English-Grammar

HCMC University of Education VB2 Preparation Course Department of English CHỦ ĐỀ 1 : TENSES Thì Thể năng động Thể bị động S V O S be V 3 by O 1. Simple present ( Hiện tại đơn) Công thức Cách dùng Ví dụ S + am / is / are + V 3 + by O Ex : He visits his grandfather every week  His grandfather is visited (by him) every week Khẳng định : S + am / is / are S ít + V s /es S nhiều + V bare Phủ định : S + am/ is/ are + not S + don’t / doesn’t + V bare Nghi vấn : Am/ is/ are + S…. Do/ Does + S+ Bare …? - Dấu hiệu : everyday, always, sometimes, usually, seldom… - Các trường hợp V es Khi V tận cùng bằng O (goes) , S ( kisses), Ch( watches) , X , Z Sh ( washes), ( buzzes) - 1 thói quen trong hiện tại - Một sự thật luôn đúng, một chân lí - Nói về thời gian biểu, chương trình - Dùng trong mệnh đề thời gian khi diễn tả một sự việc tương lai - My father drinks coffee every morning. - Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius - The sun rises in the East - What time does the film begin? - The train leaves London at 10:30 - When you see him tomorrow, remember me to him 2. Present cont. (Hiện tại tiếp diễn) S + am/is/are + V ing - Dấu hiệu : now, at the moment, at present, Look!, Listen! Hurry up ( đầu câu) - Một số V không được dùng tiếp diễn : + V tri giác (see, hear,feel taste, smell) + V chỉ cảm xúc (love, like, hate, want…) + V chỉ ý nghĩ, nhận thức (know, forget, understand, think, remember, believe…) + V chỉ sở hữu (own, have, belong, possess) - Một sự việc đang diễn ra ngay lúc nói - Một xu hướng trong hiện tại - Hiện tại tiếp diễn dùng với always, continually, constantly diễn tả sự than phiền - 1 dự định trong tương lai gần (thường kèm theo thời gian tương lai : next, tomorrow….) - I’m learning English now - The population of the world is rising very fast - He’s always borrowing money from me - I’m meeting Tom at 10 o’clock tomorrow S + am/ is/ are + being + V 3 + by O Ex : My sister is making a cake now.  A cake is being made by my sister now. Trang 1 HCMC University of Education VB2 Preparation Course Department of English 3. Present perfect (Hiện tại hoàn thành) S+ have / has +V 3 Dấu hiệu For , since , just up to now, up till now, recently, already, so far, yet, never, ever, lately… - Một hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ và kéo dài tới hiện tại (có thể kéo tới tương lai) - Một hành động đã xảy ra nhưng không nói rõ thời gian - I have learnt English for 7 years - Some one has stolen my bike S + have/ has + been+ V 3 + by O Ex: They have built a new house  A new house has been built. 4. Present perfect cont. (HTHT tiếp diễn) S+ have/has+been +V ing ( Các dấu hiệu giống như Hiện tại hòan thành) - Nhấn mạnh tính chất liên tục của một hành động từ lúc bắt đầu tới lúc nói - I have been waiting here for 2 hours S+ have/ has + been + being + V 3 Ex: He has been writing his report for 2 hours  His report has been being written for 2 hours. 5. Simple past (Quá khứ đơn) S+ V 2 / V-ed Dấu hiệu : last, ago, yesterday… - Một hành động đã hoàn tất trong quá khứ - I saw him last night S + was/ were + V 3 Ex: Some one stole my bike last week. My bike was stolen last week. 6. Past cont. (Quá khứ tiếp diễn) S + was/ were + V-ing Dấu hiệu : when, while, as soon as,…. - Một hành động đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm trong quá khứ - Một hành động quá khứ đang diễn ra thì một hành động khác cắt ngang - Hai hành động quá khứ cùng diễn ra song song - Một hành động quá khứ diễn ra có tính chất kéo dài ( có all, during…) Ex: I was sleeping at this time yesterday afternoon Ex: When I woke up, it was raining heavily Ex: While I was washing clothes , my sister was cooking dinner Ex: It was raining all night last night S + was/ were + being + V 3 Ex : He was writing the report at this time yesterday  The report was being written at this time yesterday. 