(BQ) Part 1 book Medical english clear and simple has contents: The musculoskeletal system, introduction to american and canadian health care and cultural concepts of health and wellness, the cardiovascular system.
2165_FM_i-xxiv.qxd 12/2/09 10:52 AM Page ii 2165_FM_i-xxiv.qxd 12/2/09 10:52 AM Page i Medical English Clear and Simple A Practice-Based Approach to English for ESL Healthcare Professionals 2165_FM_i-xxiv.qxd 12/2/09 10:52 AM Page ii 2165_FM_i-xxiv.qxd 12/2/09 10:52 AM Page iii Medical English Clear and Simple A Practice-Based Approach to English for ESL Healthcare Professionals Melodie Hull, RPN, MSc, MEd (TESOL), BA, PID Nursing Faculty College of the Rockies Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada Nursing Tutor, Distance Education, Transitions to Nursing and Health Program Thompson Rivers University Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada International Adviser to the Department of Languages International University of Business, Agriculture, and Technology Dhaka, Bangladesh Nurse-Educator and Consultant Clayton International Consulting Cranbrook, BC, Canada 2165_FM_i-xxiv.qxd 12/2/09 10:52 AM Page iv F.A Davis Company 1915 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 http://www.fadavis.com Copyright © 2010 by F.A Davis Company Copyright © 2010 by F.A Davis Company All rights reserved This book is protected by copyright No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher Printed in the United States of America Last digit indicates print number: 10 Acquisitions Editor: Jonathan Joyce Director of Content Development: Darlene D Pedersen Senior Project Editor: Padraic J Maroney Design and Illustrations Manager: Carolyn O’Brien As new scientific information becomes available through basic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies undergo changes The author(s) and publisher have done everything possible to make this book accurate, up to date, and in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication The author(s), editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of the book Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation The reader is advised always to check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dose and contraindications before administering any drug Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hull, Melodie Medical English clear and simple: a practice based approach to English for ESL healthcare professionals/Melodie Hull p.; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8036-2165-7 (alk paper) Readers—Medicine English language—Conversation and phrase books (for medical personnel) English language—Textbooks for foreign speakers Medical personnel, Foreign—United States I Title [DNLM: Terminology as Topic—Problems and Exercises Communication—Problems and Exercises Language—Problems and Exercises W 18.2 H913m 2010] PE1127 M4H85 2010 428.6'402461—dc22 2009042818 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by F.A Davis Company for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the fee of $.25 per copy is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: 8036-2165-7/10 + $.25 2165_FM_i-xxiv.qxd 12/2/09 10:52 AM Page v This book is dedicated to two very important and influential people in my life: My very good friend, Patty Sangri, of the Universidad Tecnologica de Cancun, who gave me my first job in English for Specific Purposes and who opened this whole new world to me My wonderful husband, Steven, whose unwavering love and faith in me, as well as his incredible patience and support, has made this book possible THANK YOU 2165_FM_i-xxiv.qxd 12/2/09 10:52 AM Page vi 2165_FM_i-xxiv.qxd 12/2/09 10:52 AM Page vii FOREWORD I met Melodie Hull, the author of this book, in 2006 when we all attended the International Symposium on English for Medical Purposes in Beijing, China As one of the keynote speakers, she roused my attention when I read her research abstract It offered a brief overview of literature on how the actual goals of the curriculum of English for Medical Purposes are defined In the symposium, her speech was a great success and provided all the researchers, especially Chinese researchers, in the medical English field opportunity for critical thought regarding current curriculum design In addition, her wit, her wealth of knowledge and experience, and her enthusiasm for the medical English field impressed all the attendees In the following years, we have kept in touch with each other I have gradually come to know many of her works, all of which are greatly applicable and in great demand On behalf of all Chinese medical English researchers, I genuinely appreciate what Melodie has done and will in this field Medical English Clear and Simple is designed to help learners of medical English at an advanced level The intended readers are medical and medical English students, medical professionals, and those involved in the medical field who have a strong desire to improve their medical English This book guides readers through eight main sections, enabling them to explore and develop skills within certain systems or medical