Sustainable animal production the challenges and potential developments for professional farming

Sustainable animal production The challenges and potential developments for professional farming edited by: geningen Academic A Aland and F Madec u b l i s h e r s Sustainable animal production Sustainable animal production The challenges and potential developments for professional farming edited by: A Aland F Madec Wageningen Academic  P u b l i s h e r s ISBN 978-90-8686-099-9 e-ISBN: 978-90-8686-685-4 DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-685-4 First published, 2009 © Wageningen Academic Publishers The Netherlands, 2009 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, ­mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher, Wageningen Academic Publishers, P.O Box 220, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands, www.WageningenAcademic.com The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors The publisher is not responsible for possible damages, which could be a result of content derived from this publication Acknowledgements The guest editors would like to thank all the people for giving us their valuable help in the preparation process of this book, acting especially as peer-reviewers of the manuscripts They would like to give particular thanks to David R Arney, associate professor, Department of Nutrition and Animal Products Quality at the Estonian University of Life Sciences, for his dedication and efficient help when polishing the English language Sustainable animal production Table of contents Acknowledgements Preface 19 Part A  nimal hygiene for a more sustainable animal production The growing role of animal hygiene for sustainable husbandry systems Th Blaha and J Köfer Abstract Introduction The changes Veterinary medicine The consequences Animal hygiene’s contribution to animal health Animal health and animal welfare improvements Food safety at herd level (pre-harvest food safety) Environmental protection and waste management The most important principles and tools 10 Conclusion References The role of the European feed industry in a sustainable feed and food safety strategy M.J.M Tielen Abstract Introduction Safe feed production: a daily challenge for the feed industry Safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in animal feed Feed legislation embracing the overall feed chain Compound feed producers response: the development of a European Feed Manufacturers Code (EFMC) Concluding remarks References New trends in farm animal welfare: science values and practice J Webster Abstract Introduction Sentience, welfare and wellbeing Stress and suffering Trends in animal welfare science Ethics and values Right action: promotion of animal welfare Welfare-based quality assurance References Sustainable animal production 23 23 23 25 25 26 27 27 28 29 29 31 32 33 33 34 34 40 41 42 43 44 45 45 45 46 46 48 50 51 52 54 P Rafai O  ptions and strategies addressing the future development of animal agriculture Increasing population and enhanced demands for food of animal origin has accelerated growth in the livestock sector The more animals that are kept for farming purposes the more emissions and wastes are produced Therefore the key element of all strategies lies in simultaneously increasing production efficiency with substantial reductions in the environmental impact There are many ways to achieve this goal Of the options available methods of genetic progress and ways of improving animal health are dealt with here With respect to other important issues, such as alleviating the environmental impact of animal production, structural changes of the livestock sector, tendencies in global trading of animals and animal products, anticipated technological innovations, legislative approaches to drive animal production further, future farming systems, animal welfare and food safety implications are beyond the scope of this overview and the reader is referred to the relevant literature available both in paper form and on the internet Genetic resources Although genetic engineering is thought to have major impacts in upgrading livestock and poultry production, for the time being traditional selection techniques have reasons for justified existence Indeed, these are currently the only tools widely available for improvement Genetic upgrading through selection, based on an increased understanding of population genetics and statistics, has been important contributor to dramatic advances in agricultural productivity (Dekkers and Hospital, 2002) One supporting example is shown in Table The genetic progress for quantitative traits has been aided by bio-techniques such as artificial insemination, progeny testing, oestrus synchronisation, superovulation, embryo transfer, cryopreservation of gametes