Test bank for child from birth to adolescence 1st canadian edition by martorell

Page of 13 This chapter has 102 questions Scroll down to see and select individual questions or narrow the list using the checkboxes below questions at random and keep in order  Multiple Choice Questions - (73) Bloom's: Understand - (70) True/False Questions - (24) Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized - (21) Essay Questions - (5) Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of influences affect development - (24) Odd Numbered - (51) Learning Objective: 01-03 Summarize the recurrent philosophical issues of and points of consensus in the study of development - (6) Even Numbered - (51) Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches - (32) Bloom's: Remember - (32) Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in developmental research - (19) Psychosocial development refers to patterns of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, and creativity True → False Bloom's: Understand True / False Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized Developmental scientists generally study four broad domains of the self; physical, cognitive, health and psychosocial True → False Bloom's: Understand True / False Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized Learning, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity make up cognitive development → True False Bloom's: Remember True / False Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized At the prenatal developmental stage, vulnerability to environmental influences is the greatest → True False Bloom's: Remember True / False Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized Early childhood educators support children's development focusing on infants, toddlers, and children up to the age of 12 True → False Bloom's: Remember True / False Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized Maturation refers to the differences among children in characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes True → False Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of True / False Question influences affect development According to Statistics Canada, the proportion of the Canadian population made up of foreign-born people will increase to about 28 percent of the population by 2031 → True False Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of True / False Question influences affect development The composition of a neighbourhood affects the way children develop → True False Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of True / False Question influences affect development Normative influences are unusual events that have a major impact on individual lives because they disturb the expected sequence of the life cycle True → False Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of True / False Question influences affect development 10 According to Konrad Lorenz, imprinting is automatic and irreversible → True False True / False Question Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of influences affect development Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page of 13 11 A sensitive period is a time when a developing person is especially responsive to certain kinds of experiences → True False Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of True / False Question influences affect development 12 Being months versus months pregnant is a qualitative change True → False Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-03 Summarize the recurrent philosophical issues of and points of consensus in True / False Question the study of development 13 Qualitative change is viewed as continuous development True → False Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-03 Summarize the recurrent philosophical issues of and points of consensus in True / False Question the study of development 14 The change from a nonverbal child to one who understands words and can communicate verbally is a qualitative change → True False Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-03 Summarize the recurrent philosophical issues of and points of consensus in True / False Question the study of development 15 Newborns are governed by the superego True → False Bloom's: Remember True / False Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 16 The ego mediates between the impulses of the id and the demands of the superego → True False Bloom's: Understand True / False Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 17 Erikson's theory states that development stops at adolescence True → False Bloom's: Remember True / False Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 18 Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a response to a stimulus is elicited after repeated association with a stimulus that normally elicits the response True → False Bloom's: Remember True / False Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 19 Reciprocal determinism is Bandura's term for bidirectional forces that affect development → True False Bloom's: Understand True / False Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 20 Evolved mechanisms are behaviours that developed to solve adaptive problems → True False Bloom's: Understand True / False Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 21 An ethnographic study uses a combination of methods, including informal, unstructured interviewing and participant observation → True False Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in True / False Question developmental research 22 Two inversely correlated variables increase or decrease together True → False Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page of 13 Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in True / False Question developmental research 23 Field experiments are controlled studies conducted in an everyday setting, such as home or school → True False Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in True / False Question developmental research 24 The sequential study is a complex strategy designed to overcome the drawbacks of longitudinal and cross-sectional research → True False Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in True / False Question developmental research 25 Marsha is taking a class in human development Which of the following addresses her class's focus? from conception to adolescence throughout childhood from adolescence through older adulthood → from conception to death Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 26 Division of the lifespan into periods of development is a social construction What does this indicate? It remains constant across all societies → It is a concept that is generally accepted by a particular culture It is normative It is biologically determined Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 27 What defines the growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health? → Physical development Cognitive development Psychosocial development Ego development Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 28 Annette who is a toddler, first started to crawl, then