fields Each unit enables readers to engage more actively with medical matter or content and encourages them to develop their own skills in medical English reading, listening, speaking, and writing Throughout the book, topics are extended, interwoven, and deconstructed, with the readers’ understanding strengthened by tasks and follow-up questions For the learners to take full advantage of the material, the book has included what the author believes is most needed by them Exercises and learning activities offer language-learning conditions that enrich their communicative competence and skills within the context of their careers Written by an experienced researcher in the field, Medical English Clear and Simple is an essential resource for students and researchers of medical English I, Xie Yu, sincerely wish that by reading and using this book, you will have a pleasant and instructive experience in improving your medical English Xie Yu, MA English for Medical Purposes Lecture Capital Medical University Beijing, PRC Congratulations on the publication of this important book Melodie Hull is a friend, colleague, and previous employee While teaching nursing full time at a local university college, she worked as a staff nurse part time in one of my mental health care facilities As I got to know her, I discovered her interest in teaching English for nursing and medical purposes Her approach to the subject was (and is) quite unique Her vision of the need for functional, career-specific English for health professionals is commendable and one which I share This book does just that! I, like Melodie, appreciate the need for nurses or doctors to be involved in the creation and design of this type of material and coursework and have always supported her in her endeavors to fill this need We agree that English for Medical Purposes materials should be based in the context of the health professions at all times Melodie is committed to best practices in health care and realizes that language skills and competencies play an enormous role in the delivery of safe, ethical, and professional care Indeed, she believes this so strongly that beyond nursing, she has added a graduate degree in TESOL to her credentials to ensure her material is well-grounded in theory and practice Medical English Clear and Simple is a comprehensive introduction to the language of the health professions In my opinion, it is well suited to the needs of international medical graduates who wish to complete a residency in Canada, the USA, or to work in an English-speaking milieu eventually It is also well suited for internationally educated nurses and nursing students whose vii 2165_FM_i-xxiv.qxd 12/2/09 10:52 AM Page viii first language is not English The text offers essential terminology for working with colleagues and patients, but it does more than that: the communication focus is paramount for career success in an English-speaking country This book accomplishes that Ronald I Wong BS, MD Family Physician, registered in Vancouver BC, Canada, and Kingston, Jamaica Graduate University of British Columbia Medical School Internship at King’s County Hospital, Brooklyn, New York Family Practice Residency, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Ravenna General Hospital, Ravenna, Ohio, USA This is no ordinary text Melodie Hull’s years of experience in international nursing, education, and theater arts provide an innovative approach to English-based medical terminology The author’s expertise in this area is evident in the selection of content and sequencing of tasks, but it is the love of learners and the desire to see them succeed that shines in the gentle, down-to-earth guidance included in the learning activities By incorporating activities that address the various senses, the author taps into different learning styles and preferences, rather than relying solely on pronunciation and memorization Her appreciation for the learner’s need to feel confident comes through in the design of activities that engage the adult in using new terms in a variety of contexts Upon completion of this text, a learner can go to the workplace knowing he or she will effectively use medical terminology in verbal and nonverbal communications This is the text that I wish I had written myself Sharon L Andersen, RN, BSN, MSN, MEd, EdD Clinical Nurse Specialist in Adult Mental Health Proprietor, Crone’s Nest Educational Consultants Retired Nursing Instructor, Kwantlen Polytechnic University and University of British Columbia, Canada Having used a previous book by Melodie Hull, I was honored to have been asked to write this foreword for the new textbook that she has written This new work is a comprehensive book designed for non-native English-speaking students in health-care programs Medical English Clear and Simple fulfills a need since it is health care oriented, but ESL/EFL accessible As there are more and more non-native speakers of English medical professionals in the USA, the need for such a book has become critical Medical English Clear and Simple assists students toward success in healthcare programs by providing opportunities