Affiliation of urban expansion on population growth, economic development, and surface urban heat island intensity in muntinlupa city, metro manila, philippines

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY KRISTINA BELEN REYES AFFILIATION OF URBAN EXPANSION ON POPULATION GROWTH, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, AND SURFACE URBAN HEAT ISLAND INTENSITY IN MUNTINLUPA CITY, METRO-MANILA, PHILIPPINES BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: Advance Education Program Office Batch: (2015-2018) Thai Nguyen, 11/15/2018 i DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Program Student Kristina B Reyes name Student ID DTN1454290086 Thesis Title Affiliation of Urban Expansion on Population Growth, Economic Development, and Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Muntinlupa City, Metro-Manila, Philippines Supervisor Dr Ho Ngoc Son (s) Supervisor’s Signature Abstract: For the past decade urbanization has been extensive in every country all over the world The occurrence is mainly for the purpose of developing a cumulative economic growth However, urban risk and hazards are evident in many countries which is why conscientious planning and implementation must be done along with it, particularly in developing countries Consequently, through remotely sensed and government data for 1996 to 2017, current study was able to assess the relationship of urbanization on population growth, economic development, and land surface urban heat island particularly in Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines The acquired Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery from USGS were managed to obtain Land use and Land cover change (LULCC) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) The results of LULCC was used to quantify the percent of developed land, water bodies, bare land and vegetation When urban population growth was analyzed, it was found out that when the rate of development in the city increases, the rate of population decreases While, when erratic intensity rates of SUHI correlate with land covers, the results affirm the value of taking care and multiplying natural areas especially vegetation in the city to stabilize the intensity of urban heat island Moreover, in the context of the city economic growth, city income had a positive relationship with the city expansion And managing the number of informal settlers is also found to be a factor that can lead to a stable increase of city income Overall, beholding the results of the analyses and the existing ordinances, the study implicate that the city officials and representatives should attain advancement and consistency in implementing and monitoring the management strategies concerning the environment and socio-economic issues in Muntinlupa city Keywords: Urbanization, LULC, UHI, City Income, & Population Growth Number of pages Date of Submission 112 pages 11/15/2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank the Almighty God, for being with me all throughout this journey, and for giving the assurance that His promises will never be taken away from me That is why I will take this thesis as an offering to Him To Him be all the glory I am also beyond grateful to Dr Ho Ngoc Son, my thesis Supervisor, for all the unending valuable advises, for being patient and supporter whenever I’m having a problem with my thesis Thank you, so much and best regards to you and your family To my family, especially my father Edison O Reyes, my Mother Josefina B Reyes, my siblings Ate Isyang, Ate Pat and EJ, and my other relatives (Lola Paking, Tita Cherry, Tita Cora, Ninang April, Kenneth, Kien, Tita Myrna, Tita Ester and others) thank you for not just supporting me financially but also for being there for me when I needed some help and motivation To my second home, my JCRF family, my co-members in Worship Team and Youth Service Ministry and most especially to my Spiritual parents/leaders Ptr Nestor, Ptra Jeanie, Ptra Mhalou, T Irene, T Elsa and Ptr Jun Macaleng, thank you for all the prayers and guidance To my beloved friends/ siblings, Francina, Joy, Pau, Enzo, Jessica, Vea, Aj, Lester, Ghia and King, thanks for sharing your thoughts and for keep on telling that we are all in this together, I know together also we will all succeed Love you guys!! iii Also, I would like to extend my gratitude to the City Planning and Development office of Muntinlupa city, (especially to Ms Jireh Sagum), to Mrs Lorna Misa head of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources office, to Mrs Alita Ramirez head of Urban Poor Affairs Office for helping me in gathering the data and other information I needed for my thesis And last but not the least, to all passionate in teaching GIS and Remote Sensing techniques in the YouTube and google websites, thank you I salute you all The Student Researcher, Kristina B Reyes iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT .iii TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES .viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Objectives 1.2.1 General objective: 1.2.2 Specific objective 