full filetoat A) average B) mean C) outlier D) norm 129 Which of the following is an example of an outlier? A) a person who doesn't study and gets poor grades B) a person who eats healthfully and is average weight C) a person who drives the speed limit and has never been in a wreck D) a person who smokes daily and lives to be 100 130 Mrs Pensky gives a test and the class average is a 78 Identify the grade that is the outlier A) 83 B) 75 C) 68 D) 32 131 An outlier is: A) a case that is distinct from the majority of other cases B) a case that is similar to the majority of other cases C) an example of the representativeness heuristic D) an example of the availability heuristic 132 People are more likely to generate “yeah, but” examples for research claims that _ their personal experience A) support B) contradict C) are in line with D) are unrelated to 133 The Moneyball approach to baseball represents a strategy in which team scouts rely on: A) emotions B) anecdotes C) statistics D) gut feelings 134 _ is a systematic approach for addressing questions of interest A) The scientific method B) The law of small numbers C) The focusing effect D) Introspection Page 13 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 135 Which of the following is a characteristic of a good scientist? A) uncertainty B) close-mindedness C) subjectivity D) empiricism 136 What is skepticism? A) the willingness to ask questions B) the ability to consider novel ways to approach questions C) the tendency to accept claims at face value D) the inability to accept uncertainty 137 _ makes us a more critical consumers of information in our own lives A) Creativity B) Open-mindedness C) Skepticism D) Communication 138 A good scientist balances their skepticism with a healthy dose of: A) creativity B) open-mindedness C) objectivity D) empiricism Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition by Lew 139 A researcher who advanced the understanding of sexual behaviors by embracing open-mindedness was: A) Piaget Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ B) Maslow C) Skinner D) Kinsey 140 _ may be more difficult for a psychologist than for a physicist, because psychologists study phenomena about which people often hold preconceived notions, opinions, and beliefs A) Creativity B) Objectivity C) Empiricism D) Communication 141 Which of the following means a willingness to test ideas using the scientific method to draw conclusions? A) open-mindedness B) skepticism C) empiricism D) creativity 142 _ means to base claims on scientific data rather than on personal beliefs or opinions, even on topics which with one has extensive familiarity or experience A) Creativity B) Open-mindedness C) Empiricism D) Objectivity 143 Which of the following would be a creative approach to measuring aggression? A) using a self-report measure of participants' average level of felt aggression B) using informant reports of participants' aggression on a daily basis C) videotaping participants as they discussed a recent aggressive encounter D) allowing participants to use air horns to blast sound at confederates believed to have given them negative feedback 144 With regard to characteristics of a good scientist, _ is the ability to share findings in writing or presentation in an effort to extend the collective of knowledge and serve the common good, whereas _ is the ability to “think outside the box” and design novel approaches to answer scientific questions A) creativity; skepticism B) objectivity; open-mindedness C) empiricism; communication D) communication; creativity Page 14 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 145 Ariana is trying to decide whether to have her newborn vaccinated A few of her friends think that vaccinations are linked to an increased risk for autism Instead of accepting their opinions as fact, she conducts a literature search and examines relevant empirical findings Ariana is demonstrating which characteristic of a good scientist? A) humility B) open-mindedness C) objectivity D) creativity 146 Marigold is told by her mother that her intellectual abilities are the result of a “baby genius” program that her mother enrolled her in when she was an infant Now that Marigold has taken developmental psychology, she is filled with questions about how much an infant can truly learn at such a young age and whether such programs lead to any intellectual advances What characteristic of a good scientist is Marigold demonstrating? A) skepticism B) open-mindedness C) humility D) creativity 147 Keeping researchers and participants “blinded” to (or unaware of) the research hypotheses under investigation helps to maintain: A) open-mindedness B) creativity C) objectivity D) skepticism Test 148 Empirical research is: Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st A) using one's own thoughts as evidence for the nature of psychological phenomena B) the presentation of information that is intended to look as though it is based on scientific observation when it is not Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ C) gaining knowledge with the use of nonsystematic methods D) gaining knowledge with the use of systematic observation, experience, and measurement 149 Nonempirical research is to empirical research as: A) guess is to test B) test is to guess C) proof is to intuition D) intuition is to guess 150 _ is gaining knowledge with the use of nonsystematic methods such as the examination of personal experiences and opinions A) Empirical research B) Pseudoscience C) Nonempirical research D) Experimentation 151 The difference between nonempirical and empirical research is: A) nonempirical research is conducted by a trained professional, whereas empirical research is conducted by a novice B) nonempirical research is based on systematic measurement, whereas empirical research is based on opinion C) nonempirical