Research methodology in chemical sciences tanmoy chakraborty, lalita ledwani, AAP press, 2016 scan

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN CHEMICAL SCIENCES Experimental and Theoretical Approach RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN CHEMICAL SCIENCES Experimental and Theoretical Approach Edited by Tanmoy Chakraborty, PhD, Lalita Ledwani, PhD Apple Academic Press Inc 3333 Mistwell Crescent Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Apple Academic Press Inc Spinnaker Way Waretown, NJ 08758 USA ©2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-127-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-2860-7 (eBook) All rights reserved No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electric, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors as indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identification without intent to infringe Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Research methodology in chemical sciences : experimental and theoretical approach / edited by Tanmoy Chakraborty, PhD, Lalita Ledwani, PhD Includes bibliographical references and index Issued in print and electronic formats ISBN 978-1-77188-127-2 (hardcover).—ISBN 978-1-4987-2860-7 (pdf) Chemistry—Research Chemistry—Methodology I Chakraborty, Tanmoy, author, editor II Ledwani, Lalita, author, editor QD40.R48 2016 540.72 C2016-900387-6 C2016-900388-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Chakraborty, Tanmoy | Ledwani, Lalita Title: Research methodology in chemical sciences : experimental and theoretical approach / [edited by] Tanmoy Chakraborty, PhD, Lalita Ledwani, PhD Description: Toronto : Apple Academic Press, 2016 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016002072 (print) | LCCN 2016005025 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771881272 (hardcover : alk paper) | ISBN 9781498728607 () Subjects: LCSH: Chemistry—Research Classification: LCC QD40 R434 2016 (print) | LCC QD40 (ebook) | DDC 540.72/4—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016002072 Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com About the Editors Tanmoy Chakraborty, PhD Tanmoy Chakraborty, PhD, is now working as Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Manipal University Jaipur, India He has been working in the challenging field of computational and theoretical chemistry for the last six years He completed his PhD from the University of Kalyani, West-Bengal, India, in the field of application of QSAR/QSPR methodology in the bioactive molecules He has published many international research papers in peer-reviewed international journals with high impact factors Dr Chakraborty is serving as an international editorial board member of the International Journal of Chemoinformatics and Chemical Engineering and he is also reviewer of the World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics (WJCMP) Dr Tanmoy Chakraborty is the recipient of prestigious Paromeswar Mallik Smawarak Padak , from Hooghly Mohsin College, Chinsurah (University of Burdwan) in 2002 Lalita Ledwani, PhD Lalita Ledwani, PhD, is currently Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Manipal University Jaipur, India She has been both an Assistant Professor and Senior Lecturer at Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University (PDPU) in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, as well as a Lecturer at a private degree college in Jaipur, affiliated with Rajasthan Technical University, Rajasthan A member of several professional organizations, including the American Chemical Society, she has published over a dozen papers in international refereed journals and has presented at many conferences and invited talks She is the author of the forthcoming book Petroleum Industrial Chemistry She currently guides several students toward their PhD and postgraduate degrees She received her PhD from Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, formerly Agra University, in Uttar Pradesh India Contents List of Contributors ix Preface xiii Magnetic Field Effect on Photoinduced Interactions: Its Implications in Distance-Dependent Photoinduced Electron Transfer between CT-DNA and Metal Complex Banabithi Koley Seth and Samita Basu Role of Hydrophobicity of Some Single- and Double-Chain Surfactant–Cobalt(III) Complexes on the Interaction with Bovine Serum Albumin .17 Selvakumar Veeralakshmi, Selvan Nehru, and Sankaralingam Arunachalam A Review on the Selective Synthesis of Spiro Heterocycles Through 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Azomethine Ylides 39 Anshu Dandia, Sukhbeer Kumari, Shuchi Maheshwari, and Pragya Soni Recent Trends in Plasma Chemistry and Spectroscopy Diagnostics .63 Ram Prakash and Plasma Devices Team Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Substituted and Fused β-Carbolines from 1-Formyl-9H-β-Carboline Scaffolds 97 Nisha Devi, Ravindra K Rawal, and Virender Singh Plasma Chemistry as a Tool for Eco-Friendly Processing of Cotton Textile 137 Hemen Dave, Lalita Ledwani, and S K Nema Ligand-Free Palladium Nanoparticles Catalyzed Hiyama Cross-Coupling of Aryl and Heteroaryl Halides in Ionic Liquids 169 Chanchal Premi, Ananya Srivastava, and Nidhi Jain Acyclic and Macrocyclic Schiff Base-Based Chelating Ligands for Uranyl Ion (Uo22+) Complexation 187 Summan Swami and Rahul Shrivastava Study of Influence of Operational Parameters on Eliminating Azo Dyes from Textile Effluent by Advanced Oxidation Technology 197 Preeti Mehta and Rajeev Mehta viii Contents 10 Effect of PGRS in In Vitro Callus Culture for Production of Secondary