for reading, writing, speaking, and listening within their health-care career It provides ample opportunities to apply what has been learned and helps students build their health-care related vocabulary Medical English Clear and Simple is a useful resource as a communication teaching tool for instructors in the health-care field and as a refresher or a professional development course for international health-care professionals Melodie Hull has achieved her purpose of providing a valuable resource for health-care students or professionals who are of non-English speaking backgrounds Medical English Clear and Simple is the answer to the needs of health-care or ESL/EFL instructors who are looking for a comprehensive book that will help their students improve their health-related language skills Barbara Jonckheere Lecturer/Academic Senate Representative American Language Institute University College and Extension Services California State University, Long Beach In Medical English Clear and Simple, Melodie Hull has presented a practical step-by-step guide for learning career-specific English with a communication focus The guide is a valuable resource, especially for students in health studies programs and health professionals who are of non-English speaking backgrounds viii Foreword 2165_Ch03_093-140.qxd 12/1/09 3:07 PM Page 136 READING 3-6—ANGINA AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Understanding the General Meaning The general purpose of the reading selection is to explain the nature, causes, and symptoms of angina and myocardial infarction Comprehending Specifics 1) Angina is caused by a narrowing of the arteries The etiology of angina is a narrowing of the arteries 2) Two words to describe angina are chest pain 3) A myocardial infarction is caused by a progressive narrowing of the coronary arteries Blocking of an artery or an occlusion usually occurs suddenly and may be the result of a thrombus/blood clot or embolus Building Vocabulary Determining Meaning from Context 1) b, 2) a, 3) b Using New Words in Sentences Examples of possible answers: 1) Cassandra has an irregular heartbeat and a diagnosis of heart disease 2) Devon has suffered two minor heart attacks He has arteriosclerosis and is on the cardiac care unit now Treatments, Interventions, and Assistance READING 3-7—CALLING 911 FOR HELP Understanding the General Meaning The subject of the reading is a man who seems to be having a heart attack and calls for emergency help Answering Closed Questions 1) The man on the phone is having chest pain 2) The 911 operator answers calls to the 911 emergency number 3) The patient reports numbness in his left arm 4) Paramedics are on the way to the man’s home 5) An ambulance is also on the way to the man’s home 6) The man on the phone—the patient—can’t think clearly 136 The Cardiovascular System 2165_Ch03_093-140.qxd 12/1/09 3:07 PM Page 137 7) She wants him to calm down and unlock the front door so the paramedics can get into the house to help him 8) 911 is the number to call for police, fire, or medical emergencies 9) The patient’s wife is not at home; she is out 10) The 911 operator is calm, professional, and helpful (Note: this question asks “how.”) 11) The patient on the phone is confused, short of breath, afraid, and in pain 12) The patient is male 13) The patient has not been previously diagnosed with a heart condition 14) Yes, the patient gets rescued Building Vocabulary Mix and Match BOX 3-6 Mix and Match: Synonyms: Answers TERM FROM TEXT SYNONYM OR DESCRIPTION paramedic ambulance attendant 911 emergency telephone line difficulty breathing shortness of breath numbness no feeling relax calm telephone operator operator hurt pain Recognizing Related Words 1) chest: thoracic, breast, upper body 2) pain: ouch, hurt, aches badly 3) operator: telephone employee, switchboard person, phone attendant 4) right now: immediately, right away, stat 5) anyone: someone, somebody, any person 6) numb: paresthesia, no feeling, no sensation 7) dizzy: vertigo, unbalanced, sense of spinning 8) hurry: go quickly, move quickly, proceed rapidly 9) short of breath: can’t catch my breath; apnea; rapid, shallow breathing 10) bear with me: please be patient and wait, stand by, be patient a moment The Cardiovascular System 137 2165_Ch03_093-140.qxd 12/1/09 3:07 PM Page 138 Recognizing Distinctions Between Words 1) Sweet is a taste; sweat is perspiration 2) Palpation is assessment by touch; palpitation is an irregular or rapid beat of your heart 3) Pallor is lack of color, a paleness of the skin; cyanosis is a condition of insufficient oxygen in the cells, often observed as bluish or grayish color of the skin 4) Breathe is a verb meaning to take in air; breath is a noun 5) Numbness is lack of sensation; tingling is a prickling sensation 6) Nausea is the feeling of being about to throw up; vomiting is the act of throwing up 7) An ache is less hurtful than a pain 8) Anxiety is a state of alertness and responsiveness that can feel good or bad; apprehension is fear of the unknown Writing Exercise 1) fear, anxiety, chest pain 2) think clearly 3) work with the ambulance