The present study was carried out at the Livestock Research Complex, SRS, NDRI, District Bengaluru, India. Twelve indigenous Deoni heifers in their last month of gestation period were selected based on their dam’s lactation yield and lactation length. The cows were randomly divided into two groups of six each.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(5): 532-560 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume Number (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.905.060 Effect of Supplementation of Trace Minerals and Vitamins during Transition Phase on Lactation Performance of Deoni Primiparous Heifers Akshay Baliyan1*, S Jeyakumar2, Rakesh Ahuja3 and Ramkaran4 Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Govt of Uttar Pradesh, India Livestock Research Centre, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bangaalore – 560030, India Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, International Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Bahu Akberpur, Rohtak, Haryana, India Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Govt of Haryana, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Lactation, Transition period, Primiparous, Mineral and Deoni Article Info Accepted: 05 April 2020 Available Online: 10 May 2020 The present study was carried out at the Livestock Research Complex, SRS, NDRI, District Bengaluru, India Twelve indigenous Deoni heifers in their last month of gestation period were selected based on their dam’s lactation yield and lactation length The cows were randomly divided into two groups of six each The treatment group offered during transition period (-21 to +21 days respective to calving) with locally available trace minerals Cu (137 img), Zn (560 img), Mn (428 img), Se (1.5 img) and VitA (50,000 I.U), Vit-E (1100 I.U), β-carotene (300 mg) per animal per day, as per NRC (2001) recommendations, over and above the basal diet The experimental cows were monitored for 180 days for lactation performance viz., average total milk yield, peak yield, days to reach peak yield The supplementation showed no effect on any of the lactation parameters in Deoni primiparous heifers part iin iinitiation iand imaintenance iof ilactation in idairy icows ibecause imajority iof ithem iacts ias iantioxidants iand ithus iaids iin isupporting ithe iudder ihealth iA ihealthy iudder i yield ifresh, inormal and imore imilk iThrough icontinued iresearch, iit iis icited ithat itheir iconcentrations iin iblood iplasma ioften idecrease iaround icalving ito Introduction i i Micronutrients iare igenerally iconsidered iessential ias ithey iplay ia imajor irole iin ireproductive iperformance iand iare imainly iinevitable ifor iexecution iat ithe itissue ilevel imetabolism iAlong iwith ithat, ithey ialso itake 532 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(5): 532-560 encounter ipregnancy iand ilactation istress iand iextra isupplementation iis irecommended iin isome idairy iherds iThe isignificant ieffect iof imicronutrient isupplementation ion imilk i yield iand iits iquality iin idairy icows iis ireported iby ivarious iauthors i(Girard iand iMatte, i2005; iGriffiths iet al., i2007; iBourne iet al., i2008) The ibasic ireason ifor ithe irole iof imicronutrients ito ienhance imilk iproduction iis ithat ithey ihelp ito iimprove ithe iutilization iof ilow iquality iforages iThe iminerals iespecially iZn, iMn, iCu iand iSe ialong iwith iVit-iA, iE iand ibeta icarotene iare ithe ikey ielements iutilised iin ithe iprocess iof iformation iof imilk icarbohydrate, ifat iand iprotein iThey iare ivital iin ibagging ithe imaximum igenetic ipotential iof ithe ianimals iin irelation ito iproduction iHowever, ivery ilimited iliterature iis iavailable ion ithe iroles iof imicronutrients ion