and embryos, and DNA-based marker assisted selection of superior animals Table Phenotypic trends in central test results in the Netherlands (1930-1990; Merks, 2000) Pig breed Dutch Landrace 1930 1947 1972 1990 Great Yorkshire 1930 1947 1972 1990 482 Daily gain (g/d) Feed efficiency (kg/kg) Backfat thickness (mm) 500 650 788 840 3.5 3.4 2.6 2.8 45 33 26 24 550 680 815 840 3.4 3.2 2.5 2.7 48 35 27 22 Sustainable animal production  A global vision At present much scientific effort is spent on developing new techniques in biotechnology and using them in the practice of animal husbandry Of these, cloning has been practiced since the 1980’s Splitting embryos into sets of identical cell agglomerations and transferring them into recipients is a technique that is now commercially available Somatic cell nuclear transfer is another form of cloning, when the DNA of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated ovum and implanted into the uterus of the recipient This method renders possible the replication of animals with high genetic merit Although this kind of cloning is also available through breeding companies, the associated problems (1-3% success rate, cardiovascular, muscular defects of the offspring, primary immuno-deficiencies) hinder dissemination and uptake of this method and further research efforts are urged to overcoming these problems (Van Eenennaam, 2006) Direct manipulation of genes (genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, through isolation of gene(s) of importance and transferring it/them usually via vector(s) into recipient cells will transform the target cells and result in the expression of characteristics that they had not had possessed Although genetic engineering has its place in agriculture mainly via manufacturing biologicals that improve animal production (see recombinant bovine somatotrophin and, vaccines for equine influenza) or culturing genetically modified /GMO/ crops (such as insect/ pest resistant corn, soybean) it seems unlikely – at least at present – that genetic engineering will have direct use in improving production traits of farm animals The reason is twofold On the one hand production traits of importance are coded by many genes, making it difficult to select the appropriate genes and predict how the expression of one or two recombinant proteins might influence these complex performance traits (Van Eenennaam, 2006) On the other hand, biotechnology and genetic engineering are controversial because of concerns about risks to human health, biodiversity and ethics Animal welfare considerations, ethical and moral scruples and environmental related anxieties are currently debated in the mass media, leaving consumers misinformed and largely opposed to consuming genetically modified foods The role of animal health In spite of spectacular improvements in animal health in the past decade (at least in Europe), infectious diseases still cause significant losses to the livestock sector Although in Europe and in the majority of developed countries a number of infectious diseases have been either eradicated or controlled (e.g bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, enzootic bovine leucosis, bovine viral diarrhoea, bovine contagious rhinothracheitis, Aujeszky’s diseases), new, previously unknown diseases have emerged and become important Another concern relates to the appearance of certain diseases in new geographic regions where they trigger extensive epidemics Among others, the highly virulent strains of avian influenza including A5N1 should be mentioned which has led to worldwide epidemics in birds and occasionally human infections were also reported Appearance of West Nile Fever outside Africa, entry of bluetongue into Western European countries and the year-to-year re-emergence of African swine fever in non-African countries are further examples These infectious diseases have provided difficulties to veterinary authorities in an era when the importance of the agro-industry has been devalued and numbers of permanent staff, means and efficiency of veterinary health services has decreased in most member countries Sustainable animal production 483 P Rafai Of the standard infectious diseases: foot and mouth disease, classic and African swine fever and Newcastle disease challenge most the European veterinary services Bluetongue, one of the new viral diseases in Europe, causes problems for European animal health authorities Zoonotic diseases, such as avian influenza, West Nile fever, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and many others form a special category of health concerns In the background of emerging and re-emerging animal diseases and zoonoses stands first of all the rising level of international travel and tourism At the same time more and more