service; in ambulances READING SELECTION 3-8—ANGINA Understanding the General Meaning 1) The purpose of the narrative is that the man is experiencing pain and discomfort, fears he may be having a heart attack, and calls for emergency help 2) The plot concludes with the ambulance and paramedics arriving to take the man to the hospital 3) The narrative is written in the past tense Understanding Specific Facts in a Reading 1) The patient’s name is Mr Moore 2) Yes, the patient was able to provide his address 3) Yes, the patient was coherent 4) The operator was speaking to Mr Moore 5) The paramedics might have had to break down the door to Mr Moore’s house if he was not able to unlock it 6) The paramedics might break down the door to reach Mr Moore and provide him with assistance 7) Mr Moore was going to be going to the hospital 8) Mr Moore was going to get to the hospital via ambulance 9) The patient’s acute signs and symptoms were numbness and tingling in left arm, shortness of breath (SOB), confusion, and pain and tightness in his chest 10) No, Mr Moore has never had a heart attack before 11) Mr Moore was thinking clearly enough to call 911 for help 138 The Cardiovascular System 2165_Ch03_093-140.qxd 12/1/09 3:07 PM Page 139 Building Vocabulary Determining Meaning from Context 1) d, 2) b, 3) b, 4) e, 5) b, 6) b, 7) a, 8) a Sentence Completion 1) directive, 2) passed out, 3) broke down, 4) been broken down READING SELECTION 3-9—HEAD-TO-TOE ASSESSMENT Understanding the General Meaning 1) The general meaning or focus of the reading selection is to explain what a head-to-toe assessment is, what it includes, and why it is performed 2) The purpose of a head-to-toe assessment is to gather data as a base line of health information and to help make a working diagnosis 3) A head-to-toe assessment is a routine, expected method of data collection in American and Canadian health care It provides an inclusive, logical, and systematic assessment in a short period of time Building Vocabulary Multiple Choice 1) d, 2) a, 3) a, 4) b Defining New Words 1) Systematic means to follow a system or procedure to achieve a certain goal A head-totoe assessment is a systematic way to collect health data 2) Sequential means following a sequence The head-to-toe assessment follows a sequence of steps starting with the head and neck, proceeding to vital signs, orientation, heart tones, breath sounds, bowel sounds, etc., to collect data 3) Orientation means position or change of position of body parts OR general or lasting direction of thought, inclination, or interest 4) Peripheral means relating to the outer or surface part of something, away from the center as in being in the outer, or peripheral, field of vision or the peripheral nervous system being outside of the central nervous system READING SELECTION 3-10—ADMISSION TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT Understanding the General Meaning 1) The doctor has concluded that the patient has a working diagnosis of angina 2) The nurses will observe the patient closely over the next few hours 3) An IV is an intravenous infusion of fluids or medications into the body The Cardiovascular System 139 2165_Ch03_093-140.qxd 12/1/09 3:07 PM Page 140 4) The steps in the admission procedure for this cardiac patient were: obtain information and status of the patient from the paramedics, complete a head-to-toe assessment, connect heart monitor, start an IV, observe closely, and complete documentation Building Vocabulary Multiple Choice 1) d, 2) b, 3) c Answering Specific Questions 1) The purpose in asking about a patient’s allergies is to assess for and control any possible allergic reactions or prevent them from occurring 2) It is extremely important and absolutely essential to get a clear description of a patient’s allergies 3) It is important to get a clear description of patient’s allergies and document them because some allergic reactions can be life-threatening In addition, health-care professions are legally liable if they not ask the patients about allergies 4) The medical term for a severe allergic response is anaphylactic shock 5) Medical personnel ask about a patient’s medication use upon admission to prevent mixing medications that are contraindicated or overmedicating patients 6) Patients are asked about their potential contact with HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and hepatitis because these are all infectious diseases that may be spread in the hospital by the patient 140 The Cardiovascular System ... Emergency Department 11 6 12 0 12 5 12 7 The Respiratory System 14 1 Anatomy and Physiology 14 1 The Purpose of the Respiratory System Anatomy and Physiology of the Lung 14 1 14 4 Common Disorders and Diseases... 96 99 99 10 4 xv 216 5_FM_i-xxiv.qxd 12 /2/09 10 :52 AM Page xvi Congestive Heart Failure Angina and Myocardial Infarction 10 7 11 3 Treatment, Interventions, and Assistance 11 5 Calling 911 for Help... Gastrointestinal System Food Safety and Food Poisoning 18 5 18 5 18 5 19 3 19 5 19 8 19 8 203 206 206 210 213 The Neurological System 2 31 Anatomy and Physiology 2 31 The Nervous System Divisions of the