ithe imilk iproduction iin idairy icattle iand iso ifor iour iindigenous ibreeds i 30 idays ipost icalving Similar iresults iare ireported iby i(Gowda iet al., i2004; iand iIwanska iet al., i1999) i i Materials and Methods This istudy iwas icarried iout iat ithe iLivestock iResearch iComplex, iSRS, iNDRI, iAdugodi, iDistrict iBengaluru, i India iTwelve iDeoni iheifers iin itheir iadvance ipregnancy, ia imonth ibefore iparturition iwere i selected ion ithe ibasis iof itheir idam’s ilactation iyield iand ilength iAll ithe iheifers iwere ikept iunder isimilar imanagemental iconditions iAll iof ithe ipregnant iheifers iwere idivided iinto itwo igroups iof isix ieach, iwith igroup-I iserved ias itreatment iand igroup-II iwere icontrol i The iwide igap ibetween ithe idemand iand isupply iof inutrients iand ienergy iduring itransition iperiod idue ito iinitiation iof imilk isecretion iand iother imetabolic ichanges iis iassociated iwith imetabolic idisorders iand idecreased iproductivity i(Grummer, i1995; iMutoni iet al., i2012) iThe idifference ibetween ithe irequirement iand iavailability iof ithe iessential imicronutrients ialways iplays ia imajor irole iin idetermining ithe iproduction iefficiency iof ithe ianimals i(Yang iet al., i2011) iTherefore, iit iis ialways iimportant ito iprovide ianimals ithe irequired iamount iof imicronutrients ithrough idiet ito imaintain ioptimum imilk iquality iand iproduction i(Weiss iand iWyatt, i2002; iCortinhas iet al., i2010) The ifeeding iof iboth ithe igroups iof ianimal iwas isimilar iduring ithe ientire i study iperiod iDuring ithe itransition iperiod i(-21 ito i+21 idays) ithe itreatment ianimals iwere ioffered icombination iof iinorganic iminerals iand ivitamin iover iand iabove ithis ibasal idiet iThe itreatment ianimals iwere ifed iVit-E i(1100 i I.U i50 i% iα-tocopherol iacetate), iVit-A i(50,000 i I.U iVit-A ipalmitate ichewable itablets), iβ-carotene i(10% ipowder iDUNALIELLA iSALINA) ipurchased ifrom ilocal imarket iThe itrace iminerals icopper i(70 ippm/d/cow), izinc i(280 ippm/d/cow), imanganese i(210 ippm/d/cow), iselenium i(0.7 ippm/d/cow) iwere ioffered iin ithe iform iof icupric icarbonate, izinc icarbonate, imanganese icarbonate iand isodium iselenite, irespectively All ithe imicronutrients iwere iaccurately iweighed idaily iand imixed iwith ia ismall iamount iof iconcentrate iand idirectly ifed ito ithe ianimals The ifeeding iof icomplexed itrace iminerals iduring ieither ia ilong ior ishort iterm iexperiment iaround ilate idry iand iearly ilactation ishowed ia ipositive ieffect ion imilk iyield i(Siciliano-Jones iet al., i2008; iHackbart iet al., i2010) iHowever, iSharmin iet al., i(2010) ifound ia inon isignificant iincrease iin iaverage idaily imilk i yield iby i1.03 ikg/d iafter isupplementing ivitamix ipowder iin iSahiwal ianimals iduring i60 idays iprepartum ito The imilking iwas idone itwice idaily iin ithe imorning iand ievening iat ischeduled itimings iThe imilking irecords iwere imaintained ithroughout ithe iexperimental iperiod i(180 idays) iThe idaily imilk i yield iwas irecorded ifor ifurther ianalysis iand ialso ia iclose iobservation ion ilactation iperformance iwas idone ito iestimate ithe ipeak i yield iand idays ito ireach ipeak i yield iin iDeoni iprimiparous iheifers 533 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(5): 532-560 observed ion ithe imilk iyield icould ibe idue ito ithe ilesser iduration iof ithe isupplementation iperiod iin ithe iexperiment iand ithe irecording iof ithe ilactation iparameters iexceed iby ifar ithis iperiod iof isupplementation iThe imeta-regression ianalysis iperformed iby iRabiee iet al., i(2010) irevealed ithat ithe itype iof itrace iminerals iand ithe iduration iof itreatment ibefore iand iafter icalving ialong iwith