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 1.4.1 Research questions 1.4.2 Hypotheses 1.4 Scope and limitation 1.3.1 Location 1.3.2 Time of data collection: 1.3.3 Limitations 1.5 Definition of terms 10 PART II: REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE 13 2.1 Land use and land cover change 13 2.2 LULC application and approaches 15 2.3 Urban population growth 19 2.4 Population growth in the Philippines 23 2.5 Urban economic growth and related studies 25 2.6 Economic growth in the Philippines 28 2.7 Urban heat island (UHI) 30 2.8 UHI studies and approaches 33 PART III: METHODOLOGY 40 3.1 Research objects 40 3.1.1 The scope of the research 40 3.1.2 Software used 40 3.1.3 Location and data used 40 3.2 Methods 42 v 3.2.1 Processing the spatial data 42 3.2.2 Detection of land cover change 45 3.2.3 Evaluation of the classified maps 47 3.2.4 Retrieval of land surface temperature and SUHI intensity 50 3.2.5 Statistical analysis 55 PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 56 4.1 Land cover change detection 56 4.2 Population growth in Muntinlupa City 60 4.3 Growth of city income Muntinlupa City 63 4.4 Land surface temperature and UHI Intensity 66 4.4.1 Dynamics of land surface temperature 66 4.4.2 Dynamics of surface UHI 68 4.5 Ordinances of the city for mitigating the risk of urbanization 72 4.5.1 UHI and related environmental protection ordinances 72 4.5.2 Other city ordinances concerning poor, informal settlers and unemployed citizens 76 PART V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 78 REFERENCES 82 APPENDICES 108 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The Location of Muntinlupa City and its corresponding districts and barangays Figure 2: Conceptual framework of the study 44 Figure 3: True color composite bands (above) and false color composite bands (below) used for classification 46 Figure 4: Proportion of each land cover type in each selected year 56 Figure 5: Land cover maps of Muntinlupa City on 1996, 2003, 2010, and 2017 57 Figure 6: LULCC maps of Muntinlupa city on the selected periods 58 Figure 7: Alteration of other land cover types to Developed Land (%) 59 Figure 8: Population of the whole city and of each barangay in 1996, 2003, 2010 and 2017 61 Figure 9: The city’s population density per squared hectare in 1996,2003, 2010, and 2017 62 Figure 10: Statistical analysis of population growth and developed land Table A shows the association between population density and percent of developed land in each year Table B shows the relationship between annual growth of population to developed land 63 Figure 11: The city income in 1996, 2003,2010 and 2017 64 Figure 12: Relationship analysis between city income and percent of developed land in each year 65 Figure 13: Maps of LST in 1996, 2003, 2010, and 2017 66 Figure 14: The variation of average LST of each land cover types in years 1996, 2003, 2010, and 2017 67 Figure 15: Maps of UHI intensity level in 1996, 2003, 2010, and 2017 (shown map D) 69 Figure 16: The area distribution of UHI intensity level in each 1996, 2003, 2010, and 2017 in the city 70 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1:Collected Satellite images and their attributes 41 Table 2: Corresponding bands of Landsat TM and Landsat ETM 43 Table 3: Identification of classified land cover type 45 Table 4: Kappa coefficient values and their level of agreement 50 Table 5: Rescaling factors of the respective thermal bands of landsat TM and Landsat ETM+ 50 Table 6: Thermal constants of the corresponding thermal bands of Landsat 5TM and Landsat ETM+ 51 Table 7: Seven Levels of UHI intensity with the corresponding value 54 Table 8: Available data numbers of Informal settlers 66 Table 9: The average UHII and the percentage of its drivers (Developed land, water bodies, and vegetation) in 1996, 2003, 2010, and 2017 71 Table 10: The regression analyses of UHI intensity change and its drivers 71 Table 11: The annual environmental protection and maintenance fee of all Highrisk Industrial and Establishments 73 Table 12: The annual environmental protection and maintenance fee of all Lowrisk Industrial and Establishments 74 Table 13: Penalty fees for violating the all included protocols in the ordinance 75 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CPDO City Planning Development Office DEM Digital Elevation Model DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate PIDS Philippine Institute for Development Studies EPA Environmental Protection Authority EPNRO Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Office ETM Enhance Thematic Mapper GIS Geographical Information System ISFs Informal settler families LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LST Land Surface Temperature LULC Land-use/ Land Cover MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer NCR National Capital Region NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NEDA National Economic Development Authority ix NIR Near-Infrared PBL Percent Bare Land PDL Percent Development Land PHP Philippine Peso PIDS Philippine Institute for Development 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Environment 