research is based on opinion, whereas empirical research is based on systematic measurement D) nonempirical research is systematic measurement conducted by a novice, whereas empirical research is based on systematic measurement conducted by a trained professional 152 Which of the following is an example of replication? A) recreating another person's study to see if the findings are the same B) using one's thoughts as evidence for the nature of psychological phenomena C) designing research to be used in real world situations D) gaining knowledge from non-systematic methods of investigation 153 Replication within the research community leads to: A) competition B) animosity C) doubt D) confidence 154 Psychologists replicate previous findings for each of the following reasons, EXCEPT: A) it helps to overcome errors and flaws B) it propels the scientific community closer to the truth C) it extends previous findings in informative ways D) it cultivates a healthy distrust for others efforts Page 15 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Edition by Lew 155 Olivia completed a social psychology study examining the impact of Halloween costumes on subsequent behavior Her results showed that participants wearing “good” costumes (like angels, nurses, and police) were better behaved than participants wearing “bad” costumes (prisoners, witches, and scary ghosts) Before she attempts to publish this work, she wants to conduct a follow-up study to further understand the cause of this differential behavior Olivia is engaging in: A) creativity B) introspection C) replication D) open-mindedness 156 Basic research is research: A) focused on solving a problem B) designed to help people by improving their quality of life C) that uses minimal design or materials to explore a phenomenon D) dedicated to expanding the existing knowledge on a topic 157 _ is dedicated to solving a problem and helping people improve their quality of life A) Applied research B) Introspection C) Pseudoscience D) Basic research 158 The difference between basic and applied research is that: A) one is more scientific than the other B) one is more difficult to conduct than the other Test Bank Discovering the Scientist Within C) they have different goals for and objectives D) they have competing foci that make them independent of each other Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition by Lew Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 159 Generally speaking, _ research serves as the foundation for _ research A) basic; applied B) basic; empirical C) applied; empirical D) applied; basic 160 Claims that are misrepresented as being derived from the use of the scientific method, even though they are not are known as: A) empirical research B) basic research C) applied research D) pseudoscience 161 How does pseudoscience differ from empirical research? A) Pseudoscience fails to employ the scientific method B) Empirical science fails to employ the scientific method C) Pseudoscience utilizes only nonexperimental studies, and empirical research is based on experimental studies D) Pseudoscience draws conclusions that expand our understanding, whereas empirical research aims to improve the quality of life 162 Claims by tobacco companies that cigarettes are not harmful and that nicotine is not addictive demonstrate: A) introspection B) pseudoscience C) basic science D) applied science 163 Which of the following sounds the LEAST like a pseudoscience claim? A) diet pills that promise drastic weight loss with minimal exercise B) cleaning products that claim to remove permanent stains C) expensive wrinkle creams that guarantee to remove all signs of aging D) test preparation classes that boast modest improvement through weeks of guided practice 164 The _ skeptical one is, the _ likely they are to believe pseudoscience claims A) less; less B) less; more C) more; less D) more; more 165 Each of the following is a career skill instilled by an understanding of psychological research methods, EXCEPT: A) project management B) communication skills C) critical thinking D) emotional intelligence Page 16 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 166 Which career skill pertains to an individual's ability to share their research findings? A) critical thinking skills B) analytical ability C) communication skills D) time-management proficiency 167 Lola has become so proficient at making sense of her coded data, it's almost as if she has learned a new language Lola's newfound ability attests to her: A) critical thinking skills B) ability to interpret numerical information C) problem-solving skills D) time-management proficiency 168 Nelson is applying for a job within the health services field Although he may not draw directly from the psychological content he learned during college, he knows that his ability to quickly and efficiently identify potential issues, develop and evaluate alternative options, and implement solutions will be invaluable When Nelson refers to these abilities during his interview, he is discussing his: A) critical thinking skills B) analytical ability C) problem-solving skills D) time-management proficiency 169 Rashida is particularly adept at the ability to identify, define, and effectively implement solutions to potential problems Cameron is skilled at the ability to actively evaluate, analyze, and synthesize information Given this, which of the following Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition is true? A) Rashida has problem-solving skills; Cameron has analytical skills B) Rashida has critical thinking skills; Cameron has project-management skills Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ C) Rashida has analytical skills; Cameron has problem-solving skills D) Rashida has problem-solving skills; Cameron has critical thinking skills 170 Hugh Hefner, Mark