emphasis is placed on the avoidance of sanitary barriers to trade in both livestock and their products Through this type of globalisation diseases are reaching the EU much more rapidly and frequently than before Therefore fighting infectious animal diseases on constant basis is imperative This need was recognised as early as the first decades of the last century and led to the establishment of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) on January 25th, 1924 In May 2003 the Office became the World Organisation for Animal Health but kept its historical acronym OIE OIE is the most comprehensive intergovernmental organisation bearing responsibility for improving animal health, welfare and food safety worldwide The controls on major animal diseases are based to a large extent on the standards published by the OIE in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code Besides the OIE the EU has its own animal health policy The development of the early form of the Community Animal Health Policy (CAHP) dates back to the early 1960’s The adoption of common rules at EU level for trading animals and marketing their products has played a key role in guaranteeing adequate standards and health safety DG SANCO in 2004 evaluated the efficiency of CAHP and identified the new challenges In addressing these new developments in animal health a New Animal Health Strategy has been elaborated for the period of 2007-2013 with a very illustrative title: “Prevention is better than cure” The aim is to put greater focus on precautionary measures, disease surveillance, controls and research, in order to reduce the incidence of animal disease and minimise the impact of outbreaks when they occur Of the four pillars of this strategy the third draws up the concepts and necessities for implementing on-farm biosecurity measures, the need for formulating guidelines, and necessary funding to finance and promote on-farm biosecurity This part of the strategy expresses firm determination for the improvement of border bio-security via revision of the current legislation, co-ordinating services in importing livestock and goods of animal origin, promoting travellers’ awareness of their responsibilities to prevent the spreading animal diseases and via assistance to third countries to combat animal health problems at source The efficiency of on-farm and slaughterhouse surveillance should be improved through improved data collection and processing, through updated risk analysis and better utilisation of information chains between veterinary authorities and primary producers The third major party in combating animal epizootics started on 16 December 2004, in Brussels, where the European Commission launched the start of the European Technology Platform for Global Animal Health (ETPGAH) The Platform is led by IFAH-Europe (International Federation for Animal Health, Europe) and integrates all relevant stakeholders that have interests and responsibilities in controlling infectious animal diseases It also includes stakeholders from 484 Sustainable animal production  A global vision international organisations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), as well as from non-European countries (ETPGAP, 2005) The platform has brought together veterinary, pharmaceutical and small biotechnology companies, research institutions, the financial world and the regulatory authorities at the European level in order to sustain and strengthen animal health-related research, ensure expertise and facilities for rapid responses to new and emerging animal diseases, maintain competitive industry in the field of veterinary biologicals, facilitate the rapid practical application of new discoveries for controlling animal diseases, ensure a supportive and harmonised regulatory environment for authorisation of vaccines, find alliances to enhance collaborative research, improve related education and training and mobilise the public and private sectors in Europe to raise funds for effective research and development The OIE, EU CAHP and ETPGAH embody a strong commitment to combating infectious animal diseases in the forthcoming years However, this is only one side of the coin Strategies of the above mentioned entities overwhelmingly concentrate on infectious diseases No, efforts are seen on behalf of veterinary authorities in combating multifactorial animal diseases In contrast to unifactorial diseases, where the clinical manifestation of the disease is the direct consequence of one, single, well definable causative agent (e.g poisonings, injuries, bacteria and viruses of animal diseases enrolled on the former OIE “A” list of notifiable diseases, etc.) multifactorial animal diseases have more than one, mutually interacting causes (Rafai, 2003) Of the multifactorial diseases