ithe iuse iof iother isupplements iwere ithe imain ifactors iinfluencing ithe imilk i yield iAlso ithe inearly isimilar i milk i yield iobserved iin isupplemented igroup ithan ithe icontrol icows iduring ithe iperiod iof isupplementation i(table-2) iclearly isuggest ithat ithere iis isome ibeneficial ieffect iof ithe imicronutrient iin ithe iearly ipostpartum i(first imonth) iperiod, iwhich iis ithe imoment iof igreater imineral iand imetabolic iimbalance ibecause iof ithe icombined ieffect iof ilow iappetite iand ihigher imetabolic idemands ifor ilactation iThe ipre iexperimental ilevels iof iminerals iand ivitamins icould ialso ihave imajor iinfluence ion ithe iproduction iperformance iof ianimals Statistical analysis i i The iobservations ifor ilactation iperformance iwere ianalyzed iby iusing i unpaired it-itest i(Prism iStatistical iSoftware iAnalysis iTool) ifor icomparison ibetween ithe icontrol iand itreatment igroup iat ione itime ipoint Results and Discussion The isupplementation iof itrace iminerals iand ivitamins iduring itransition iphase idid inot ifound ito iinfluence ithe ilactation i yield iin iDeoni iprimiparous iheifers iThe iaverage imilk iproduction iper icow i(180 idays) iwere ifound ito ibe inon isignificantly i(p>0.05) ihigher iin ithe icontrol ianimals ithan ithe itreated ianimals i(table-1) iThe isimilar iresults iwere ifound ifor ithe ipeak i yield iproduction iwith icontrol ianimals iproducing imore imilk ithan ithe itreated ianimals i(table-1) iThe itreated ianimals itook inon isignificantly ilesser idays ito ireach ipeak i yield ithan ithe icontrol ianimals i(table-1) iThe ipresent ifindings iof ithis istudy iwas ifound iin iconsensus iwith ithe ifindings iof iSattar iet al., (2007) ias ithey ialso ireported ia inon isignificantly ilower ilactation i yield iin itreatment ianimals iafter isupplementation iof iVit-E iand iSe i In ithe ipresent istudy, ia inon isignificant idifference iis iobserved ibetween icontrol iand isupplemented igroup ifor ipeak i yield iand idays ito ireach ipeak i yield i(table-1) iThe icontrol igroup ishowing ia ihigher i peak i yield iwith islight idelay ito ireach ithe iday iof ipeak i yield ithan isupplemented igroup iThe ipresent ifindings iare iin iagreement iwith iseveral iauthors i(Anton iet al., i2013; iSingh iet al., i2003 iand iSattar iet al., i2007) i It iwas ia icontrolled istudy iin iwhich iall ithe ifactors iincluding i general idiet iwas ikept isame ifor iboth icontrol iand itreatment igroup iThe isingle idifferentiating ifactor iwas ithe imicronutrient isupplementation iin itreatment igroup i It icould icertainly ibe ipossible ithat ithe irequirement iof iessential itrace imineral iwas ifulfilled iby ithe idiet ionly ior imay ibe ithe irequirement iof ithe idual ipurpose ianimals iis imore ithan icited iby ithe iNRC i(2001) ion ithe ibasis iof iwhich ithe iformulation iof imineral imixture iwas idone However, iduring ithe itransition iperiod ithat iwas ithe iperiod iof imicronutrients isupplementation, iwhen ia iweek iwise i(postpartum) iproduction ianalysis icarried iout ithe isupplemented igroup i yields inon isignificantly i more ithan ithe icontrol igroup i(table-2) i But ifor ioverall isix imonth iperiod i(180 idays) iwhen i month iwise i(table-3) iproduction ianalysis icarried iout, iit iwas ifound ito ibe inon isignificantly ilower iin isupplemented ithan icontrol ianimals i(Fig 1) The ifindings iof ithe ipresent istudy iare ialso iaccording ito ithe ifindings iof iMachado iet al., i(2013) iand iRamos iet al., i(2012) iHowever ithe ipresent ifindings iare inot iin iconsensus iwith ithe ifindings iof iChawla iand iKaur i i(2004) iand iAnton iet al., i(2013) The ipresent ieffect 534 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(5): 532-560 Table.1 