Zuckerberg, and Natalie Portman all majored in _, attesting to the versatility of skills acquired through study of this subject area A) human relations B) biology C) psychology D) sociology 171 Of the following industries, which has the largest number of full-time employees with a psychology major? A) financial services B) public administration C) education D) health services 172 Harlow recently took a job at a large financial institution where her primary responsibilities involve assessing the performance of stocks/bonds and guiding individuals in making investment decisions Which of the following skills you think will be LEAST helpful in her job? A) communication skills B) analytical skills C) project-management skills D) critical thinking skills 173 What is an infographic? A) a graphical depiction of qualitative data B) a graphical depiction of statistical data C) the process of using one's own thoughts as evidence for the nature of psychological phenomena D) research designed to be used in real world situations 174 Use your understanding of the discipline to distinguish which of the following is both a characteristic of a good scientist, as well as a career skill individuals acquire from studying psychology? A) communication B) skepticism C) problem solving D) critical thinking Page 17 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ by Lew Answer Key 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 B A C D B C B B C B A B A C A B C D D B B A C D B Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition C C Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ A A C D A B C D A B D C B B A C C B C A C A B A C D D Both the availability and representativeness heuristics represent biases in human thinking These mental shortcuts are used when processing information and making decisions By employing heuristics, people save time and energy and they free up cognitive resources for other tasks However, both the availability and representativeness heuristics lead to processing errors The availability heuristic is the tendency to assume that events that are easiest to recall occur most frequently For instance, those things that make the biggest impact on one's memory are likely to be given disproportional weight People may assume that plane crashes are more frequent than car crashes, because examples of plane crashes are salient in their memory However, this bias obscures the fact that many more people die from car crashes each year The representativeness heuristic is the tendency to judge an outcome by how similar it is to the “typical” example of that event An individual who “looks like a criminal” may be more likely to receive a conviction from a jury, because he/she is representative of that mental category An individual who does not look like a “typical” criminal may be judged less harshly, as jurors have trouble associating that person with the schema they hold for that category 56 Scientists, whether in the field of psychology or in other disciplines, share certain core characteristics These include (but are not limited to): skepticism — the tendency to ask questions about claims in an effort to seek the truth; open-mindedness — a willingness to pursue a deeper understanding about the nature of the world regardless of whether a topic or idea is unpopular or controversial; objectivity — basing claims on scientific data rather than on personal beliefs or opinions, even on topics with which one has extensive familiarity or experience; empiricism — the willingness to test ideas using the scientific method (systematic observation, experience, or measurement) to draw conclusions and admit when personal beliefs are unsupported; creativity — the ability to “think outside the box” and design novel approaches to answer scientific questions; and communication — the ability to share findings in writing or oral presentations with other scientists in an effort to extend the collective of knowledge and serve the common good Page 18 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ by Lew 57 Thinking is fraught with flaws and biases These include (but are not limited to): the availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic, better-than-average effect, overconfidence, hindsight bias, confirmation bias, focusing effect, “what you see is all there is” phenomenon, and belief perseverance Science counters these natural fallacies by requiring empirical evidence collected through systematic observation, experience, and/or measurement in order to make claims By using science as a foundation, people are better able to evaluate claims, avoid biases, and make more objective and well-informed decisions In doing this, however, people are made aware of the flaws, biases, and unscientific nature of their own thinking It is often uncomfortable for people to accept that they are incorrect Accordingly, by using science, our errors are brought to light and our arrogance (about being correct) is controlled 58 Belief perseverance is the tendency to maintain a belief despite encountering contradictory information Beliefs remain intact by interpreting information in a way that does not invalidate the original belief In the case of Santa Claus, this belief is often one associated with important, cherished memories of one's childhood and family Accordingly, it is not one that is easily dismissed, even in the face of evidence that Santa Claus does not exist Rather, people alter their perceptions in a way that maintains the belief in Santa Claus, while incorporating enough of the truth that they remain in touch with socially acceptable perceptions (and some semblance of reality) 59 Psychologists gain a number of skills, including research methods skills that can facilitate future career success These include (but are not limited to): project management skills — the ability to plan, organize, and