stand, and she is now taking her first steps What aspect of Annette's development is being described? → physical development cognitive development psychosocial development ego development Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 29 What does cognitive development primarily refer to? growth of sensory capacities and motor skills → pattern of change in mental abilities pattern of change in emotions development of social relationships Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 30 What aspect of development is defined as the pattern of change in emotions, personality, and relationships? Physical Cognitive → Psychosocial Normative Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 31 A child psychologist is conducting research on peer interactions among elementary school children He aims to understand the impact of peer interactions on emotional development What aspect of development is being studied? cognitive Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page of 13 → normative physical psychosocial Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 32 Dr Dunn studies the way that children of different ages organize information in their memory What is the primary developmental focus of his research? physical normative → cognitive psychosocial Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 33 Which statement describes the period of development from conception to birth? → the prenatal period infancy puberty the neonatal period Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 34 Which of the following characterizes infants and toddlers? Abilities to learn and remember are absent → Use of symbols develops by end of 2nd year Handedness appears Play becomes more imaginative, more elaborate, and usually more social Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 35 During what developmental stage is health generally better than at any other time in the human lifespan? toddlerhood early childhood → middle childhood adolescence Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 36 Which of the following is a characteristic of early childhood? Basic body structures and organs begin to form Children begin to think logically but concretely → Handedness appears and fine and gross motor skills improve Peers assume greater importance than family Multiple Choice Question 37 When does reproductive maturity occur? toddlerhood early childhood middle childhood → adolescence Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 38 During what stage of development is thinking somewhat egocentric, but the understanding of other people's perspectives also grows? toddlerhood → early childhood the prenatal period adolescence Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 39 Which of these characteristics describes psychosocial development during the adolescent stage of development? Shift from dependence to autonomy begins Physical growth and other changes become very slow → Search for identity becomes central Handedness appears Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page of 13 Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 40 What refers to the unfolding of a universal, natural sequence of physical changes and behaviour patterns? Heredity Social construction → Maturation Imprinting Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 41 Which of the following refers to the variations among a child's characteristics; influences, or developmental outcomes? → individual differences reaction range coregulation social construction Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 42 What is a two-generational household unit that shares household and economic resources and consists of one or two parents and their biological, adopted, or step children called? stepfamily → nuclear family extended family blended family Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 43 Donna's family consists of her biological parents and her younger brother Which of the following describes their family? extended family → nuclear family stepfamily blended family Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 44 Shari is a 9-year-old girl who lives in Alberta She lives with her parents, her younger sister, and her grandparents Her maternal uncle, who has recently emigrated from India to Canada, also lives with them Which of the following describes Shari's family? conjugal nuclear → extended blended Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 45 In Canada in 2006, ethnic minorities represented roughly what percentage of the population? one-fifth → one-third one-half two-thirds Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 46 What is a group consisting of people united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origin that contributes to a sense of shared identity known as? out-group → ethnic group clique extended family Multiple Choice Question 47 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of influences affect development Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page of 13 In Canada, the magnitude of looking at the life course in its social and historical context is exemplified by the experience of Aboriginal youth For many years the Residential School experience was tremendously harsh and harmful Which of the following years describes the length of time for this specific cohort of youth? 10 30 40 → 60 Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 48 What are the conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative outcome or result? diversity developmental cohort → risk Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 49 Which of the following describes normative influences? → Events that affect many or most people in a society in similar ways Events that touch only certain individuals Inborn traits or characteristics inherited from a child's biological parents Temporary supports provided to help a child master a task Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 50 What we call the events that occur at about the same age for people around the world, such as starting school? → normative age-graded influences socially constructed events non-normative life events normative history-graded influences Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 51 Normative history-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT which one? worldwide economic depression Hurricane Katrina an AIDS epidemic → the death of a parent Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 52 Aboriginal children who were part of the Residential School experience in Canada shared a common experience at a formative time in their lives Which term describes this group? ethnic cohort → historical generation conjugal group kinship network Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 53 What form of learning occurs, when, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees? Classical conditioning → Imprinting Operant conditioning Scaffolding Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 54 Which of the following describes a specific time during development when a given event, or lack of an event, has