Metabolites 211 Jitendra Mittal, Madan Mohan Sharma, Abhijeet Singh, and Amla Batra 11 Density Functional Theory (DFT): Periodic Advancement and New Challenges .219 Amrit Sarmah 12 Asbestos, the Carcinogen, and Its Bioremediation 231 Shabori Bhattacharya, Lalita Ledwani, and P J John 13 Eco-Friendly Products As Corrosion Inhibitors for Aluminum: A Review 251 Rekha N Nair and Sharad Bohra 14 Role of Catalyst Particles in the Vertical Alignment of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition .259 Ved Prakash Arya, V Prasad, and P S Anil Kumar 15 Electrochemical Process: Review on Research Applications in Machining of Advanced Materials 271 A Pandey 16 A Survey of QSAR Studies .281 Seema Dhail, Tanmoy Chakrborty, and Lalita Ledwani 17 Lead Toxicity and Flavonoids 305 Amrish Chandra and Deepali Saxena 18 A Theoretical Analysis of Bimetallic Ag–Aun (N = 1–7) Nanoalloy Clusters Invoking DFT-Based Descriptors 337 Prabhat Ranjan, Srujana Venigalla, Ajay Kumar, and Tanmoy Chakraborty 19 Study of Pesticide Residue in Vegetables and Fruits in India: A Review .347 Sanjan Choudhary and Nitu Bhatnagar Index 357 List of Contributors Sankaralingam Arunachalam School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: arunasurf@yahoo.com Ved Prakash Arya DESM, Regional Institute of Education, Ajmer, India, E-mail: aryavedp@gmail.com Samita Basu Chemical Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, India, E-mail: samita.basu@saha.ac.in Nitu Bhatnagar Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, India, E-mail: nitu.bhatnagar@jaipur.manipal.edu Shabori Bhattacharya Manipal University, Jaipur, Centre for Converging Technology, University of Rajasthan, India Sharad Bohra Department of Chemistry, Poornima University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Tanmoy Chakrborty Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, India, E-mail: tanmoychem@gmail.com Amrish Chandra Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India, E-mail: amrish_chandra@yahoo.com Sanjan Choudhary Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, India Anshu Dandia Center of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India, E-mail: dranshudandia@yahoo.co.in Hemen Dave Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India Nisha Devi Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India SeemaDhail Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, India P J John Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, India Ajay Kumar Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi-Kalan, Jaipur, India P S Anil Kumar Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Index α α-hemolysin protein complex, 17 β β-1,3-glucanase, 113 β-glucosidase, 113 β-glucuronidase gene, 71 A Acetobacter xylinum, 115, 122 Acetyl xylem asterase, 113 Acidic environment, 205, 224, 454 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 258 Actinic keratosis, 230 Adenosine triphosphate, 194, 247, 248 Adriamycin (ADM), 237 Adult/tissue stem cells, 62 Aerosol technologies, 455 Aesthetic function, 311 Albumin peptide ligand, 197 Allergenic fibroblasts, 504 Allografts, 375, 376, 503, 507, 515 Alzheimer’s disease, 258 Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), 231, 237 ALA-Hexyl ester (He-ALA), 231, 237 ALA-Undecanoyl ester (Und-ALA), 231, 237 Amplicor assay, 14 Amylopectin molecules, 323 Anatomical limitations, 32 Anatomical shapes, 44, 340 Angiogenic processes, 421 Angiogenisis, 71 Anionic molecules, 15 Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), 69 Anthracycline derivatives, 250 Anthroquinones, 113 Anti-inflammatory, 118, 123, 190, 380, 381, 418, 435, 463, 467 Antibacterial activity, 23, 54, 104, 119, 123, 383, 458, 514 Antibiotic, resistance, 2, 435, 450, 454, 468 resistant bacteria, 2, 106 resistant proteins, streptavidin, 19 Antibody binding, 208 Antibody fragment conjugation, 208 Anticancer, 238, 257, 273 agents, 198, 219, 247, 259, 265, 266, 365 Anticoagulant, 375, 421 Antifungal, 118, 120, 121, 289, 381, 463, 464 Antigen antibody interaction, 9, 12 Antigens, 2, 41, 72, 227 Antihypertensive, 262 Antimicrobial activity, 23, 112, 118, 122, 372, 381, 382, 435, 439, 441, 447, 448, 457, 458, 462, 466, 494, 514 agent, 112, 118, 119, 437, 455, 462, 464, 472 capability, 12 effect, 23, 119, 120 Antiretroviral therapy, 195 Antithrombogenic effect, 379 Antiviral drug, 7, 183, 185, 194, 197, 198, 205, 210, 211 Antiviral therapies, 200 Apical membrane, 197 Apolipoprotein and recombinant HDL (highdensity lipoprotein), 208 Aptamer assays, 157 Arabinoside, 226 Aromatic rings, 257 Arrhenius–Kramer formula, 87 Arterial ulcers, 496 Arthralgia, 380 Articular cartilage, 67 Artificialgrafts, 9, 336 Artificialscaffolds, 49 Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), 197 358 | Research Methodology in Chemical Sciences Aspergillus flavus, 113, 121 Aspergillus fumigates, 114 Aspergillus niger, 460 Atmospheric pressure, 109 Atomicforce microscope (AFM), 8, 57, 126 Atomic organization, 37 Auto-immune diseases, 22 Autograft, 34, 501, 504, 505, 375, 376 Autoimmune diseases, B Bacillus anthracis, 449 Bacteria conglomerates, 106 Bacterial cellulose, 122 Bactericidal effects, 22, 112 Binding-site barrier, 202 Bioactive glass, 67, 331, 333, 403 Bioactive inorganic materials, 67 Biocatalytic biosensors, 14 Biocatalytic sensors, 14 Biocompatibility, 24, 39, 40, 45–47, 52, 53, 56, 68, 75, 108, 109, 118, 190, 191, 210, 314, 324, 329–331, 336–376, 378, 393, 395, 399, 410, 411, 466 Biocompatible materials, Bioconjugation and biomodification, 152 Biodegradation, 39, 40, 47, 69, 192 Biofabrication technique, 49 Biological