Effect of supplementation of trace minerals and vitamins during transition phase on lactation performance in Deoni primiparous cows Performance Mean i± iSE P-value Significance Control Supplemented Average itotal imilk iyield/cow i(180 idays) 529.3a±126.3 458.2a±101.6 0.6702 NS Peak iyield i(L)/cow 5.33a±0.94 4.85a±0.71 0.6917 NS Days ito ipeak iyield/cow 20.67a±6.70 18.83a±5.84 0.8407 NS The values bearing different superscripts in a row differ significantly (P < 0.05) i i i i i i i i i i i i i Table.2 Effect of supplementation of trace minerals and vitamins through transition phase on average milk production (litres) week wise (transition phase) in Deoni primiparous cows Weeks iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Mean i± iSE Supplemented Control Week-1 27.55a±2.8 28.02a±2.9 Week-2 28.88a±3.9 30.27a±4.3 Week-3 29.62a±4.6 29.82a±4.0 The values bearing different superscripts in a row differ significantly (P < 0.05) i i i i i i i i i i i i Table.3 Effect of supplementation of trace minerals and vitamins through transition phase on average monthly milk yield (litres) during in Deoni primiparous cows Months Mean i± iSE Supplemented Control 120.78±16.01 126.66±17.40 112.35±14.42 118.61±21.00 88.36±16.97 104.4±21.38 78.03±20.50 88.83±24.81 89.65±5.55 97.46±11.76 85.2±13.9 81.73±8.00 535 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(5): 532-560 Fig.1 Effect of the supplementation of trace minerals and vitamins during transition phase on the monthly milk production pattern (6 months) in primiparous Deoni cows This idifference iin ithe ipeak imilk iyield iis idue ito ihigher imilk iproduction iby ithe icontrol icows ithan ithe isupplemented igroup, icould ibe ibecause iof ithe imore i genetic ipotential iand idue ito ithe imore iincidence iof iinherent ishort ilactation i(< i120 idays) ilength iproblem iin isupplemented igroup their ihigh itemperament, isometimes ileads ito incomplete imilking iepisodes iDuring ithe istudy iit iis ialso iobserved ithat ithe imaternal iinstinct iof ithese ianimals iis iso ihigh ithat ieven iif ithe icalf iwasn’t iallowed ito isuckle ithen ithese ianimals iwas iprone ito iwithhold ithe imilk iin itheir iudder iitself iIt iis ialso iworth ito inote ithat, iwhile iproceeding ifor ithe iassessment iof ithe ilactation iperformance iin iprimiparous iheifers ione ishould ibe icautious iabout ithe ierratic ilactation i(short ilactation) ibehaviour iof ithe idual ipurpose iDeoni ibreed i i The iDeoni ibreed iof icattle iis ian iindigenous idual ipurpose ibreed iof i the iMaharashtra iand iadjoining iareas iof iKarnataka iand iAndhra iPradesh iThis ibreed iis ihaving ia inormal imilk iproduction irange iof i 600-1000 ilitres iper ilactation iwith ia ivery ihigh itemperament iand iimmense imaternal iinstinct iAccording ito ilactation idata iof ithe icattle i yard iSRS, iNDRI, iBangalore, imajority i(70%) iof ithese ianimals iare iprone ito ishort ilactation ilength i(< i120 idays) iwith ia inormal imilk i yield iranging ifrom i250 ito i300 ilitres iper icow iand imajority iof ithe ishort ilactation isufferers iare ithe iprimiparous iheifers iBeing ia ilow ito iaverage imilk iproducer, ithe ipeak i yield iand ithe idays ito ireach ito ipeak i yield iturned iout iin ia ilesser ispan iof itime iThe iprimiparous iheifers ibecause iof itheir inon ifamiliarization iwith imilking iprocedure iand In conclusions, the itransition iperiod iis ia ivery icrucial itime ifor idairy ianimals idue ito ivarious ihormonal iand imetabolic ichanges iin itheir ibody ifor ithe isupport iof imilk iproduction iGenerally, iadequate iminerals iand ivitamins iare iprovided ito ianimals iduring itransition iperiod ifor igetting ia ipositive iimpact ion isubsequent ilactation iperformance iHowever, i when iwe itried ito iput