the greatest impact? cohort non-normative period Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page of 13 → critical period zone of proximal development Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 55 Which statement explains why the concept of critical periods in humans is controversial? Human development is primarily influenced by heredity Human development is primarily passive Human development is subject to both normative and non-normative influences → Many aspects of human development have been found to show plasticity Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 56 Which of the following describes a modifiability of performance? → plasticity scaffolding equilibration imprinting Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of Multiple Choice Question influences affect development 57 Which of the following refers to inborn traits or characteristics inherited from a child's biological parents? → Heredity Seriation Maturation Ethnicity Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: 01-03 Summarize the recurrent philosophical issues of and points of consensus Multiple Choice Question in the study of development 58 What describes the totality of non-hereditary, or experiential, influences on development? the mesosystem the scaffold → the environment the microsystem Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-03 Summarize the recurrent philosophical issues of and points of consensus Multiple Choice Question in the study of development 59 Which perspective focuses on the lasting effects of childhood experiences and unconscious drives and motivations? → psychoanalytic evolutionary learning cognitive Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 60 According to the psychoanalytical theory, what operates under the pleasure principle? conscience → id superego ego Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 61 Which of the following is TRUE of the id? It is absent in newborns It represents reason It includes the conscience → It seeks immediate satisfaction of needs Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 62 According to Freud, which of the following represents reason and operates under the reality principle? id → ego superego Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page of 13 conscience Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 63 Which of the following includes the conscience and incorporates socially approved "shoulds" and "should nots" into the child's own value system? id ego → superego libido Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 64 Which of the following describes Freud's stages of psychosexual development? It covers eight stages across the lifespan → It states that sensual pleasure shifts from one body zone to another It includes four stages namely, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations It states that each stage involves a "crisis" in personality Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 65 Which of the following describes Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? It covers four stages across the lifespan It states that the critical theme of infancy is initiative versus guilt It ignores the influence of society on the developing personality → It states that each stage requires the balancing of a positive trait and a corresponding negative one Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 66 What type of associative learning is studied by the behaviourists? Assimilation Imprinting → Operant conditioning Accommodation Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 67 What type of learning responds to a stimulus and is elicited after repeated association with a stimulus that would normally elicit that response? → Classical conditioning Imprinting Social learning Intermittent reinforcement Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 68 What we call learning that is based on an association of behaviour with its consequences? classical conditioning → operant conditioning modeling imprinting Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 69 What term describes a consequence of any behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated? punishment → reinforcement adaptation imprinting Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 70 Which of the following is a drawback of operant conditioning? It overemphasizes individual differences It fails to describe learned associations It excludes voluntary behaviour → It fails to address cultural and social influences Multiple Choice Question Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page of 13 71 How did Bandura's theory differ from that of the behaviourists? → He suggested that the impetus for development was bidirectional He saw the environment as the chief impetus for development He focused on associative learning He focused on psychosexual development Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 72 People learn appropriate social behaviour by watching other people and learning both about what potential behaviours might be as well as the likely consequences of such behaviours What we call this process? classical conditioning assimilation reciprocal determinism → observational learning Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 73 According to Piaget, what people use to create increasingly complex cognitive structures, or ways of organizing information about the world? → schemes scaffolds associations memes Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 74 What does Piaget's term assimilation refer to? the act of observing and imitating models → incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure changes in a cognitive structure to include new information the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 75 Which of the following statement describes Piaget's accommodation? The acts of observing and imitating models Incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure → Changes in a cognitive structure to include new information The tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 76 According to Piaget, what motivates the shift from assimilation to accommodation? scaffolding → equilibration organization reciprocal determinism Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 77 Which of the following statements supports Lev Vygotsky's theory? cognitive development occurs in four qualitative stages adaptation occurs through assimilation and accommodation → cognitive growth is a collaborative process cognitive development is independent of social and cultural processes Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 78 What describes the imaginary psychological space between what children can individually do, and what they could achieve with another person's assistance? → the zone of proximal development a scheme reciprocal determinism a normative influence Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 79 While teaching his son to learn cycling, Mark initially held his bike to help him to maintain his balance Once his son was able to balance himself, Mark gradually let go of the support What describes the temporary support Mark provided to his son? Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 10 of 13 → equilibration scaffolding social learning assimilation Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 80 Which statement describes psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory? → identifies five levels of environmental influence, ranging from very intimate to very broad states that parental guidance is most effective in helping children cross the zone of proximal development proposes three hypothetical parts of the personality: the id, the ego, and the superego states that the individual learns from the consequences of operating on the environment Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 81 What is the study of animal species' distinctive adaptive behaviours called? → Ethology Bionics Biopsychology Ecology Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 82 Which of the following describes the evolutionary/sociobiological perspective? Unlike behavioural traits, psychological traits have failed to evolve over time → Evolved mechanisms are behaviours that developed to solve adaptive problems Almost all evolved mechanisms die out once they no longer serve a useful purpose Species have developed through the process of artificial selection Bloom's: Understand Multiple Choice Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 83 Which psychological perspective applies Darwinian principles to human behaviour? Cognitive Behavioural → Evolutionary Cultural Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches Multiple Choice Question 84 When are self-report measures reliable? the tests measure the abilities they claim to measure → the results are reasonably consistent from one time to another the sample size is very large the researcher who has developed the measure is highly qualified Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 85 A team of psychologists collect data for a study by observing preschool teachers' classroom interactions through a oneway mirror This is an example of which research method? Laboratory observation Case study → Naturalistic observation Clinical study Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 86 What statement describes an ethnographic study? is the study of animal species' distinctive adaptive behaviours → is a case study of a culture is a study of a single individual is the study of the evolution of human behaviour Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 87 Jeremy is conducting a study on the stressors faced by firefighters He collects data by joining a team of firefighters and observing them while they are at work What is he using? case study method Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 11 of 13 → laboratory observation method self-report method participant observation method Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 88 Which statement describes a correlational study? Cause-and-effect relationships can be proven A single case or individual is studied in-depth Researchers observe people in their natural environment → The statistical relationship between two variables is discovered Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 89 Which study is the only way to show with certainty that one variable causes another? a case study a survey a correlational study → experimentation Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 90 Which group receives the treatment in an experimental study? → experimental group control group extraneous group independent group Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 91 Which group does NOT receive the treatment in an experimental study? experimental group → control group extraneous group independent group Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 92 Kathy is conducting an experiment to test the impact of mindfulness training on adolescents' memory She divides her research participants into two groups One group receives mindfulness training while the other group does not Kathy measures their performance on memory and attention tests at the beginning and at the end of the training What are the adolescents that did not receive the mindfulness training called? experimental group → control group independent variable dependent variable Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 93 Which of the following describes a natural experiment? It is the most effective method of establishing a cause and effect relationship It is conducted in a laboratory It allows random assignment to treatment groups → It is actually a correlational study Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 94 To determine the influence of heredity on their personality traits a researcher studies identical twins that were separated at birth and raised in different environments What research method was used? a laboratory experiment an ethnographic study → a natural experiment a correlational study Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 12 of 13 Multiple Choice Question Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in developmental research 95 Which statement describes a cross-sectional study? assesses changes in a sample over time → assesses children of different ages on one occasion aims to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists studies human behaviour in a natural setting without intervention or manipulation Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 96 A university professor conducted a study on the impact of bullying on self-image in 5-year-old children He assessed their self-image twice a year for the next years Which of the following developmental research designs did he use? cross-sectional → longitudinal cross-sequential correlational Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 97 An experimenter measures the cognitive skills of children in each of the following age groups: 2-5 years, 8-12 years, and 14-16 years He measures their cognitive skills several times across a span of 10 years This is an example of which research design? Test Bank for Child From Birth to Adolescence 1st Canadian Edition by Martorell cross-sectional longitudinal Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ → sequential correlational Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in Multiple Choice Question developmental research 98 Write a note on heredity, environment, and maturation Explanation: Scientists have found ways to measure the contributions of heredity, or nature, and environment, or nurture, to the development of specific traits within a population For example, even though heredity strongly affects intelligence, environmental factors such as parental stimulation, education, and peer influences also affect it Contemporary theorists and researchers are increasingly interested in explaining how nature and nurture work together rather than arguing about which factor is more important Many typical changes of infancy and early childhood, such as the emergence of the abilities to walk and talk, are tied to maturation of the body and brain—the unfolding of a universal, natural