components, 10, 14, 39, 40 constituents, 38 systems, 24, 104, 105, 119, 187, 467 Biomaterials for scaffold fabrication, 36, 44, 75, 313, 319, 345, 392 bionanomaterials in tissue engineering, 47 nanocellulose, 48 nanochitosan/nanochitin, 47 carbon-based nanomaterials, 49 carbon nanotube, 51 graphene, 50 collagen, 46 nanoparticles used in tissue engineering, 51 calcium phosphate, 52 hydroxy apatite, 52 titanium dioxide, 54 zinc oxide, 53 poly lactic acid, 46 silk, 44 Biomaterials for tissue engineering, 36, 41, 421 different methods, 41 electrospinning, 43 fiber mesh, 42 freeze drying, 42 gas foaming, 42 laser-assisted bioprinting, 44 melt molding, 44 membrane lamination, 44 particulate leaching techniques, 41, 42 phase separation, 43 porogen leaching, , 42 rapid prototyping, 43, 44 self-assembly, 43 solvent casting, 41 Biomedical applications of Ag-NPS, 117 imaging, 8, 158, 172, 366 silver nanoparticles as potential antiviral agents, 123, 125 wound dressing and sutures, 122 Bio-mimetic surface, 59 Biomineralization, 52, 376 in human body, 52 Biomolecules, 403, 419, 425 Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), 285, 286 Biopolymers, 313, 345 scaffolds for 3D, 36 scaffolds in tissue engineering, 313 Bioprinting techniques, 49 Biosensor, 10–12, 26 Biosynthetic methods, 105 Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), 52 Biricodar, 247, 263, 269 Blood–brain barrier (BBB), 18, 184, 194, 252 Blood–retinal barrier, 194 Blood–testis barrier, 194, 272 Bone morphogenic protein, 409 Bovine collagen type I, 46 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 424 Breast carcinoma, 227 Broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, 22 C Cadaveric skin allograft, 506, 507 Cadmium selenide, 24 Index | 359 Calcium alginate, 47, 443, 446 Calcium phosphate compounds, 36 Canalicular membrane, 264 Cancer, 6, 9, 11, 18, 19, 22, 25, 72, 83, 84, 99, 104, 105, 151, 155, 172, 186, 197, 199, 220, 225–230, 233–236, 247–251, 253–259, 264–267, 270–273, 276, 277, 309, 370, 379, 408, 409 Cancer chemotherapy, 228, 247 Cancer diagnosis, 11, 17, 199 Candida albicans, 121, 381, 382, 460, 464 Candida species, 120 Candida tropicalis, 464 Capability of target delivery, 16 Capsicum annum, 115 Carcinogenesis, 406 Cardinal symptoms, 439 Cardiomyocyte regeneration, 406 Cardiovascular diseases, 11, 20, 22, 321, 371 Cartilage reconstruction, 38 Caspasedependent apoptosis, 268 Catalytic activity, 104, 122 Catalytic biomolecular sensors, 12 Cationic polymers, 15 Caveolae-mediated endocytosis, 194 CD4-derived peptide conjugation, 208 Cell adhesion, 10, 24, 36, 50, 57–60, 308, 309, 331, 335, 373, 391, 392, 401, 403, 410, 411, 418, 421, 424, 425, 465, 509 Cell membrane barrier, 194 Cell proliferation, 10, 24, 54, 59, 70, 392, 407, 409, 417, 425, 511 Cell trafficking, Cell wall lytic enzyme, 113 Cellbased assays, 233 Cellobiohydrolase D, 113 Cells types, 51 fibroblast, 51 mesenchymal stem cells, 51 osteoblast, 51 skeletal myoblast, 51 Cellular homeostasis, 406 measurements, 11 morphology control, 413 trafficking of nanoparticles, 193 uptake, 15 viral reservoirs, 194 Cellulolytic fungus, 113 Cellulose, hemicellulase, 113 Cerebrospinal fluid barrier, 194 Characteristics of, surface plasmons, 164 Chemical functionalization, 51 properties, 7, 8, 122, 327, 333 synthetic procedures, 105 Chemoselective bioconjugation approaches, 203 Chemosensitizers, 277 Chemotherapy applications, 85 Chemotherapy-resistant tumor, 260 Chitosan, 47, 69, 325, 368, 372, 450, 464–466, 471, 472 Chitosan-beta-glycerophosphate thermosensitive solution, 234 Cholesterol, 120, 225, 229, 289, 418 Cholesterylhemisuccinate (CHEMS), 224, 237 Choroidal neovascularization, 231 Chronic immune response, 40 Circulation time, 4, 6, 7, 221, 234 Cladosporium cladosporioides, 114 Classification of skin substitutes, 503 Clathrinand caveolae-independent cytosis, 194 Clathrinmediated endocytosis, 194 Clinical efforts to overcome MDR with P-GP inhibitors, 268 potential reasons for a lack of clinical benefit, 270 selection, 290 cosurfactant, 290 oil, 290 surfactant, 290 Clinical medicine, 32, 392 Coacervation, 188 Coagulation, 497, 515 Collagen, 46, 68–70, 313–318, 333–336, 345, 370, 372, 420, 444, 447, 462 Collagen-platelet composite (CPC), 59 Collagraft, 67, 334 Colorimetric detection methods, 177 Colorimetric probes, 142, 145, 156 Combined MH–MRI modality, 91 Complex structures, Computed tomography (CT), 341 Computer-aided design (CAD), 341 Computer-assisted design, 43, 340 Computer-assisted mechanisms, 44 360 | Research Methodology in Chemical Sciences Conventional, drugs, 2, fabrication techniques, 337 methods, 3, 34, 55, 286 organic dyes, 143 Core–shell morphology, 158 Corn starch, 327 Corona vius, 193 Coronary artery, 334, 376 Cosurfactant, 303 Covalent cross-linking, 48 Cryocopolymerization, 326 Crystalline structure, 402 Cyclic stresses, 39 Cytocompatibility, 45, 225 Cytoplasmic compartment, 16 delivery, 221–224, 227, 237, 238 enzymes, 111 membrane, 111, 120 targets, 220, 236 Cytoskeletal organization, 413 Cytosolic delivery, 223 Cytotoxic, 38, 227, 230, 248, 255, 257–261, 269, 276, 277 D Decanoyl chloride (DC), 229 Degenerative diseases, 69 Degradable materials, 45 Delivery of antiviral agents, 186, 201 Dendrimers, 5, 6, 188, 220 Dendritic branching, 408 Dendritic cells (DCs), 226, 237 Dendronized polymers, Dental care, 20, 21 implants, 21, 333 instruments, 21 pulp capping therapy, 383 Dentin-pulp tissues, 382 Dermal layer, 470, 506 Dermal substitutes, 64 Dermoepidermal substitutes, 64 Desmodium, 115 Detection of pathogenic bacteria, 12 Developmental therapeutics program, 267 Diabetes, 