iin ithese inotions ifor iDeoni iheifers i(Indigenous iBreed) iwe ifound ithat ithe isupplementation iof itrace iminerals iand ivitamins iduring itransition iperiod idid inot iinfluence ithe ilactation iperformances iof iDeoni iprimiparous iheifers 536 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(5): 532-560 icopper iand iselenium iLivestock iScience i127: i84–87 Girard, iC iL and iMatte, iJ iJ i(2005) iEffects iof iintramuscular iinjections iof ivitamin iB12 ion ilactation iperformance iof idairy icows ifed idietary isupplements iof ifolic iacid iand irumen-protected imethionine iJ iDairy iSci i88: i671-676 Gowda, iN iK iS., iPrasad, iC iS and iRamana, iJ iV i(2004) iEffect iof isupplementation iof imicronutrients ithrough idifferent isources ion ithe iproduction iperformance iin icrossbred idairy icows iIndian iJ iAnim iSci i74(6): i653-657 Griffiths, iL iM., iLoeffler, iS iH., iSocha, iM iT., iTomlinson, iD iJ and iJohnson, iA iB i(2007) iEffects iof isupplementing icomplexed izinc, imanganese, icopper iand icobalt ion ilactation iand ireproductive iperformance iof iintensively igrazed ilactating idairy icattle ion ithe iSouth iIsland iof iNew iZealand iAnim iFeed iSci iTech i137: i69-83 Grummer, iR iR i(1995) iImpact iof ichanges iin iorganic inutrient imetabolism ion ifeeding ithe itransition idairy icow iJ iAnim iSci i73: i2820–2833 i Hackbart, K S., Ferreira, R M., Dietsche, A A., Socha, M T., Shaver, R D., Wiltbank, M C and Fricke, P M i(2010) iEffect iof idietary iorganic izinc, imanganese, icopper and icobalt isupplementation ion imilk iproduction, ifollicular igrowth, iembryo iquality and itissue imineral iconcentrations iin idairy icows iJ Anim Sci i88: i3856-70 i Iwanska, iS., iStrusińska, iD., iZalewski, iW iand iOpałka, iA i(1999) iThe ieffect iof iSaccharomyces icerevisiae-1026 iused ialone ior iwith ivitamin-mineral ipremix ion imilk iyield iand imilk icomposition iin idairy icows iActa iVet iHung i47: i4152 Machado, iV iS., iBicalho, iM iL., iPereira, iR iV., iCaixeta, iL iS., iKnauer, iW iA., iOikonomou, iG., iGilbert, iR iO and iBicalho, iR iC i(2013) iEffect iof ian iinjectable itrace imineral isupplement Acknowledgements The iauthors ithank ithe iHead, iSouthern iRegional iStation iand iDirector, iNational iDairy iResearch i Institute, ifor iproviding inecessary ifacilities ito iconduct ithe i research iwork ifor ithe iaward iof iMasters idegree iAuthors irecords isincere i gratitude ito i Incharge iand iall ithe istaff iof i Livestock iResearch iCentre, i Forage iSection iand iVeterinary iDispensary iespecially ito iMr iRamalingam, iMr iSantosh iand iMr iChandrappa ifor iproviding iall ithe inecessary isupport ito iconduct ithe iexperiment References Anton, iA., iSolcan, iG and iSolcan, iC i(2013) iThe iimpact iof iCopper iand iZinc ideficiency ion imilk iproduction iperformances iof iintensively igrazed idairy icows ion ithe iNorth-East iof iRomania iInt iJ iBiol iVet iAgri iand iFood iEngg i7: i415-420 Boland, iM iP., iO’Donnell, iG and iO’Callaghan, iD i(1996) iThe icontribution iof imineral iproteinates ito iproduction iand ireproduction iin idairy icattle iIn: iBiotechnology iin ithe ifeed iindustry iPtoc iAlltech’s i12th iAnnual iSymp ipp i95-103 Bourne, iN., iWathes, iD iC., iLawrence, iK iE., iMcGowan, iM and iLaven, iR iA i i(2008) iThe ieffect iof iparenteral isupplementationof ivitamin iE iwith iselenium ion ithe ihealth iand iproductivity iof idairy icattle iin ithe iUK iVet iJ i177: i381-387 Chawla, iR and iKaur, iH i(2004) iPlasma iantioxidant ivitamin istatus iof iperiparturient icows isupplemented iwith iα-tocopherol iand iβ-carotene iAnimal iFeed iScience iand iTechnology i114: i279-285 Cortinhas, iC iS., iBotaro, iB iG., iSucupira, iM iC iA., iRenno, iF iP and iSantos, iM iV