production diseases form a subcategory, where the role of inappropriate management practice is emphasised Other synonyms are: management related diseases, polyfactorial diseases and multi-pathogen diseases Many multifactorial diseases can develop without infections Good examples are the metabolic disorders of high yielding dairy cows; cannibalism, caged layer fatigue or the fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome of hens Others, often referred to as germ related multifactorial disorders, need the presence of saprophytes and/or facultative pathogenic microorganisms including viruses Some of these latter (including e.g PRRS-virus, PCV-2 and PRCV) have started to be referred to as “production viruses” (Waddilove, 2008) Germ-related multifactorial diseases encompass among others: mastitis, some forms of leg disorders in dairy cows, periparturient disease complex of sows, porcine respiratory disease complex Multifactorial diseases cause huge economic losses not only in terms of increased mortality and increased expenses for preventive and curative intervention, but also in terms of reduced animal production viz the gap between the genetically coded production capacity and actual level of production One good example is the daily weight gain of pigs in progeny testing (which between 20 and 105 kg live weight is over 850 g/pig) and the average weight gain of the same breed and weight category produced commercially (which might be 600-650 g/pig) In combating germ-related multifactorial diseases the exclusive use of traditional control methods of infectious diseases (such as application of biosecurity, prevention with immunisation Sustainable animal production 485 P Rafai and control via quarantine or culling) will lead to no advantage Successful control of any type of multifactorial diseases needs holistic or multivariate approach Only production-oriented, planned veterinary services (herd-health programs) can tackle the problem (Rafai, 1995) The goals of such programs are to identify disease problems, prioritise them and then plan, implement, monitor and control a programme of remedial actions that are technically and economically efficient (Radostits, 2001) The necessity of developing more and more efficient herd-health programmes, their introduction to the livestock sector and aiding the farmers’ community to accept and implement herd-health programmes is unquestionable; not only because this is the only way of controlling multifactorial diseases, but also because integrated herd-health programs ab ovo improve welfare conditions and contribute to producing safe animal products at farm level On this basis I think it is vital that the concept of combating multifactorial animal diseases should urgently be incorporated into the current animal health policy of the EU Multifactorial animal diseases should also be addressed in the Strategic Research Agenda of ETPGAH and initiatives should be taken for accepting the European Association for Animal Production (EAAP) and International Society for Animal Hygiene (ISAH) into the ranks of Stakeholders of ETPGAH These two Societies could advise on all aspects of integrated health and quality control programs Theoretical and practical training of herd-health programs should be given assistance in the curricula of institutions of veterinary higher education A good occasion for doing so might be the international conference which will take place at OIE’s Headquarters in Paris from 12-14 October 2009 with the following title: “Evolving veterinary education for a safer world” The main purpose of this conference is to reach consensus in order to recommend to the international veterinary community a new veterinary curriculum References Dekkers, J.C.M and Hospital, F., 2002 The use of molecular genetics in the improvement of agricultural populations Nature Reviews Genetics 3: 22–32 European Technology Platform for Global Animal Health, 2005 European technology platform for global animal health vision 2015 Available at: http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/research/agriculture/pdf/ etpgah_vision2015_paper-final_en.pdf FAO, 2002 World agriculture towards 2015/2030 Summary report Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y3557E/Y3557E00 HTM FAO, 2006a FAO Statistical yearbook FAO, Rome, Italy FAO, 2006b Livestock a Major Threat to the Environment: Remedies Urgently Needed Available at: http:// www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html FAO, 2006c World agriculture: towards 2030/2050 Interim Report, FAO, Rome, Italy Farell, D.J., 2005 Matching poultry production with available feed resources: issues and constraints Worlds Poultry Science 61: 299-307 Global Health Facts, 2008 Available at: www.GlobalHealthFacts.org Goklany, I.M., 2008 The