11, 22, 438, 496, 500 Diabetic foot ulcers, 496 Diagnosis of diseases, 1, 11, 151 Diagnostic applications, 6, 17 Dichotomic Markov process, 86 Dielectric environment, 148, 158, 162, 164, 170 Different endosomal escape mechanisms, 223 Digestive organelle, 220 Dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide, 226 Diphtheria toxin (DTA), 228 Dipole moment, 55, 83 Dipole–dipole coupling, 87, 91 Dip-pen lithography, 57 Distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), 237 Distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), 237 Decanoyl chloride (DC), 237 DNA detection, 12, 14 Doxorubicin, 190, 198, 199, 206, 221, 225, 232, 248, 251, 261–265, 273, 274 Doxorubicin concentration, 199, 232 Drude–Lorentz–Sommerfeld model, 160 Drug, concentration, 4, 194, 206, 235 delivery, 4, 26, 370, 384 metabolizing enzymes, 261 Drug pumping by P-Gp and resistance to chemotherapy, 255 ATP hydrolysis and drug transport, 255 P-GP catalytic and transport cycle, 255 Dynamic light scattering (DLS), 126 E Egg-white lysozyme, 383 Elacridar (an acridone caroxamide), 263 Elastic modulus, 39, 324 Elastin, 314, 320, 368, 370, 372, 373 Electric conductivity, 145 Electrical detection, 13 Electrodynamics quantities, 161 Electroluminescent displays, 122 Electromagnetic energy, 166 field, 153, 165 radiation, 159, 177 wave, 159, 162 Electron beam lithography, 57, 158 Electrospinability, 375 Index | 361 Electrospinning, 43, 55, 56, 75, 320, 335, 344, 345, 365, 366, 376, 379, 384, 464, 465, 509, 510 polymers, 509 process, 367, 383, 510, 511 technique, 48, 56, 373, 375, 462 Electrospun, membrane, 24 nanofiber, 24, 56, 466, 509, 512 polycaprolactone (PCL) membranes, 53, 65 Embryonicdifferentiation, 413 stem cells, 62, 423 Emodin, 380 Emulsion polymerization pocess, 190 Encapsulation, 6, 9, 22, 209, 219, 238, 265 Endocytic pathway, 15, 219 Endocytosis, 4, 16, 193, 224, 418 Endolysocytic pathway, 220 Endolysosomal compartment, 16 Endosomal digestion, 3, Endosomal escape, 238 Endosomal membrane, 220, 224, 227 Endothelial cells, 49, 53, 316, 321, 334, 335, 405–408, 418, 420, 499, 513 Enzyme substrate detection, 12 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), 237 Epidermal substitutes, 64 Epidermal tissue, 515 Epigenetic methylation, 250 Epilepsy, 258 Epirubicin hydrochloride, 234 Epithelial and microvascular endothelial cells, 204, 494 Epithelialization, 446, 462, 468, 499, 503, 506, 508 Erythropoiesis, 412 Escherichia coli, 112, 115, 120, 381, 382, 450, 462, 463 E coli culture, 23 Extracellularenzyme, 113 Extracellularmatrix, 20, 33, 35, 308, 309, 315, 318, 320, 332, 333, 336, 365, 366, 392, 404, 435, 439, 499 Extrahepatic tissues, 199 Extrahepatic toxicity, 198 F Fabrication process, 44, 337, 340, 342 Fabrication techniques, 337 Femtowatt, 85 Ferromagnetic, counterparts, 85 sample, 86 Fibroblast, 51–54, 64, 65, 70, 71, 120, 227, 329, 378, 397, 404, 412, 423, 424, 454, 465, 499, 508, 511 Fibronectins, 413 Field-effect transistors (FETs), 13 Fluorescein molecules, 159 Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), 14 Fluorescent dye, 13 molecules, radioactive tag, 17 Fluorescentlabelled nanoparticles, 194 Focus immunoassay or reverse transcriptase assay, 227 Folic acid, 85, 191, 192 Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 409 Formic acid, 320 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 126 Fugitive phase, 341 Functional bone regeneration, 66 Functional groups, 8, 59, 183, 185, 191, 203, 204, 209, 322, 393, 397, 400 Functional vascular tissue engineering grafts, 406 Functionalization, 8, 50, 51, 59, 191, 203, 204, 210, 383, 391, 393 Fundamental principle, 13 Furnémont, 420 Fusarium acuminatum, 114 Fusarium oxysporium, 114 Fusogenic nature, 228 Future of nanomedicine, 25 G Galactose conjugation, 208 Gamete, 70 Gastrointestinal tract, 205, 286 G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor), 72 362 | Research Methodology in Chemical Sciences Gene manipulation, 75 Gene therapy, 15, 64, 67–72, 185, 187, 392, 514, 515 tissue engineering, 70 hereditary diseases, 71, 72 stem cells in tissue engineering, 62 tissue replacement, 72 Gene transfer technologies, 514 General toxicological actions, 39 Genetic diseases, 14, 15 Genetic polymorphisms, 272 Genotyping, 17 Genus Penicillium, 449, 450 Geometrical cross section, 159, 172 Geometrical data, 343 Germ-line or somatic cell gene therapy, 70 Glaucoma, 190 Glenohumeral ligaments, 69 Glial growth factor (GGF), 424 Gluconacetobactor xylinus, 48 Glucose at industrial scale, 113 Glucosylceramide synthase pathway, 268 Glycolic acid, 328 Glycosaminoglycans, 317, 334, 336, 413 Glycosidic linkages, 326 Gold nanoshells, Gonacoccal opthalmia neonatorum, 118 Gonorrhea, 118, 380 Gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria, 23 H Helmholtz equation, 162 Hematopoietic precursor cells, 271 Hematopoietic progenitor cells, 194, 272 Hemocompatibility, 40, 377 Hemostasis, 439, 512 Heparin, 377, 401, 407, 413, 417–422 Hepatitis, 22, 197, 198, 309, 455 Hepatocarcinoma treatment, 199 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 233 Hepatocytes, 65, 66, 71, 73, 197, 324, 340, 378, 413 Herbal constituents, 270 Heterodimeric complexes, 409 Heterogeneous extracellular environment, 60 Hexafluro propanol solvent, 373 Hexapole plasmon, 178 High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), 207 Homeostasis and malignancy, 413 Homodimeric form, 422 Homogeneous ectopic bone formation, 422 Homogeneous emulsion formation, 294 Homogeneous erosion, 328 Homogenous mixtures, 291 Hormonal therapy, 75 Hospital acquired sepsis, 120 Human chondrocyte cell, 415 Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), 192 Human keratinocytes, 24 Human viral pathogens, 193 Hyaluronic acid, 36, 68, 70, 314, 324, 325, 366, 370, 373, 465 Hydrocarbon porogen, 341 Hydrophilic fluorescent probe (calcein), 231 Hydrophilic molecules, nanofibers, 511 peptides, 22 Hydrophobic drug, 302 polymer, 6, 47 segment, Hydroquinones, 113 Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose capsules, 288 Hydroxyquinoline, 111 Hypercholesterolaemia, 71 Hypertension, 22 Hyperthermia, 83–86, 90–93, 99, 232, 235, 237 I Immune response, 40, 41, 69, 72, 74, 312, 313, 317, 375, 437, 454 Immunoassays, 9, 143, 157 Immunoglobulins, 9, 267 Immunological rejection, 61 Immunomodulation, 34 Immunoreactive processes, 508 Immunosuppressant, 262 Immunosupression therapy, 34 Infectious diseases, 6, 11, 118, 209, 454 Inflammatory bowel disease, 256 Influenza viruses, 193 Inhalation, 189 Index | 363 Inorganic nanoparticle, 15 Inter and intracellular parameter analysis, 12 Intercellular parameters, 13 Interfacial activity, 8, 191, 209 Intermolecular cavity, Intestinal epithelium, 197, 258 Intestinal lumen, 197 Intracellular compartments, 205 Intracellular organelles, 205 Intracellular penetration, 197, 227 Intracutaneous reactivity, 40 Intramuscular (IM), 189 Intramyocardial microenvironment, 406 Intravenous products, 189 Intrinsic membrane components, 249 Intrinsic plasmonic properties, 165 Ionic cross-linking, 48 Isograft, 34 J Joint stability, 68 K Keratinocytes, 312, 317–319, 335, 423, 436, 462, 469, 507, 511, 513 Ketoconazole, 120, 289, 303 Key-hole surgery, 20 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 450 L Lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs), 15 Lactic acid, 36, 46, 47, 54, 70, 190, 314, 323, 332, 334, 370, 396, 402, 437, 466, 511 Lactosaminated human albumin (L-HSA), 198 Leukemic cells, 226 Ligand–receptor complex, 7, 183 Light-modification process, 110 Light-scattering microscopy, 158 Linear and cyclic peptides, 257 Lipophilic anthracycline analogs, 265 Lipophilic drug compounds, 288 Lipophilicity dictate, 265 Liposomal formulation, 223, 228 Liposomes, 5, 6, 15, 188, 205–208, 219–238, 265 Lithographic techniques, 157 Liver cell transplantation, 65 Liver tumor, 198 Long circulating time, Lung cancer, 272 Luteinizing hormone (LH), 409 Lymphokines, 72 Lysosomal enzymes, 198 M Macrophages, 4, 41, 184, 194, 396, 405, 408, 409, 413, 439, 499, 500 Macropinocytosis, 194 Macroporous gelstructure, 326 Magnetic drug delivery, 206 Magnetic field, 9, 83–85, 88–95, 98, 202, 205–207 nanoparticle, probe, 202 signals, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 341 Malignant tumors, 84 Mammalian cell, 340, 514 Man-made materials, 32, 52 Mannose conjugation, 208 Matrix architecture, 44 metalloproteases (MMPs), 401 Maxwell equations, 166, 177 Mechanical, engineering, 32, 392 properties, 39, 45, 48, 145, 313, 317, 318, 320, 323, 335, 373, 380, 383, 395, 396, 402, 509 property modulation, stability, 339 Medial collateral ligament (MCL), 69 Melittin peptides, 192 Membrane lamination fabricates, 340 Mental disorder, 22 Mental illness, 118 Meridian circumference, 175 Mesenchymal stem cells, 51, 62, 69, 318, 319, 375, 378, 398, 407 Metabolic disorders, 22, 72 Metabolome, 74 Metal precursors, 108 Metal-dielectric interface, 147, 149 Metallic nanostructures, 155 Metapneumovirus, 193 Methacrylic acid, 224 364 | Research Methodology in Chemical Sciences Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 106 Methylene chloride, 338 Micelles, 5–7, 24, 105, 188, 205, 208, 299 Microbial attack, 23 Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), 17 Microfabrication technologies, 63 Microfibrillar component, 111 Microfluidic approaches, 72, 73 Micromanipulation, 17 Microparticulate delivery systems, 22 Microscopic photograph, 222 Microspheres, 22, 36, 44, 188, 206, 207, 308, 333, 406 Mie theory, 144, 162, 164 Mimics hydroxyapatite, 66 Miniaturization, 3, 188 Mitochondrial membrane, 468 Molecular biology, 1, 142 Molecular chemotherapeutic drugs, 229 Molecular diagnosis, 17, 199 Molecular knowledge, Molecular level, 2, 3, 74, 187, 257 Molecular tools, Molecular weight, 106, 188, 192, 225, 315, 320, 322, 328, 396, 403, 405, 408, 409, 412, 417, 449 Molecule-specific imaging, 151 Monkeypox virus, 200 Monoclonal antibodies, 19, 202, 225, 267 Monocytes, 41, 321, 408 Morphological polymers, 47 Mucoadhesive delivery, 22 Multidisciplinary approach, 31, 32 Multi-drug resistant clinical pathogens, 127 Multifunctional pharmaceutical nanocarriers, 197 Multilevel antibacterial effects, 23 Multipolar plasmon resonance frequencies, 167 Myelination, 408 N N-acetyl-galactosamine residues, 198 Nano-alginate coated suture, 23 Nanoantennas, 141, 142, 166, 175 Nanoarrays, 17 Nanobiosensors, 10–12, 20 electrochemical biosensors, 14 fret-based dnananosensors, 14 nanotube-based biosensors, 13 nanowire biosensors, 13 opticalnanobiosensors, 13 piezo-electric biosensors, 13 quartznanobalance biosensors, 14 Nano-biotechnology, 127 Nanocantilevers, 12 Nanocapsules, 2, 22, 188, 195 Nanocellulose/microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), 48 Nanochips, 17 Nanocrystalline silver, 459, 461, 468, 472 Nanodiagnostics, 17 Nanodroplets, Nanoelectromechanical systems, 57 Nanoemulsion, 287,289, 290, 303 Nanofabrication technologies in tissue engineering, 55, 171 nanolithography instruments, 57 atomic force microscope, 57 scanning probe microscope, 57 nanoprinting, 58 process of electrospinning, 55 ambient parameters, 56 controlled variables, 56 solution properties, 55 Nanofibers, 10, 515 Nanofibrous Xylan, 378 Nanohealth, 18 Nanoimprinting lithography (NIL), 57 Nanolasers, 20 Nanolithography, 57, 75 Nanomanipulation, 17, 188 Nanomaterials, 1, 2, 11, 18, 24, 25, 34, 49, 52, 103, 126, 145, 188, 435, 436, 455–458, 462, 468–472, 513 Nanomedicine, 1–4, 19, 25, 26, 34, 75, 127, 187, 201, 209, 211, 374, 509 Nanometer-scale structures/patterns, 57 Nanometersized metal structures, 147 Nanomolecular diagnosis, 17 Nanoparticle, 2, 4, 9, 158 absorption, 158 extinction, 158 scattering, 158 Nanoparticle formulation, 192 Nanoparticle synthesis, 104, 115, 121, 157 chemical wet synthesis, 157 Index | 365 lithographic techniques, 158 Nanoparticles/physiological barriers, 194 Nanoparticles for gene delivery, 15 Nanoparticles for wound healing, 22 nanofibrous scaffolds for regeneration, 23 zinc oxide nanoparticles, 24 Nanoparticles in pharmaceutical applications, 184 Nanoparticulate, 7, 22, 183, 184, 189, 193, 197, 201, 208, 209 Nanopore sequencing, 17 Nanoprecipitation process, 189, 190 Nanoprobes, Nanorobots, 1, 21 Nanoscale, 178 fibrillar structures, 49 patterns, 57 protective layer, 20 science, Nanospheres, 2, 144, 146, 147, 151–157, 162–165, 171, 173, 190, 192, 195 Nanotechnology for bioimaging, gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, Nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery, drug delivery vehicles, dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, nanoparticulate drug delivery system, selfnanoemulsifying drug, Nanotechnology in cancer, 18 cancer diagnosis by gold nanoparticle, 19 QDS for the diagnosis of cancer, 19 silver nanoparticles, 19 Nanotechnology in dentistry, 20 nanotechnology in oral surgery, 21 nanotechnology in tooth durability, 21 nanotechnology on dental implants, 21 Nanotechnology in surgery, 20 Nanotechnology in tissue engineering, Nanotube-based biosensors, 12 Nanovectors, 18 Nanowire biosensors, 12 Napthoquinones, 113 Nasal epithelia, 193 Natural biopolymers, 315 collagen, 315 elastin, 320 fibrinogen, 319 gelatin, 318 proteins, 315 silk fibroin, 319 Natural polymers or by synthetic polymers, N-Butanol, 303 Neovascularization, 404, 406 Nerve growth factor (NGF), 424 Neural activity, 50 cell adhesion, 51 graft integration, 378 prosthetic devices, 50 Neurogenesis, 408 Neurological toxicity, 271 Neurospora crassa, 114 Neurotrophic factor, 378 Neutrophils, 41, 408, 439, 499 Nisopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), 233 N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), 224, 237 Nondegradable materials, 45 Nonmelanoma skin cancers, 230 Nonradiative plasmon excitation decay, 155 Nonuniform gel structures, 323 Normal mechanical properties, 64 Nuclear targeting/transport, 16 Nucleoside analogs, 194, 198 Nucleotide polymorphisms, 17, 250, 256, 272 O Octaarginine, 228 Oil-in-water nanoemulsion, Oligomeric clusters, 455 Oligonucleotide, 220, 227 Ophthalmic bioavailability, 190 Opsonin repelling function, 190 Optical biosensors, 12 Optical microscope, 8, 19 Optimization of, plasmon features, 170 electric near-field strength and spatial distribution, 174 plasmon enhanced field, 176 refraction of the environment, 173 size dependent plasmon resonance frequency, 171, 172 Oral administration, 5, 22, 184, 201 Organ transplants/artificial implants, 10 Organic matter, 22 366 | Research Methodology in Chemical Sciences Organoids or neo-organs, 71 Orthopedic applications, 422 Osseoconductivity, 330 Osseoinductivity, 330 Osseointegration, 52, 330–333 Osteoblast, 50, 51, 54, 57, 325, 376, 397, 398, 412, 419 Osteochondral defects, 67 Osteoconduction, 53 Osteoregeneration, 370, 376 Ovulation, 409 Oxalic acid solubilization, 321 P P-glycoproteins, 221 Painless administration, 21 Paracelsin, protein, 113 Paramagnetic nanoparticles, 85 Parenteral routs, 22 Parkinson’s disease, 257, 258 Particle morphology, Particle replication, 188 Pathogen detection, 17 Pencillium fellatunum, 114 Penicillium funiculosum GS2, 114 Peptide–amphiphile nanofibers, 46 Peptide-nanoparticle mediated drug delivery, 192 Periodontal repair, 38 Periodontal therapy, 383 Permits locomotion, 68 P-glycoprotein (Pgp), 197 P-gp/genetic expression, 197, 247–250, 252–262, 264–275, 277 P-gp inhibitors in cancer chemotherapy, 260 first-generation (G1) P-GP inhibitors, 262 second-generation (G2) P-GP inhibitors, 263 third-generation (G3) P-GP inhibitors, 263 P-gp substrates and modulators, 257 P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance, 255 Phagocytosis, 41, 190, 194, 413, 439 Pharmacogenomic approach, 267 Pharmacokinetics, 8, 183, 184, 190, 250, 251, 262, 263, 273, 276 complications, 262 Pharmacological compartments, 249 Phenylketonuria, 71 Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), 224, 238 Phosphatidylcholine, 225, 229, 231, 237, 238,249 Phospholipids, 5, 232 Phosphorus compounds, 106 Phosphotungstic acid (PTA), 292 Photo-assisted reduction, 23 Photo-catalytic applications, 53 Photobleach or blink, 151 Photobleaching, 143, 152 Photochemical (bottom up), 110 Photochemical destabilization, 229 Photo curable monomer, 342 decompose, 19 dimerization, 229 dynamic therapy (PDT), 230, 238 induced cleavage, 229 induced synthetic strategies, 110 isomerizable liposomes, 229 lithography, 72 luminescent properties, 53 physical (top down), 110 reduction, 110 sensitive liposome, 229 stability, thermal therapy, 19, 158 PH-sensitive liposomes (PSLs), 238 PH-sensitive stealth liposomes (PSSLs), 238 Physical adsorption, 425 chemical properties, transducer, 10 Physicochemical characterization of optimized SNEDDS formulations, 298 droplet size determination, 299 drug content determination, 299 drug release kinetics, 301 emulsification time, 299 in vitro drug release, 