execute complex tasks; problem solving skills — the ability to identify, define, and effectively implement solutions to potential problems; critical thinking skills — the ability to actively evaluate, analyze, and synthesize information; analytical skills — the ability to summarize and make sense of potential findings; interpretation of numerical information — the ability to draw conclusions from numerical data; and communication skills — the ability to present findings through clear, direct, and succinct writing 60 The availability heuristic is the tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how easily (or quickly) it comes to mind In this case, media depictions of shark attacks have made this objectively rare occurrence salient in Joaquin's memory Media portrayals include: news broadcasts about shark attacks, Shark Week on television, and feature films like Jaws and Sharknado His exposure to these depictions leads him to overestimate the likelihood of encountering a shark during his family's summer vacation 61 The better-than-average effect is the tendency to overestimate skills, abilities, and performance when comparing oneself to others In this case, people will likely assume that the although others Within (approximately 50%) Methods will divorce, will not The Test Bank for Discovering Scientist Research inthey Psychology 1st Edition processing bias will lead them to assume that their marriage will be better than other peoples and that as a result they will not get divorced Accordingly, answer would be that fewer than half of the class will expect to get a divorce Full filea correct at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 62 The hindsight bias is the “I knew it all along” phenomenon It occurs when people think that they could have predicted the occurrence of an event, when in actuality there is no objective reason to believe that they could have People may have experienced this phenomenon after the end of a sporting event, like the Super Bowl or the Kentucky Derby People often believe they could have reliably predicted the outcome 63 Confirmation bias is the tendency for people to seek out information that supports their beliefs and fail to search for information that disconfirms their beliefs In line with the confirmation bias, it is likely that Ashlyn will focus her search on articles that support their hypothesis, as opposed to looking for both supporting and refuting evidence Accordingly, one would anticipate that Ashlyn will bring her advisor an inordinate number of articles showing a relationship between having siblings and being high in conscientiousness 64 The focusing effect is an information processing bias that leads people to emphasize some pieces of information while undervaluing other pieces of information The focusing effect may lead people to focus on the positive outcomes of winning the lottery These include the ability to pay off debt, purchase expensive material items, and have financial security However, the focusing effect may also lead people to undervalue the negative consequences of winning the lottery These may include increased media attention (in negative ways), people asking for money, and having to be more skeptical about people's intentions in order to fend off artists and people with bad intentions 65 Hindsight bias is the tendency for a person to feel as if he/she “knew it all along” after learning the actual outcome Hindsight bias makes people feel as if an event was predictable without there being any objective basis for making such a prediction Confirmation bias, on the other hand, is the tendency for people to seek out information that is in line with their current beliefs and fail to search for information that could disconfirm their beliefs 66 Belief perseverance is the tendency to maintain a belief despite encountering contradictory evidence People often interpret information in ways that not invalidate their original beliefs If Carl thinks of himself as a good driver, he may make certain attributions (causal judgments) for the accidents and tickets that absolve him of responsibility For instance, Carl may believe that the accidents he has been in are the result of other drivers' errors He may also believe that the tickets he has received were unjustified By placing blame for these infractions on others, he is able to maintain his belief that he is a good driver, perhaps with bad luck or poor timing 67 An outlier is a case or instance that is distinct from the majority of other cases It is often the exception to the rule An outlier may be someone you know who is extremely tall or extremely short It may also be someone who is incredibly intelligent (i.e., scores three standard deviations above the mean on a standardized IQ test) An outlier could also be someone who is extremely wealthy or talented in a given domain The critical element is that they are not like everyone else 68 Open-mindedness is described as a willingness to pursue a deeper understanding about the nature of the world, regardless of whether that topic or idea is unpopular or controversial Scientists cannot be afraid to investigate unpopular or taboo topics If they fail to examine a topic just because it is uncomfortable, then people would lack a thorough understanding of the human condition Psychology is the scientific study of how people think, feel, and behave To fully investigate all aspects of how people think, feel, and behave, researchers must be willing to explore questions that may not have “pretty” or “acceptable” answers Only through acquiring this knowledge can we hope to improve our understanding and existence 69 Introspection is reflecting on one's own thoughts and experiences to find relevant evidence Introspection can be a fruitful starting point for identifying research topics However, it has a number of flaws and biases, including