185, pp 243–257 107 APPENDICES Appendix Landcover types in Landsat WAT BAR DEVELO ER E VEGETAT PED BODI LAN ION LAND ES D Predict ed Landco ver types DEVELOP ED LAND WATER BODIES BARE LAND VEGETAT ION COLUMN TOTAL Omission Producer's Reliability ROW TOT AL Commissio n Users Accura cy 70 72 2.777778 97.22 50 0 50 100.00 0 68 68 100.00 0 70 70 100.00 70 50 70 70 260 0.694444 99.31 0 100.0 2.86 97.1 0.71 100.00 99.00 100.00 OVERALL ACCURAC Y KAPPA COEFFECI ENT 99.23 98.97 Accuracy Matrix of Landcover Map of 1996 Appendix Landcover types in Landsat WAT BAR DEVELO ER E VEGETAT PED BODI LAN ION LAND ES D Predict ed Landco ver types DEVELOP ED LAND WATER BODIES BARE LAND VEGETAT ION COLUMN TOTAL Omission Producer's Reliability ROW TOT AL Commissio n Users Accura cy 70 80 12.5 87.50 41 0 41 100.00 0 69 69 100.00 0 70 70 100.00 70 50 70 70 260 3.125 96.88 - 18.00 - 4.86 100.00 82.00 1.43 98.5 100.00 95.14 OVERALL ACCURAC Y KAPPA COEFFECI ENT 96.15 95.34 Accuracy Matrix of Landcover Map of 2003 108 Appendix Landcover types in Landsat WAT BAR DEVELO ER E VEGETAT PED BODI LAN ION LAND ES D Predict ed Landco ver types DEVELOP ED LAND WATER BODIES BARE LAND VEGETAT ION COLUMN TOTAL Omission Producer's Reliability ROW TOT AL Commissio n Users Accura cy 69 0 71 2.82 97.22 46 0 47 2.13 97.87 0 70 70 - 100.00 70 72 2.78 97.22 70 50 70 70 260 1.93 98.08 1.00 4.00 - - 1.25 100.00 96 100 100.00 99 OVERALL ACCURAC Y 98.08 KAPPA COEFFECI ENT 97.43 ROW TOT AL Commissio n Users Accura cy Accuracy Matrix of Landcover Map of 2010 Appendix Landcover types in Landsat WATE DEVELO BARE R VEGETA PED LAN BODIE TION LAND D S Predicte d Landcov er types DEVELOP ED LAND WATER BODIES BARE LAND VEGETAT ION COLUMN TOTAL Omission Producer's Reliability 70 74 5.41 94.59 49 0 49 - 100.00 67 68 1.47 98.53 0 69 69 - 100.00 70 50 70 70 260 1.72 98.28 - 2.00 4.29 1.43 1.93 100.00 98.00 95.71 98.57 98.07 OVERALL ACCURAC Y KAPPA COEFFECI ENT 98.08 97.43 Accuracy Matrix of Landcover Map of 2017 109 Appendix Path of Change (1996-2003) Developed Land to Developed Land Developed Land to Water Bodies Developed Land to Bare Land Developed Land to Vegetation Water Bodies to Developed Land Water Bodies to Water Bodies Water Bodies to Bare Land Water Bodies to Vegetation Bare Land to Developed Land Bare land to Water Bodies Bare Land to Bare Land Bare Land to Vegetation Vegetation to Developed Land Vegetation to Water Bodies Vegetation to Bare Land Vegetation to Vegetation Area Change (Hectares) 1510.680054 0.658025 73.4542007 20.1154995 1.9077801 1.41345 7.56078 4.8301702 776.0009766 0.0126296 538.3649902 97.0777969 219.9080048 0.543872 243.1239929 349.2980042 Area Change (%) 94.008% 0.041% 4.571% 1.252% 12.142% 8.996% 48.120% 30.742% 54.866% 0.001% 38.064% 6.864% 27.009% 0.067% 29.860% 42.900% LULC results (2003-2010) Appendix Path of change (2003-2010) Developed Land to Developed Land Developed Land to Water Bodies Developed Land to Bare Land Developed Land to Vegetation Water Bodies to Developed Land Water Bodies to Water Bodies Water Bodies to Bare Land Water Bodies to Vegetation Bare Land to Developed Land Bare land to Water Bodies Bare Land to Bare Land Bare Land to Vegetation Vegetation to Developed Land Vegetation to Water Bodies Vegetation to Bare Land Vegetation to Vegetation Area Change (Hectares) 2169.01001 1.53166 50.7891006 288.6359863 0.688523 1.75964 0.0398194 0.196311 342.4200134 0.218426 296.2690125 223.2920074 65.5084 0.343525 22.8864002 382.9909973 Area change (%) 86.337% 0.061% 2.022% 11.489% 25.275% 64.595% 1.462% 7.206% 39.598% 0.025% 34.261% 25.822% 13.872% 0.073% 4.846% 81.102% LULC results (2003-2010) 110 Appendix Path of change (2010-2017) Developed Land to Developed Land Developed Land to Water Bodies Developed Land to Bare Land Developed Land to Vegetation Water Bodies to Developed Land Water Bodies to Water Bodies Water Bodies to Bare Land Water Bodies to Vegetation Bare Land to Developed Land Bare land to Water Bodies Bare Land to Bare Land Bare Land to Vegetation Vegetation to Developed Land Vegetation to Water Bodies Vegetation to Bare Land Vegetation to Vegetation Area Change (Hectares) 2403.469971 3.76721 96.5952988 68.7143021 1.65474 1.64653 0.12715 0.242343 194.0509949 0.306179 109.6009979 65.3789978 425.9790039 4.2231498 37.4869003 425.1570129 Area change (%) 93.141% 0.146% 3.743% 2.663% 42.944% 42.731% 3.300% 6.289% 52.361% 0.083% 29.574% 17.641% 47.525% 0.471% 4.182% 47.434% LULC results (2010-2017) Appendix NDVI results 111 Appendix LSE results 112 ... Title Affiliation of Urban Expansion on Population Growth, Economic Development, and Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Muntinlupa City, Metro- Manila, Philippines Supervisor Dr Ho Ngoc Son (s)... relationship of urbanization on population growth, economic development, and land surface urban heat island particularly in Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines The acquired Landsat TM and. .. intensity of UHI intensity in the city within the study period using remote sensing and GIS To determine the correlation of UHI intensity, population growth and economic growth with urban expansion