300 macroscopic evaluation, 298 microscopic analysis, 299 percentage transmittance, 298 refractive index, 298 stability studies, 302 Physicochemical properties, 188, 194, 399 Physiological anatomical barriers, 194 conditions, 3, 35, 411 Index | 367 Piezoelectric immunosensor, 13 Placental barrier, 194 Plasma membrane, 16, 250, 414, 418 Plasmid/oligonucleotide delivery, 220 Plasmon damping rates, 144, 159, 164, 166–170 mode, 166 oscillations, 166, 168, 170 parameters, 141, 144, 145, 177 resonance, 12, 17, 19, 109, 122, 126, 141–145, 147, 152–155, 156, 159, 161, 164, 166–174 color effects (far field), 149 enhancement of electric field (near-field region), 152 localized surface plasmons, 147 nanoparticulate drug delivery, 190 resonance frequency, 142, 145, 152 ruler, 156 controlled fluorescence, 153 absorption activity, 172 mechanism, 150–153, 155, 171, 172, 176 nanoantenna, 165, 178 nanoparticle, 155, 170, 171 properties, 109 structures, 142, 152, 177 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), 70 Pluripotent stem cells, 62 Pneumatic dispenser, 343 Polarization/propagation direction, 175 Poloxamine, 190 Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 57 Poly (sodium styrene sulfonate), 59 Polybutylcyanoacrylate-coated nanoparticle, 190 Polycaprolactone, 64, 335, 366, 369, 374, 398, 466 Polyester, 46, 57, 70, 327, 329, 374, 402, 406, 435, 461 Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 4, 108, 190, 222, 238, 366, 511 Polyethylene oxide, 190, 318, 373, 464 Polyfluorethylene (PTFE), 71 Polyglycolic acid (PGA), 64, 190, 396 Polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA), 401 Poly-L-lactide (PLLA), , 64 Polymer molecular weight, 55, 366 polymeric nanoparticles functionalization, 191 precipitation, 341 sirna nanoparticle delivery, 193 solution, 41–43, 337–340, 344, 509 Polymeric gene delivery system, 15 materials, 36, 397 membrane, 2, 41 nanoparticles, 185, 191 Polymerization method, 188 Polymers, 190, 313, 314, 374, 384, 425 Polymorphisms, 250, 251, 256, 273 Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), 41 Polyoxamer, 190 Polysaccharides, 10, 322, 416, 446 alginic acid, 323 chitin and chitosan, 325 dextran, 326 hyaluronic acid, 324 polycaprolactone, 329 polyglycolic acid, 328 starch, 322 Polysorbate 80, 190 Polyurethane, 369, 374 Polyvinyl alcohol, 191, 366, 374, 396, 465 Porcine skin xenograft, 506 Porogens, 42, 49, 338, 340 Potential biological hazards, 40 Potential cytoprotective activity, 123 Pressure ulcers, 496 Prolease technology, 22 Proline valine, 321 Protein analysis, 12 peptide delivery, 22 peptide drugs, 22 drug, 22 Proteinacious morphogens, 337 Proteoglycans, 405, 407, 413, 416 Proteolysis, 45, 413 Proteome, 74 Proteomic studies, 13 Pseudomonas, 381 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 119,379, 381, 382, 450, 463 Pseudomonas gingivalis, 383 Pseudomonas stutzeri, 107, 115 Pseudoternary phase, 285, 296, 297 368 | Research Methodology in Chemical Sciences Pulmonary administration routes, 193 capillaries, 190 Pyoderma gangrenosum, 496 Pyrogenic, 38 Q Quadrupole plasmon, 178 Quadrupole plasmon frequency, 171 Quantum size effect, 48 Quartz oscillators, 14 Quaternary ammonium compound, 12 R Radiation therapy, 154 Raman scattering, 104, 143, 144, 152, 178 Raman spectroscopy, 153 Red blood cells (RBCs), Refractive index, 143, 158–162, 173, 285, 291, 298 Renal cancer, 256 Resonance frequency, 143, 144, 148, 149, 164, 173, 175, 176 wavelength, 147 Respiratory syncytial virus, 193, 200, 455 Reticuloendothelial system (RES), 190 Retinoic acid, 420 Rhabdomyosarcomas, 233 Rheumatoid arthritis, 22 Rhinoviruses, 193 RNA, 193, 208, 228, 250, 251, 265, 365, 457 S Sarcoma-180, 228 Scaffold, 36, 42, 45, 48, 53, 59, 65, 308, 309, 336, 337, 392–394 transplant, 34 architecture, 38, 43 degradation, 38 preparation, 36, 41 Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Scanning probe microscope, 57 Scar-free healing, 512 Schematic representation, 2–4, 10, 11, 15, 39, 55–58, 92, 94, 186, 187, 202, 399, 510 Schizophrenia, 258 Schwann cells, 46, 324, 335 Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS), 7, 291 droplet size determination, 292 drug content, 292 drug release kinetics, 293 emulsification time, 292 in vitro drug release study, 293 macroscopic evaluation, 291 microscopic analysis, 292 percentage transmittance, 292 refractive index, 291 stability studies, 293 Semiconductor materials, Semicrystalline regions, 320 Semipermeability, 512 Sericin functions, 319 Silcryst nanocrystals, 461 Silicon nanowire (SiNW), 13 Silk fibroin, 45, 314, 319, 368, 373 Silver spherical particles, 165 zeolite, 104, 125 zirconium phosphate, 125 Silver nanoparticle synthesis methods, 2, 21, 23, 107, 171, 172, 382, 457, 458 chemical synthesis of AGNPS, 108 chemical synthesis process, 108 metal precursors, 108 reducing agents, 108 stabilizing/capping agents, 108 irradiation reduction synthesis, 110 microbial synthesis of AGNPS, 110 mechanism for microbial synthesis (extracellular/intracellular), 113 mechanism for phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, 115 mechanism of biosynthesis of AGNPS by bacteria, 112 mechanism of biosynthesis of AGNPS by fungi, 111 physical synthesis of AGNPS, 109 Skeletal myoblast, 51 structures, 68 Skin cancers, 230 Skin grafts, 438, 440, 468, 470, 493, 508, 515 Skin substitutes, 24, 46, 64, 65, 74, 336, 378, 493, 494, 501–508, 510–515 Index | 369 Sodium alginate, 23, 53, 122, 324, 446 Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, 443, 447 Sodium oleate, 109 Solid dispersion, 286 freeform fabrication, 337, 341 Solvent diffusion, 184, 188 