sequence of physical changes and behaviour patterns These maturational processes, which are seen most clearly in the early years, act in concert with the influences of heredity and environment As children grow into adolescents and then into adults, individual differences in innate personal characteristics (heredity) and life experience (environment) play an increasing role as they adapt to the internal and external conditions Bloom's: Remember Essay Question Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe how development is conceptualized 99 How does socioeconomic status and neighbourhood impact children? Explanation: A family's socio-economic status (SES) is based on family income, and the educational and occupational levels of the adults in the household SES affects developmental processes, such as mothers' verbal interactions with their children, and developmental outcomes, such as health and cognitive performance SES affects these processes and outcomes indirectly through the kinds of homes and neighbourhoods people live in and the quality of nutrition, medical care, and schooling available to them Poverty is stressful and can damage children and families' physical, cognitive, and psychosocial wellbeing Poor children are more likely than other children to go hungry; to have frequent illnesses; to experience accidents, violence, and family conflict; and to show emotional or behavioural problems Their cognitive potential and school performance suffer as well The harm poverty does is often indirect through its impact on parents' emotional state and parenting practices and on the home environment they create Threats to well-being multiply if, as often happens, several risk factors, conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative outcome are present The composition of a neighbourhood affects the way children develop Living in a neighbourhood with large numbers of poor people has been shown to impact physical health, well-being, and school readiness Positive development can occur despite serious risk factors Essay Question Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-02 Summarize how individual differences; contexts; and the timing of influences affect development Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 13 of 13 100.Write a note on the emerging consensus on child development Explanation: There are many different viewpoints in the study of child development However, as the field has matured, broad agreement has emerged on several fundamental points: (1) All domains of development are interrelated Development in each of the different domains—physical, cognitive, and psychosocial—affects the others in a series of complex interactions (2) Normal development includes a wide range of individual differences Each child, from the start, is unlike anyone else in the world Some of the influences on individual development are inborn; others come from experience Most often, these influences work together (3) Influences are bidirectional Children affect the environment around them as much as the environment shapes them (4) Historical and cultural contexts strongly influence development Each child develops within a specific environment bounded by time and place (5) Early experience is important, but children can be remarkably resilient A traumatic incident or a severely deprived childhood may have grave emotional consequences, but the effects of painful experience, such as growing up in poverty or the death of a parent, often can be overcome (6) Development in childhood affects development throughout the lifespan As long as people live, they have the potential to change in both positive and negative directions Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-03 Summarize the recurrent philosophical issues of and points of consensus in the Essay Question study of development 101.Briefly describe the information-processing approach Test Bank for Child From Birth to Adolescence 1st Canadian Edition by Martorell Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Explanation: The information-processing approach seeks to explain cognitive development by analyzing the processes involved in making sense of incoming information and performing tasks effectively The information-processing approach is not a single theory but a framework that undergirds a wide range of theories and research The most common model for this theory is that of a computer, which has certain inputs (such as sensory impressions) and certain outputs (such as behaviours) Information-processing theorists view development as continuous They note age-related increases in the speed, complexity, and efficiency of mental processing and in the amount and variety of material that can be stored in memory The information-processing approach has taught us a great deal about the mechanics of how the mind works It has also demonstrated that we can access cognitive processes, even though they are internal Bloom's: Understand Essay Question Learning Objective: 01-04 Describe the major theoretical approaches 102.Write a note on the right to informed consent, avoidance of deception, and right to privacy and confidentiality Explanation: Right to Informed Consent: Three Canadian government research funding bodies—the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)— have developed the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans, a policy on ethical conduct for research involving humans The policy is based on principles of ethics that also includes the protection of vulnerable persons Informed consent exists when participants voluntarily agree to be in a study, are competent to give consent, are aware of the risks as well as the potential benefits, and are not being exploited The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1978) recommends that children ages or over be asked to give their consent to take part in research and that any children's objections should be overruled only if the research promises direct benefit to the child Avoidance of Deception: Ethical guidelines call for withholding information only when it is essential to the study; and then investigators should avoid methods that could cause pain, anxiety, or harm Participants should be debriefed afterward to let them know the true nature of the study and why deception was necessary and to make sure they have not suffered as a result Right to Privacy and Confidentiality: Research participants need to know that their information will be kept private and their responses are confidential However, there are cases in which researchers are obligated to breach confidentiality—such as when an investigator discovers signs of abuse Thus, researchers need to inform participants of their legal responsibility to report abuse or neglect or any other illegal activity of which they become aware, and confidentiality must be guarded otherwise Essay Question Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: 01-05 Discuss the primary means of data collection and methodologies used in developmental research Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/