pros and cons of modern farming PERC Reports Available at: www.perc.org/perc php?subsection=5&id=307 486 Sustainable animal production  A global vision Green Facts, 2008 Available at: http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2 Horn P., 2007 Intenzív és extenzív állattensztés a fenntartható mezőgazdaságban (Intensive and extensive livestock production in the sustainable agriculture) Állattenyésztés és Takarmányozás 56: 389-402 (in Hungarian) IPCC, 2007 Summary for policymakers In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L (eds.), Climate change 2007: the physical science basis Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, N.Y., USA Koneswaran, G and Nierenberg, D., 2008 Global farm animal production and global warming: impacting and mitigating climate change Environmental Health Perspectives 116: 578-582 Merks, J.W.M., 2000 One century of genetic changes in pigs and the future needs In: W.G Hill, S.C Bishop, B McGuirk, J.C McKay, G Simm and M.A.J Webb (eds.), The challenge of genetic change in animal production Proceedings of an occasional meeting organised by the BSAS Occasional Publication, Number 27, Edinburgh, pp 8-19 Paustian, K., Antle, M., Sheehan, J and Eldor, P., 2006 Agriculture’s role in greenhouse gas mitigation Washington, DC: Pew Center on Global Climate Change Popp, J and Somogyi, A., 2007 Bioetanol és biodízel az EU-ban: áldás vagy átok? (Bioethanol and biodiesel in the EU: blessing or curse?) Bioenergia and Radostits, O.M., 2001 Principles of health management of food-producing animals In: Radostits, O.M (ed.), Herd health, 3rd edition W.B Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 884 pp Rafai, P., 1995 Termelésorientált állat-egészségügyi szolgáltatás a szarvasmarha- és sertésállományokban Jelen állapot és feladatok, (Production oriented, planned veterinary services in cattle and pig herds Status praesens and tasks) Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja 50: 594-596 Rafai, P., 2003 Állathigiénia (Animal hygiene) Agroinform Kiadó, Budapest, 343 pp Steinfeld, H.P., Gerber, T., Wassenaar, V., Castel, M., Rosales, C and De Haan, J., 2006 Livestock’s long shadow Environmental issues and options FAO, Rome, 390 pp U.S Census Bureau, 2008 International Data Base (IDB), World population clock Available at: http://www census.gov/cgibin/ipc/popclockw Vallat, B., 2007 Protecting the world from emerging diseases linked to globalisation Available at: http:// www.oie.int/eng/Edito/en_edito_mars07.htm Van Eenennaam, A.L., 2006 What is the future of animal biotechnology? California Agriculture 60: 132-139 Waddilove, J., 2008 Production viruses ‑ a global challenge that’s costing a fortune Available at: ThePigSite com, March, 2008 Sustainable animal production 487 Index A abomasal displacement – 91, 453 abortion – 218 acidification – 39 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae – 240 Actinomyces pyogenes – 109 action plan – 42, 152, 222, 232 adaptability – 89 adaptation – 47, 49, 177 adhesins – 368 aerobic biological treatment – 78 aflatoxin – 261 –– B1 – 266 age-segregated rearing – 224, 243 AGPs – See: antibiotic growth promoters –– alternatives – 365 agricultural engineering – 412 AIAO – See: all-in/all-out air –– quality – 70 –– quality indoor – 292, 350 –– sampling – 286 airborne particles – See: dust air-scrubbers – 303 allergic reactions – 349 all-in/all-out (AIAO) – 244 ammonia – 74, 248 –– airborne – 323 anaerobic digestion – 77, 78 anestrous – 94 anestrus – 218 animal –– captive – 57 –– genetic resources – 470 –– high-yielding – 99 –– hygiene – 24, 25, 27 –– movement – 242 –– trading – 484 –– treatment index – 194 antibiotic –– growth promoters (AGPs) – 274, 365 –– prudent use – 28 –– resistance – 405 antimicrobial –– compounds – 369 –– resistance – 245 Sustainable animal production anti-pecking device – 405 arable land – 476 artificial insemination – 101, 217 art of the practitioner – 232 assurance system – 37 asthma – 348 automated systems – 411 automatic weighers – 416 avian influenza – 404, 481, 483 aviaries – 315, 322 B bacteria –– adhesion to enterocytes – 368 –– airborne – 296, 324 –– anaerobic – 366 –– antagonistic activity – 280 –– gram-negative – 370 –– lactic acid – 386 –– synergistic – 279 –– viable airborne – 298 bacterial –– equilibrium – 378 –– growth – 112 batch-farrowing – 224, 229 battery cages – 316, 329 BCS – See: body condition scores beak trimming – 331 –– prophylactic – 317 bedded pack system – 114 bedding – 108, 111, 177, 228 –– material – 296, 351 beef –– cattle herds – 173 –– production system – 454 behavioural disorders – 316 benchmarking – 42, 193, 199 biofilms – 76 bio-filters – 356 biofuels – 477 biogas – 78 biosecurity – 27, 72, 241, 325, 484 biotin – 139 biting, tail and ear – 209 body –– condition – 91, 100, 