7. - Khi có 2 hành Ex: Yesterday, Trang 2 HCMC University of Education VB2 Preparation Course Department of English Past perfect (Quá khứ hoàn thành) S + had + V 3 Dấu hiệu : by the time, before, after, when …. động trong quá khứ, HĐ nào xảy ra trước -> dùng past perfect, xảy ra sau -> dùng simple past - Một hành động hoàn tất trước một thời điểm trong quá khứ when I came , they had gone Ex: Yesterday I had arrived home before sunset S+ had been + V 3 Ex: I had finished my homework before last Monday.  My homework had been finished before last Monday. 8. Simple future (Tương lai đơn) S + will/ shall + bare Dấu hiệu : perhaps, probably, soon, tomorrow, next…. - Một dự đoán tương lai - Một hành động tương lai được quyết định ngay trong lúc nói Ex: I think It’ll rain tomorrow Ex: I’ll see you next week S + will/ shall + be + V 3 Ex : She will make the cake  The cake will be made. 9. Near future (Tương lai gần) am S+ is + going to + bare are - Một ý định - Một khả năng chắc chắn sẽ xảy ra ( có căn cứ) - I’m going to buy a new raincoat - Look at dark clouds! It’s going to rain S + am/is/ are+going to be + V 3 10. Future cont. Tương lai tiếp diễn S + will be + V-ing Một hành động sẽ đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm trong tương lai Ex: This time tomorrow afternoon , I’ll be cleaning the floor S + will be + being +V 3 11. Future perfect (TL hoàn thành) S + will have +V 3 Dấu hiệu : by + thời gian trong tương lai Một sự việc sẽ xảy ra hay hoàn tất tại một thời điểm trong tương lai Ex : I’ll have finished this report by tomorrow S + will have been +V 3 Modals will / would can / could may / might S + must + bare have to / has to ought to need to Tình huống trong quá khứ : Modal + have + V 3/ed Ex : + must have V 3 : ắt hẳn đã + Should have V 3 : lẽ ra nên will / would can / could may / might S + must + be + V 3 have to / has to ought to need to Lưu ý : need to be V 3 = need + V ing Ex : You have to do your home work  Your home work has to be done. You need to wash your clothes  Your clothes need to be washed  Your clothes need washing Trang 3 HCMC University of Education VB2 Preparation Course Department of English Lưu ý : * sau When / after/ until/ as(soon as) … -> các thì tương lai lùi về các thì Hiện tại tương ứng Ex : When you see him tomorrow, he will tell you everything (simple future -> simple present) * Khi gặp dạng câu tường thuật : lùi thì Simple present -> simple past Simple past -> past perfect Past perfect -> past perfect Ex : He said he had visited them last year CHỦ ĐỀ 2 : CÁC DẠNG BỊ ĐỘNG S V O Trang 4 1. HCMC University of Education VB2 Preparation Course Department of English S be V 3/ed (by O) Lu ý : a) Thay i S v O ỳng nguyờn tc Subject Object I Me We Us You You They Them He Him She Her It It John Him Mary Her b) ễn li cu trỳc b ng trong tng thỡ Active Passive S + V (s, es) + O S + am / is/ are + p.p S + V(ed) + O S + was / were + p.p S + am/ is /are/ was/ were + V-ing S + am/ is / are/ was/ were + being + p.p S + have / has / had + p.p S + have / has / had + been + p.p S + modal verb + V S + modal verb + be + p.p B ng hai tỳc t ( Thng gp vi cỏc Verb : give, send, show, lend, bring, buy) S V O ngi O vt Cỏch 1 : S ngi be V 3 O vt by Cỏch 2 : S vt be V 3 to/ for O ngi by Lu ý : bring, send, show, give, lend -> to / buy -> for Ex : Mary gave me a book I was given a book by Mary A book was given to me by Mary. Active Passive S 1 + V 1 + (that) + S 2 + V 2 know think believe report say * Cỏch 1 : It + be (thỡ cuỷaV1 ) + p.p (V1) + that + S 2 + V 2 * Cỏch 2 : S 2 + be (thỡ cuỷaV1) + p.p (V1) + to-inf (cuỷa V2) [V 1 vaứ V 2 cuứng baọc thỡ] S 2 + be (thỡ cuỷaV1) + p.p (V1) + to have p.p (cuỷa V2) [V 1 vaứ V 2 leọch baọc thỡ] Ex :1/ They think that she is innocent. -> It is thought that she is innocent. -> She is thought to be innocent. 