the fact that it can be difficult to generalize from one's own experiences Further, thinking about one's own thinking can lead to confusion and the pleasure paradox (when introspection on a positive experience results in it becoming less enjoyable) Finally, introspection can lead to the “what you see is all there is” phenomenon in which people fail the see the limitations of their own experiences, which leads them to underestimate alternative outcomes Empirical research, on the other hand, is based on the systematic observation and/or measurement of phenomena that leads to objective, scientific conclusions Empirical research may often lead to conclusions that contradict personal experience This data driven approach is the cornerstone of science 70 Basic research is dedicated to expanding the existing knowledge on a topic, whereas applied research is dedicated to solving a problem and helping people by improving their quality of life An example of basic research may be an investigator's attempt to further the collective of knowledge on a topic like reactance In such a case, a psychologist may be trying to understand the circumstances under which people show the greatest tendency to respond to restrictive rules and regulations with the motivational tendency to act out (or the opposite of what has been mandated) Applied research may examine reactance with the goal of facilitating better parenting strategies that ultimately lead to happier, healthier adolescents Page 19 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ by Lew 71 The answer to this question should highlight how an understanding of the scientific method and the qualities of a good scientist help people be more critical consumers of information Psychologists are equipped with a number of important skills Of relevance to this question are: skepticism – the tendency to ask questions about claims in an effort seek the truth; objectivity – basing claims on scientific data rather than on personal beliefs or opinions, even on topics with which one has extensive familiarity or experience; and empiricism – the willingness to test ideas using the scientific method to draw conclusions and admit when personal beliefs are unsupported Knowing about the scientific method, as well as the different characteristics of a good scientist, encourages people to harbor a healthy skepticism toward unfounded claims Margot is less likely to fall victim to a hoax or a spurious claim because her research methods class has taught her to think like a scientist 72 Although there is no one correct answer to this question, responses should select one of the six skills listed below and make an argument for why it is most important to their ultimate career success Career skills include: project management skills – the ability to plan, organize, and execute complex tasks; problem solving skills – the ability to identify, define, and effective implement solutions to potential problems; critical thinking skills – the ability to actively evaluate, analyze, and synthesize information; analytical skills – the ability to summarize and make sense of potential findings; interpretation of numerical information – the ability to draw conclusions from numerical data; and communication skills – the ability to present findings through clear, direct, and succinct writing 73 The law of small numbers is the tendency for more extreme outcomes to occur when considering a small number of cases, as compared with a large number of cases Generally, anomalies will fade as the sample size increases This is a logical fallacy that impairs processing and decision making As put forth in the text, people who eat unhealthful foods or smoke cigarettes generally not live to be extremely old However, in looking at a small sample, like your own family, you may find an example of someone who has lived past 100 years despite an unhealthy lifestyle This tendency to see an extreme case among the small sample of your family would be an example of the law of small numbers 74 Replication is the process of recreating a study to see if the findings are the same This process allows for critical evaluation of previous work in the search for a clearer understanding of the phenomenon under investigation By working together psychologists can approach a more accurate understanding of human thought and/or behavior All research has limitations and by further evaluating a hypothesis or research study, potential flaws are limited and additional questions are answered Replication allows for the refining and extending of theories 75 B Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition 76 A 77 C Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 78 D 79 A 80 D 81 A 82 A 83 C 84 D 85 A 86 B 87 A 88 C 89 C 90 B 91 C 92 A 93 D 94 B 95 D 96 C 97 B 98 C 99 A 100 A 101 D 102 A 103 B 104 C 105 A 106 A 107 A 108 A 109 A 110 C 111 A 112 B 113 D 114 B 115 D 116 A 117 C 118 A 119 B 120 C 121 D 122 C 123 A 124 B 125 A 126 A Page 20 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ by Lew 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 B C D D A B C A D A C B D B C D D D C A C D A C C A D D C D A C A D A B D C D C B C D C D C B A Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition by Lew Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 21 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ ... empiricism Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition by Lew 139 A researcher who advanced the understanding of sexual behaviors by embracing open-mindedness... numbers Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition by Lew 128 A case that is the exception thehttps://TestbankDirect.eu/ rule would be known as the: ... ignore the status quo D) engage in accuracy checking of beliefs Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition by Lew 117 Which of the following is