224 489 Index –– condition scores (BCS) – 152 –– reserves – 91 bone problems – 321 Brachyspira hyodysenteriae – 278 breeding –– companies – 92 –– programmes – 94 –– sustainable goals – 95 BSE – 34, 40 bulky dressing – 144 by-products – 452 C calf –– mortality – 181 calving –– difficulties – 180 –– enclosures – 174, 180 –– interval – 88, 94 Campylobacter – 28, 40, 72, 370, 374 cannibalism – 316, 322 carbohydrates – 279, 376 carbon dioxyde – 248 causal relationship – 216 certification – 43, 158 chronic bronchitis – 348 claw –– lesions – 122, 123 –– trimming – 125, 144 cleanliness – 229, 233, 340 climatic –– change – 479 –– conditions – 227 Clostridium perfringens – 74, 370, 372, 375, 387 CMT – See: mastitis, California mastitis test coaching – 158 Codex Alimentarius – 26, 422 colony cage keeping – 317 competitive exclusion – 369, 386 composting – 73, 77 computer controlled milk feeders – 166 conception rate – 94 consumers – 29, 39, 50, 53, 150, 338, 339, 476, 483 conversion of knowledge – 252 corpora lutea – 226, 268 490 cow comfort – 101 cow deaths – 180 critical –– control points – 37, 154, 203, 205 –– temperature – 176 croplands – 476 cubicle – 113 D dairy cows – 88 DDGS – See: distillers dried grains with solubles decision-making – 158 deoxynivalenol (DON) – 263 dermatitis – 126 –– digital – 101, 135, 137 diet –– coarsely ground grain – 277 –– effects on microbial diversity – 279 –– energy content – 377 –– finely ground – 277 –– formulation – 374 –– pelleted or non-pelleted – 277 –– texture – 277 dietary –– fibre – 376 –– lipids – 377 discomfort – 227 diseases –– airborne spread – 242 –– endemic (multifactorial) – 26, 485 –– infectious – 483 –– notifiable epidemic – 28 –– parasitic – 396 –– prevention – 339 –– production – 89, 101, 337, 455 –– systemic – 217 –– transfer via manure – 72 –– zoonotic – 484 distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) – 276, 477 domestication – 57 DON – See: deoxynivalenol dose response – 430 draughts – 224, 247 dunging behaviour – 299 dust – 249, 347 Sustainable animal production  –– airborne – 324 –– bathing – 316, 322 –– feed – 251 –– inhalable – 249 –– particles – 249 –– production – 296 –– reduction methods – 297 –– total – 249 dustbathing – 334 dusts –– airborne – 322 dystocia – 101, 220 E economical outcome – 183 economic analysis – 454 education – 466 effects –– collateral destructive – 472 –– combinations – 231 –– side – 24 EFMC – See: feed, European Feed Manufacturers Code EFSA – See: European Food Safety Authority egg –– contamination – 325 –– free range – 338 –– hair-cracked – 338 –– production – 338 –– quality – 335 embryo survival – 227 emission –– odour – 72 emissions –– airborne pollutant – 290 –– odour – 349 endometritis – 101, 218, 226 endotoxins – 248, 251, 324, 370 energy –– balance – 95, 100, 231 –– use – 449 engineering technology – 416 enterobacteria – 366 enterocytes – 368 environmental –– enrichment – 51, 404 –– pollution – 300 Sustainable animal production Index –– stress – 99 enzymes – 375 Escherichia coli – 108, 374 –– enterotoxigenic – 273 ethics – 50, 51 ethology – 49 European Feed Manufacturers Federation (FEFAC) – 42 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) – 31, 135, 330, 421 eutrophication – 448 expert meetings – 435 exposure assessment – 426 F farm –– animal welfare council’s report – 319 –– assurance schemes – 53 –– inspections – 396 –– visits – 150, 211 farrowing –– disorders – 229 –– rate – 218 fear – 47, 322, 400 –– reducing – 61 –– response – 58 feather pecking – 316, 336 feed –– additive, lactic acid bacteria – 386 –– additives – 371 –– compound – 34 –– conversion – 338 –– decontamination – 39 –– European Feed Manufacturers Code (EFMC) – 42 –– hygiene – 38 –– legislation – 41 –– safety – 34 –– stalls – 125 –– treatments – 39 feed conversion – 60 feeding systems – 299 FEFAC – See: European Feed Manufacturers Federation fermentable –– carbohydrates – 279, 300 –– fiber – 278 491 Index fermentation – 39 fermented liquid feeding – 274 fertility – 101 –– dairy cows – 88 filtering – 302 fitness – 87, 94 floor – 113, 121, 122, 127, 145, 207, 227, 247, 319, 335 foetal death – 218 food –– animal based products – 461 –– chain – 421 –– demand – 476 –– General Food Law – 41 –– of animal origin – 26 –– production – 25 –– safety – 26 –– scares – 69 –– shortage – 475 –– supply – 25, 463 food-borne infections – 325 foot bath – 137, 144 foster cows – 163 fructo-oligosaccharides – 373 fumonisin – 261 fungi – 248, 262, 349 furnished cage – 331, 338 furnished cages – 317 G gait analysis – 130 game bird rearing – 395 gases – 248, 324 genetic –– associations – 89 –– engineering – 482, 483 genetically modified organisms (GMOs) – 40, 483 geographical information system – 31 global warming – 451 GMOs – See: genetically modified organisms good –– agricultural practice – 31, 34 –– veterinary practice – 31 grazing systems – 90 gut microflora –– main functions – 369 492 –– regulation – 370 H HACCP – 26, 150, 153 –– principles – 41 haemorrhage –– of the sole – 127 –– of the white line – 127 handling –– animals – 58, 62 –– manure – 80 hazard –– analysis – 157 –– analysis critical control points – See: HACCP –– characterization – 424 –– identification – 424 health of farm workers – 72, 289, 323, 348 heat – 79 –– exchangers – 79 heavy metals – 70 heel-horn erosion – 126, 127, 138, 453 herd health –– programmes – 30, 486 –– score – 192 hierarchy – 142 hoof growth – 101 host/microflora interaction – 367 housing systems – 107, 121, 136 HPA – See: hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal human contact – 59 humidity – 297, 352 hygiene – 299 hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal axis – 47, 49 hypothermia – 181 I image analysis – 414 immune function – 60 immunological challenges – 349 immunosuppression – 266 impressions – 234 index –– animal needs – 207 –– animal treatment – 194 –– organ-lesion – 194 infected carrier animals – 240 intersucking – 162 Sustainable animal production  intestinal microflora – 277, 365 K ketosis – 89, 101 Kleingruppenhaltung – 317, 323 L labelling – 416 lactic acid – 275, 366 lactobacilli – 366 lameness – 50, 89, 101, 136, 143, 453 laminitis – 138, 453 –– chronic – 139 Lawsonia intracellularis – 275 laying performance – 320 leukocyte count – 110 LH – See: luteinising hormone lighting – 101, 227, 333 Listeria – 28 litter boxes – 335 locomotion – 126, 129 longevity – 88 loose housing – 111, 113, 135 luteinising hormone (LH) – 102 lying behaviour of cows – 140 M management –– automatic – 412 –– environmental – 413 –– feeding – 149 –– herd health – 149 –– manure – 70, 299 –– practices – 244 –– quality – 41, 204 –– range – 176 –– risk – 155 –– ventilation systems – 299 –– waste – 29 manure –– belts – 320 –– concentration and drying – 74 –– disinfection – 77 –– disposal – 72 –– handling – 80 –– livestock – 69 –– management – 70, 299 –– pasteurisation – 79 Sustainable animal production Index –– storage – 76 –– transfer of disease – 72 –– treatment – 73 mastitis – 89, 453 –– California mastitis test (CMT) – 110 –– causing agents – 108 –– clinical – 111, 154 –– contagious – 111 –– control – 107 –– resistance – 93 mattresses – 112 measurements – 234 meat –– consumption – 476 –– hygiene – 30 –– inspections – 193 –– quality – 60 Medroxy Progesterone Acetate (MPA) – 34 methane – 71, 79 metritis – 100, 218 –– -mastitis-agalactia – See: MMA microbial –– balance – 366 –– impactors – 286 microbiota – 277 microflora –– balance – 371 –– luminal – 368 –– unbalanced – 370 milk –– fat – 143 –– feeders – 166 –– feeding methods – 161 –– fever – 91 –– production – 87 milking – 142 MMA syndrome – 220 monitoring –– automatic – 413 –– electronic – 414 –– record keeping – 150 –– welfare – 417 mortality rates – 193, 321 MPA – See: Medroxy Progesterone Acetate –– contamination – 35, 37 multifactorial – 152, 240, 252 Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae – 240 493 Index mycotoxins – 229 N nest for laying hens – 333 neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio – 60 nitrates – 71 nitrification – 75 nitrous oxide – 71 non-starch polysaccharides – 278, 376 nutritional balance – 229 O obligate anaerobes – 366 occupational health – See: health of workers ochratoxin A (OTA) – 264 ochratoxins – 261 odour – 70, 292 oestrus – 58, 101, 225 –– delayed – 228 –– in the weaned sow – 224 Office International des Epizooties (OIE) – See: World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) oligosaccharides – 373 organic –– acids – 39, 374 –– farming systems – 317 –– farms – 210 –– farms calves – 165 –– production – 92, 338 –– standards – 53 Organ-Lesion-Index – 194 osteoporosis – 337 OTA – See: ochratoxin A outdoor runs – 320, 401 –– free range – 320 out-wintering pad (OWP) – 114 ovarian –– cyst – 89, 103, 221 –– follicle – 102 OWP – See: out-wintering pad oxytocin – 163 ozone – 357 P parasite –– infestation – 233, 316 Pasteurella multocida – 240 pastoral areas – 464 494 pathogen –– in organic wastes – 73 –– survival – 251 –– transmission – 245 pecking injuries – 322, 336, 398 pelleting – 375 perches – 317, 320 perching – 335 pericarditis – 193 pesticides – 452 phosphorous – 71, 75 pleurisy – 193, 242 pleuritis – 239, 246 pleuropneumonia – 239 pneumonia – 193, 239, 246, 248 pollutants –– abatement techniques – 350 –– airborne – 285, 289, 290, 350, 355 –– airborne reduction – 296, 302 –– gaseous – 286 –– particulate – 286 Porcine –– Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) – 216 –– Respiratory Disease Complex – 239 postpartum – 103 precision livestock farming – 411 probiotics – 371, 386 production costs – 149, 183, 340, 