2/ They rumored he was living there. -> It was rumored that he was living there. -> He was rumored to be living there. 3/ They have known that he left England. -> It has been known that he left England. -> He has been known to have left England. Cõu b ng vi Infinitive v gerund * To inf -> To be V 3/ ed * V-ing -> Being V 3/ ed Trang 5 Cú th b by + O nu gp : someboby, someone, people, hoc cỏc i t nh me, you, him, her 2. 3. 4. HCMC University of Education VB2 Preparation Course Department of English Ex : We dislike being cheated I don’t want to be laughed at. Causative (khi muốn nói rằng chúng ta để cho ai / nhờ ai/ yêu cầu ai làm việc gì,chứ không tự tay chúng ta làm) Ex : We had them paint our house / We got them to paint our house We had our house painted / We got our house painted Trang 6 Have + sb + Bare Get + sb + to-inf Have + sth + V 3/ ed Get + sth + V3/ ed 5. = HCMC University of Education VB2 Preparation Course Department of English CHỦ ĐỀ 3 : REPORTED SPEECH Các bước đổi : 1. Đổi động từ dẫn 2. Bỏ dấu : , “ ” , ? , please 3. Đổi đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ từ, tính từ sở hữu, tân ngữ ( theo bảng qui tắc 1) 4. Đổi thì ( theo bảng qui tắc 2) 5. Đổi trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn ( theo qui tắc 3) Lưu ý : * gạch dưới từ cần đổi * bỏ do/ does/ did ở câu tường thuật của câu hỏi Cấu trúc A. IMPERATIVE ( thể mệnh lệnh) Ex : She said to John :” Show me your paper”  She told John to show her his paper Ann said to him : “ Don’t wait for me if I am late”  Ann told him not to wait for her if she was late B. STATEMENTS Ex : “I saw her this morning”, he said  He said that he had seen her that morning Mary said to Bill, “ I don’t like living here”  Mary told Bill she didn’t like living there C. QUESTIONS 1. YES – NO QUESTION Ex:“ Does your brother live in London, Nam?,she asked -> She asked Nam if his brother lived in London 2. WH- QUESTION Ex : The boy asked me, “ What time is it?” -> The boy wanted to know what time it was Lưu ý : Tùy theo ý nghĩa trong câu trực tiếp, chúng ta có thể chuyển sang cách nói gián tiếp bằng một số cấu trúc sau Nhóm đi với to-inf Nhóm đi với V-ing Advise (khuyên) Warn (cảnh báo) Remind ( nhắc nhở) Promise (hứa) + ( O ) + to -inf Invite ( mời) Encourage ( khuyến khích) Ask (yêu cầu) Agree ( đồng ý) Accuse sb of + V-ing ( buộc tội) Admit + V-ing ( phủ nhận) Suggest + V-ing ( đề nghị) Apologize for + V-ing ( xin lỗi) Thank for + V-ing ( cảm ơn) Blame sb for V-ing ( đổ thừa) Congratulate sb on + V-ing ( chúc mừng) Insist on + V-ing ( khăng khăng) Warn sb against V-ing (khuyến cáo ai đừng làm gì) Prevent/ stop sb from + V-ing ( ngăn cản ai không được làm gì) Trang 7 S + told / asked + O + (not) to- inf S 1 + said ( that) + S 2 + V S 1 + told + O + S 2 + V asked S + wanted to know +O + if/ whether + S + V wondered asked S + wanted to know + O + Wh -word + S + V wondered HCMC University of Education VB2 Preparation Course Department of English Ex : @“ We’ll come back again” -> They promised to come back again. @ “You’d better get up early” -> He advised me to get up early. @ “Could you close the window?” John said to Peter -> John asked Peter to close the door @ “Remember to lock the door ” my sister said -> My sister reminded me to lock the door @ “Come and see me whenever you want” -> She invited me to come and see her whenever I wanted Ex : @ “I hear you passed the exam. Congratulations!” John said to us -> John congratulated us on passing our exams @ “I’m sorry I’m late” Mary said -> Mary apologized for being late @ “You stole my watch” the man said -> The man accused me of stealing his watch. @ “I’ve lost your letter” he said -> He admitted losing my letter @ “ I didn’t break your window” -> He denied breaking my window BẢNG NGUN TẮC ĐỔI 1. Personal pronouns Subject Object Possessive Adj ( tính từ sở hữu) Ngơi