evaporation, 41, 55, 188 Sonochemical approach, 105 Soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC), 238 Spatial distribution, 174 Specific situation, 39 Spectacular optical effects, 147 Spectrophotometrically, 292, 298 Spherocyte formation, 225 Stabilizing/capping agents, 108 Staphylococcus, 381 Staphylococcus aureus, 23, 115, 380–382, 435, 450, 463, 496 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 379 Stem cells, 62, 75, 419 Stereolithography system, 341 Stimuli-sensitive nanocarriers, 205, 208 external stimuli sensitive nanocarriers, 206 PH-sensitive nanocarriers, 205 Stratum basale, 495 corneum, 495 granulosum, 495 licidum, 495 spinosum, 495 Structural/functional relationships, 308 Styrene-co-maleic acid-based vesicles, 225 Subcellular compartments, 219, 221 components, Subcutaneous, 189, 227, 313, 447, 494–496 Sub-gingival calculus, 21 Submicron-sized dimensions, 11 Supercritical fluid technology, 188 Superparamagnetic (SPM), 83, 84 Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION), 206 Suppurative dermatitis, 380 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 12, 17, 109 Svensonia hyderabadensis, 116 Sweat glands, 438, 494, 495 Synaptogenesis, 408 Synovial fluid, 417 Synthetic biomaterial, 46 framework, 37 inorganic biomaterials, 329 polymeric macromolecule, 196 Syphilis, 118 Systemic diseases, 515 T Tablet formulation, 285, 300 Tailored heating in magnetic hyperthermia, 86 heat dissipation in SPM assemblies, 87, 90, 91 relaxation mechanisms in SPM nanoparticles, 86 Tapioca roots, 327 Tariquidar (anthranilamide, XR9576), 263 Temperature-sensitive liposomes (TSLs), 232 Terminal groups, 6, 191 Tetrahydrofuran, 338, 372 Therapeutic applications, 84, 99, 152, 205 efficacy, 196, 247 horizons, 200 moieties, 224 moiety, 221 technologies, 7, 183 Thermodynamic stability, 6, 291, 297 Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), 57 polymers, 343 Thermosensitive formulation, 233 liposomes (TSLs), 238 vesicular formulations, 232 Thiol-maleimide linkages, 236 Tissue engineering for replacing body parts, 63 bone, 66 cartilage, 67 ligaments, 69 liver, 65 skin, 63 tendons, 68 Tissue-engineered skin, 501, 509, 514 Titanium dioxide, 54, 463 Tooth decay, 21 370 | Research Methodology in Chemical Sciences Topographical cues, 10 Toxic cadmium ions, 24 Toxic metal ions, 111 Transactivating transcriptional activator (TAT), 208 Transcriptome, 74 Transforming growth factor (TGF), 404, 499 Transmembrane helices (TMHs), 252 Transmembrane segments, 266 Transmission electron microscope (TEM), 126, 292 Transplantation procedure, 65 Traumatic injury, Tricalcium phosphate, 52, 67, 329, 330, 334, 376 Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 329, 402 Trichoderma reesei, 113, 114 Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 120, 460 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 72 Tumor therapy, 5, 18, 172 Tumor-associated angiogenesis, 18 Tumor-targeting ligands, U Ultimate stress, 37, 39 Ultimate tensile stress, 39 Ultrasonic fields, 455 Ultrasound drug delivery, 206 Ultrasound induces, 206 Ultrasound triggered liposomes,236 Ultraviolet (UV) radiations, 436 Ultraviolet irradiation, 493 Umbilical cord, 62, 417 Umbilical vein, 334, 513 Unfavorable host response, 47 UV light, 57, 463, 464 UV rays, 455 UV-blocking properties, 514 UV-Vis spectroscopy, 126 V Vaccines, 2, 185 Valence band, 463 Valspodar, 247, 263, 269 Variousfungal strains, 113 Vascular auto regulation, 413 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 70, 377, 404 Vascular thrombogenicity, 376 Vascularization, 420, 421, 508, 513 Vasculitis (Inflammation of a blood vessel), 496 Venous ulcers, 496 Verapamil, 247, 259, 260, 262, 267–269, 273, 274 Versatile technique, 43 Verticillium, 114 Vinblastine, 261 Vincristine, 261 Vinorelbine, 233, 261, 264 Viral envelope, 223, 228 Viral infections, 65, 199, 226 Viral or non-viral vectors, 15 Viral reservoirs, 195 Virosomes, 228 Vitamin C, 420, 500 Vitreous humor, 417 Vitronectin, 413 W Water–oil–water emulsion, 333 Water-soluble drugs, 189 Water-soluble polysaccharides, 111 Wound dressing, 368, 371, 384, 435, 440, 441, 466, 472 Wound environment, 442, 446, 447, 503 Wound healing, 23, 24, 45, 48, 53, 64, 65, 122, 123, 319, 368–371, 380, 381, 401, 405–408, 413, 417, 423, 435, 436, 439, 440, 447, 448, 454–457, 462–466, 496–503, 511, 514, 515 Wound healing factors, 500 Wound healing phases, 497 coagulation phase, 497 inflammatory phase, 497 maturation phase, 497 proliferation phase, 497 Xenograft, 34, 266, 273, 503, 505–507 Xenograft models, 266 Xenographic materials, 312 X-ray, 57, 231 diffractometry (XRD), 126 photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 126 Y Yield stress, 37, 39 Index | 371 Z Zidovudine, 208 Zinc calcium, 403 Zinc nanomaterial in wound dressing, 463 Zinc oxide, 24, 52, 53, 54, 64, 65, 118, 463, 511, 513 Zinc sulfate calcium phosphates, 403 Zirconia, 329, 403 Zosuquidar, 263, 269 Zygote, 70 .. .RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN CHEMICAL SCIENCES Experimental and Theoretical Approach RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN CHEMICAL SCIENCES Experimental and Theoretical Approach Edited by Tanmoy Chakraborty,. .. Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Research methodology in chemical sciences : experimental and theoretical approach / edited by Tanmoy Chakraborty, PhD, Lalita Ledwani, PhD Includes bibliographical... II Ledwani, Lalita, author, editor QD40.R48 2016 540.72 C2016-900387-6 C2016-900388-4 Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Names: Chakraborty, Tanmoy | Ledwani, Lalita Title: Research