447 production-related –– diseases – 89 production-related diseases – 89 profitable lifetime index – 93 progesterone – 102 proliferative enteropathy – 274 proteins – 377 PRRSV – See: Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Pseudomonas spp – 109 puberty in gilts – 223 public acceptance – 90 Q quality risk control (QRC) – 153 R ranch cattle – 177 red mites – 337 Sustainable animal production  reproductive disorders – 215 resistant starch – 278 respirable particles – 351 resting – 335 risk –– analysis – 42 –– assessment – 422 –– characterisation – 428 –– estimation – 428 –– factors – 155, 209 –– management – 155 –– weighting – 155 rubber-coating – 131 rubber mats – 112, 122, 125, 128 rumen acidosis – 139 ruminating – 142 rural development – 465 S Salmonella – 28, 40, 72, 325, 370, 372, 374 –– control – 38 –– Enteritidis – 322 –– monitoring – 38 sanitizing chemicals – 76 SCC – See: somatic cell count scenario –– focus – 438 –– goal vision – 439, 447 scoring system – 114 scrapers – 122, 129, 356 scratching area – 320, 334 season – 103 selection –– collateral consequences – 91 –– for improved welfare – 92 –– for milk production – 92 –– index – 93 –– multi-trait – 93 semen contamination – 217 sensors – 415 sentience – 46 sewage sludge spreading – 76 shivering – 177 short-chain fatty acids – 368 skills – 153 –– professional – 225 slaughter check – 196 Sustainable animal production Index slurry gases – 247 small colony system – 323 SNPs (genetic markers) – 104 social –– environment – 227 –– interactions – 142 sole ulcers – 127, 137 somatic cell count (SCC) – 109, 113 space –– allowance – 319, 331, 428 –– requirements for hens in cages – 333 SPF herds – 252 spores – 76, 347 spraying system – 302 Staphylococcus aureus – 60, 108 stocking density – 115, 246, 351, 406 stockpeople – 58, 63 strategic platforms – 460 strategy –– airborne pollution and control – 355 –– common animal health – 25 –– genetic – 104 –– reproductive management – 95 straw – 112, 320 –– yard systems – 115 Streptococcus –– agalactiae – 108 –– dysgalactiae – 108 –– uberis – 108 stress – 46 –– acute response – 59 –– chronic response – 59 –– climatic – 47 –– cold – 177 –– environmental – 99 –– metabolic – 87, 91 –– productivity and health – 60 –– social – 246 stressors – 60 sucking –– cross-sucking – 161, 166 –– need – 165 suckling, restricted – 163 suffering – 46, 47, 61 surveillance programmes – 30 sustainability – 24, 434, 465, 478 sustainable 495 Index –– breeding goals – 95 –– dairy – 90, 445 –– development – 24, 460 –– husbandry – 24 –– livestock production – 411 swine dysentery – 274 T T-2 toxin – 266 target populations – 423 thermal –– comfort – 356 –– treatment of effluents – 81 tied systems – 136 tiers – 317, 319 traceability – 29, 41, 42 training – 62, 466, 468 transparency – 29 trichothecenes – 261 U udder –– health – 107 –– hygiene – 111 ultrasonography – 234 urbanisation – 23 urban population – 477 V vaccination – 28 ventilation –– rates – 352 –– systems – 298 ventilation systems – 299 veterinary medicine – 25 villus height – 372 virtuous bicycle – 52 volatile fatty acids – 372 vulval discharges – 226 W walkways – 122 waste –– energy – 78 –– organic, pathogens – 73 –– reduction of pathogen presence – 75 –– streams – 69 water –– contamination – 70 496 –– quality – 72 –– resources – 478 weaning –– beef calves – 181 –– dairy calves – 164 –– to oestrus interval – 218, 268 weather –– adverse – 183 –– protection – 182 –– resistance – 173 welfare –– -based quality assurance – 52 –– indicators – 90 –– laying hens – 316 –– monitoring – 417 –– new trends – 45 –– on-farm evaluation – 203 –– promotion – 51 –– science – 48 –– standards – 30, 52, 53, 329, 339 Welfare Quality® – 462 white line lesions – 137 WHO – See: World Health Organization wild life – 228 wind shields – 178 wing fractures – 337 wood shavings – 320 World Health Organization (WHO) – 422 World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) – 26, 484 World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) – 464 World Trade Organization (WTO) – 26, 462 WSPA – See: World Society for the Protection of Animals WTO – See: World Trade Organization Z zearalenone – 261, 268 zinc oxide – 274 Sustainable animal production .. .Sustainable animal production Sustainable animal production The challenges and potential developments for professional farming edited by: A Aland F Madec Wageningen Academic ... 483 486 Index 489 Sustainable animal production 475 17 Preface Putting together the book ? ?Sustainable animal production: the challenges and potential evolutions for professional farming? ?? based... hygiene for a more sustainable animal production The growing role of animal hygiene for sustainable husbandry systems Th Blaha and J Köfer Abstract Introduction The changes Veterinary medicine The