i(2010) iAntioxidant ienzymes iand isomatic icell icount iin idairy icows ifed iwith iorganic isource iof izinc, 537 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(5): 532-560 icontaining iselenium, icopper, izinc and imanganese ion ithe ihealth iand iproduction iof ilactating iHolstein icows iVet iJ i197: i451-456 Mutoni, iG., iPrasad, iS., iDe, iK., iPal, iS., iMukherjee, iJ., iKapila, iS., iKapila, iR., iKaur, iH., iMohanty, iA iK and iDan, iA iK i(2012) iEffect iof isupplementation iof iVitamin iE, icopper, izinc iaround iperipartum ion iudder ihealth, imilk iyield iand icomposition iof iSahiwal icows iLivestock iResearch ifor iRural iDevelopment i12 NRC i(2001) iNutrient iRequirements iof iDairy iCattle i7th irev ied iNutrition iResearch iCouncil iNational iAcademies iPress, iWashington, iDC Rabiee, iA iR., iLean, iI iJ., iStevenson, iM iA and iSocha, iM iT i(2010) iEffects iof ifeeding iorganic itrace iminerals ion imilk iproduction iand ireproductive iperformance iin ilactating idairy icows: iA iMetaanalysis iJ iDairy iSci i93: i4239-4251 Ramos, iJ iM., iSosa, iC., iRuprechter, iG., iPessina, iP and iCarriquiry, iM i(2012) iEffect iof iorganic itrace iminerals isupplementation iduring iearly ipostpartum ion imilk icomposition and imetabolic iand ihormonal iprofiles iin igrazing idairy iheifers iSpanish iJournal iof iAgricultural iResearch i10: i i681689 i Sattar, iA., iMirza, iR iH and iHussain, iS iM iI i(2007) iEffect iof iprepartum itreatment iof ivitamin ie-selenium ion ipostpartum ireproductive iand iproductive iperformance iof iexotic icows iand itheir icalves iunder isubtropical iconditions iPakistan iVet iJ i27(3): i105-108 Sharmin, iM iM., iKhan, iM iA iS., iIslam, iM iN and iIslam iM iA i(2010) iEffect iof isupplementation iof imicronutrients ion ithe iperformance iof idairy icows iBang iJ iAnim iSci i39: i151-155 Siciliano-Jones, iJ iL., iSocha, iM iT., iTomlinson, iD iJ and iDeFrain, iJ iM i(2008) iEffect iof itrace imineral isource ion ilactation iperformance, iclaw iintegrity and ifertility iof idairy icattle iJ iDairy iSci i91(5): i1985-95 i Singh, iJ., iSingh, iB., iWadhwa, iM and iBakshi, iM iP iS i(2003) iEffect iof ilevel iof ifeeding ion ithe iperformance iof icrossbred icows iduring ipre- iand ipost- ipartum iperiods iAsian-Aust iJ iAnim iSci i16:1749-1754 Weiss, iW iP and iWyatt, iD iJ i(2002) iEffects iof ifeeding idiets ibased ion isilage ifrom icorn ihybrids ithat idiffered iin iconcentration iand iin ivitro idigestibility iof ineutral idetergent ifibre ito idairy icows iJ iDairy iSci i85: i3462–3469 i Yang, iF iL., iLi, iX iS and iHe, iB iX i(2011) iEffects iof ivitamins iand itraceelements isupplementation ion imilk iproduction iin idairy icows: iA ireview iAfrican iJournal iof iBiotechnology iVol i10(14): i i2574-2578 i How to cite this article: Akshay Baliyan, S Jeyakumar, Rakesh Ahuja and Ramkaran 2020 Effect of Supplementation of Trace Minerals and Vitamins during Transition Phase on Lactation Performance of Deoni Primiparous Heifers Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 9(05): 532-538 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.905.060 538 ... Jeyakumar, Rakesh Ahuja and Ramkaran 2020 Effect of Supplementation of Trace Minerals and Vitamins during Transition Phase on Lactation Performance of Deoni Primiparous Heifers Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci... Table.3 Effect of supplementation of trace minerals and vitamins through transition phase on average monthly milk yield (litres) during in Deoni primiparous cows Months Mean i± iSE Supplemented Control... 9(5): 532-560 Fig.1 Effect of the supplementation of trace minerals and vitamins during transition phase on the monthly milk production pattern (6 months) in primiparous Deoni cows This idifference