Lưu ý I Me My 1 Đổi theo người nói ( chủ từ) We Us Our 1 You You Your 2 Đổi theo người nghe ( tân ngữ) They Them Their 3 Khơng thay đổi He Him His 3 She Her Her 3 It It Its 3 John Him His 3 Mary Her her 3 2. Tense Simple present V 1/ s/ es Simple past V 2/ ed Present cont. Am/ is/ are + V-ing Past cont. Was/ were + V-ing Simple past V 2/ ed Past perfect Had + V 3/ ed Present perfect Have/ has + V 3/ed Past perfect Had + V 3/ ed Will / shall/ can Would/ should / could Must Had to Must not Was/ were not to Needn’t + V Didn’t have to + V Lưu ý : * Trong ngoặc là câu điều kiện loại 2, 3 hoặc điều ước ngược thực tế trong hiện tại hoặc quá khứ ,khi thuật lại ta vẫn giữ nguyên thì Ex: He told me :“If she knew the truth , she would be unhappy” -> He told me that if she knew the truth,she would be unhappy * Trong ngoặc diễn tả 1 sự thật luôn đúng,khi mở ngoặc vẫn giữ nguyên thì Ex: He said : “The earth revolves around the sun” -> He said that the earth revolves around the sun * Nếu V dẫn ở thì simple present , present cont., present perfect , simple future khi mở ngoặc ta không thay đổi thì Ex: The doctor says : “You have to stay in bed” -> The doctor says that I have to stay in bed 3. Adv of time,place Now -> then yesterday-> the previous day / the day before last week-> the week before tomorrow-> the day after / the following day/ the next day next week-> the week after here -> there today -> that day Trang 8 HCMC University of Education VB2 Preparation Course Department of English CHỦ ĐỀ 4 : RELATIVE CLAUSE person + who + V (whom) + S + V Thing + which + V (which)+ S + V  Time + when ( lưu ý when = in/ on/ at which) Ex : I still remember the day when we first met (= on which)  Place + where ( lưu ý where = in/ on/ at which) Ex : This is the place where the plane crashed. ( = at which)  The reason why Ex : I don’t know the reason why he said goodbye. ( = for which)  N + whose + N (sở hữu) Ex : This is the woman whose son won the prize  What ( the thing which) -> thay cho “một điều nào đó” Ex : I don’t know what he wants  S+V , which … ( trường hợp này which thay cho cả mệnh đề phía trước) Ex : I failed the exam, which made me sad “That” có thể thay thế cho “who, whom, which” trong MĐQH xác định ( Noun chưa rõ ràng) Ex : The woman who/ that lives next door is a doctor Nếu danh từ rơi vào các trường hợp sau thì phải có dấu phẩy trước who, whom, which ( trong trường hợp này không được thay thế bằng THAT) • N là danh từ riêng • N có this, that, these, those • N có my, your, his , her… Ex: This is Ms Roger, who’s joining the firm next week. NHữNG TRƯờNG HợP DÙNG THAT • N hỗn hợp (cả người + vật) • N có so sánh nhất, the first, the last… • Sau các từ bất định như all, every(thing), some(thing), any( thing), no(thing)… Ex : She is the kindest person that I’ve ever known KHÔNG ĐƯỢC DÙNG THAT • sau dấu phẩy • sau giới từ Ex : This is John, whom I am talking about That This is John, about whom I am talking That ( Khi cần dùng một giới từ trước đại từ quan hệ, thì chỉ dùng giới từ + whom/ which ( không dùng who / that ) Trang 9 HCMC University of Education VB2 Preparation Course Department of English THAY THế MĐQH - Nếu Verb ở MĐQH ở năng động -> bỏ who, whom, which, that và dùng hình thức V-ing - Nếu Verb ở MĐQH ở bị động -> bỏ who, whom, which, that và dùng hình thức V 3/ed - Nếu N trước MĐQH có the last, the second… so sánh nhất * rút gọn MĐQH bằng to-inf ( nếu câu năng động) * Rút gọn MĐQH bằng to be V 3/ ed ( nếu câu bị động) Ex : 1. I live in a house which was built 30 years ago  I live in a house built 30 years ago 2. The boy who is playing guitar is Ben  The boy playing guitar is Ben 3. The first person that we must see is Mr. Smith  The first person to see is Mr. Smith 4. This is the second person who was killed in that way  This is the second person to be killed in that way Trang 10