Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers

MATERIALS FOR CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERS THIRD EDITION MICHAEL S MAMLOUK JOHN P ZANIEWSKI Upper Saddle River Boston Columbus San Francisco New York Indianapolis London Toronto Sydney Singapore Tokyo Montreal Dubai Madrid Hong Kong Mexico City Munich Paris Amsterdam Cape Town Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J Horton Senior Editor: Holly Stark Editorial Assistant: Keri Rand Vice President, Production: Vince O’Brien Senior Marketing Manager: Tim Galligan Marketing Assistant: Mack Patterson Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Production Liaison: Jane Bonnell Production Editor: Bruce Hobart, Laserwords Senior Operations Supervisor: Alan Fischer Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Art Director, Cover: Jayne Conte Art Director, Interior: Kenny Beck Art Editor: Greg Dulles Media Editor: Daniel Sandin Media Project Manager: Danielle Leone Cover Designer: Suzanne Duda Cover Art: Michael S Mamlouk Composition/Full-Service Project Management: Laserwords Private Limited Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text As indicated in the text, Tables and Figures are reprinted, with permission, from ASTM standards C33, C55, C62, C78, C90, C129, C143, C150, C173, C231, C1602, and C1634, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428 Copyright © 2011, 2006, 1999 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Higher Education, Permissions Department, Lake St., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mamlouk, Michael S Materials for civil and construction engineers / Michael S Mamlouk, John P Zaniewski —3rd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-13-611058-3 ISBN-10: 0-13-611058-4 Materials I Zaniewski, John P II Title TA403.M246 2011 624.1'8—dc22 2009053049 10 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-611058-3 ISBN-10: 0-13-611058-4 CONTENTS Preface xiv About the Authors xviii ONE Materials Engineering Concepts 1.1 1.2 1.3 Economic Factors Mechanical Properties 1.2.1 • Loading Conditions 1.2.2 • Stress–Strain Relations 1.2.3 • Elastic Behavior 1.2.4 • Elastoplastic Behavior 1.2.5 • Viscoelastic Behavior 12 1.2.6 • Temperature and Time Effects 1.2.7 • Work and Energy 1.2.8 • Failure and Safety 5 Nonmechanical Properties 18 18 21 1.3.1 • Density and Unit Weight 1.3.2 • Thermal Expansion 1.3.3 • Surface Characteristics 22 1.4 Production and Construction 1.5 Aesthetic Characteristics 1.6 Sustainable Design 1.7 Material Variability 25 26 27 1.7.1 • Sampling 1.7.2 • Normal Distribution 1.7.3 • Control Charts 1.7.4 • Experimental Error 21 28 29 29 32 23 24 17 iv Contents 1.8 Laboratory Measuring Devices 32 1.8.1 • Dial Gauge 1.8.2 • Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) 1.8.3 • Strain Gauge 1.8.4 • Non-Contact Deformation Measurement Technique 1.8.5 • Proving Ring 1.8.6 • Load Cell 33 33 37 38 38 39 Summary 40 Questions and Problems 1.9 References 41 51 TWO Nature of Materials 2.1 2.2 Basic Materials Concepts 52 2.1.1 • Electron Configuration 2.1.2 • Bonding 2.1.3 • Material Classification by Bond Type 52 55 Metallic Materials 58 58 2.2.1 • Lattice Structure 2.2.2 • Lattice Defects 63 2.2.3 • Grain Structure 64 2.2.4 • Alloys 2.2.5 • 59 Phase Diagrams 2.2.6 • Combined Effects 67 2.3 Inorganic Solids 2.4 Organic Solids 67 73 73 75 2.4.1 • Polymer Development, Structure, and Cross-Linking 2.4.2 • Melting and Glass Transition Temperature 2.4.3 • Mechanical Properties Summary 81 Questions and Problems 2.5 52 References 84 81 80 79 76 Contents THREE Steel 85 3.1 Steel Production 3.2 Iron–Carbon Phase Diagram 3.3 Heat Treatment of Steel 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 • • • • • Steel Alloys 3.5 Structural Steel 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 • • • • • • Structural Steel Grades 97 Sectional Shapes 100 Specialty Steels in Structural Applications 106 Fastening Products Reinforcing Steel 3.9 • 109 111 Conventional Reinforcing 111 Steel for Prestressed Concrete 115 Mechanical Testing of Steel 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.9.4 3.9.5 3.9.6 • • • • • • 116 Tension Test 116 Torsion Test 119 Charpy V Notch Impact Test Bend Test 124 Hardness Test 125 Ultrasonic Testing 125 3.10 Welding 3.11 Steel Corrosion 122 126 129 3.11.1 • Methods for Corrosion Resistance Summary 131 Questions and Problems 3.12 101 Cold-Formed Steel Grades 106 Cold-Formed Steel Shapes 107 Special Design Considerations for Cold-Formed Steel 3.8 • 95 97 3.7 3.8.1 3.8.2 93 95 Cold-Formed Steel 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 89 Annealing 93 Normalizing 94 Hardening 95 Tempering 95 Example of Heat Treatment 3.4 3.6 87 References 139 131 130 109 v vi Contents FOUR Aluminum 4.1 4.2 140 Aluminum Production 143 Aluminum Metallurgy 145 4.2.1 • Alloy Designation System 4.2.2 • Temper Treatments 147 148 4.3 Aluminum Testing and Properties 4.4 Welding and Fastening 4.5 Corrosion 151 156 157 Summary 157 Questions and Problems 4.6 References 157 162 FIVE Aggregates 163 5.1 Aggregate Sources 164 5.2 Geological Classification 5.3 Evaluation of Aggregate Sources 5.4 Aggregate Uses 5.5 Aggregate Properties 165 166 167 5.5.1 • Particle Shape and Surface Texture 5.5.2 • Soundness and Durability 5.5.3 • Toughness, Hardness, and Abrasion Resistance 5.5.4 • Absorption 5.5.5 • Specific Gravity 5.5.6 • Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate 5.5.7 • Strength and Modulus 5.5.8 • Gradation 5.5.9 • Cleanness and Deleterious Materials 175 Handling Aggregates • 177 178 178 5.5.11 • Affinity for Asphalt 5.6.1 169 171 173 5.5.10 • Alkali–Aggregate Reactivity 5.6 165 197 198 Sampling Aggregates 199 195 194 172 Contents vii Summary 200 Questions and Problems 5.7 References 200 209 SIX Portland Cement, Mixing Water, and Admixtures 6.1 Portland Cement Production 6.2 Chemical Composition of Portland Cement 6.3 Fineness of Portland Cement 6.4 Specific Gravity of Portland Cement 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 210 213 Hydration of Portland Cement 214 214 6.5.1 • Structure Development in Cement Paste 6.5.2 • Evaluation of Hydration Progress Voids in Hydrated Cement Properties of Hydrated Cement 216 218 6.7.1 • Setting 6.7.2 • Soundness 6.7.3 • Compressive Strength of Mortar 218 220 Water–Cement Ratio 221 221 Types of Portland Cement 222 6.9.1 • Standard Portland Cement Types 6.9.2 • Other Cement Types Mixing Water 216 218 222 225 226 6.10.1 • Acceptable Criteria 6.10.2 • Disposal and Reuse of Concrete Wash Water Admixtures for Concrete 226 228 6.11.1 • Air Entrainers 229 6.11.2 • Water Reducers 6.11.3 • Retarders 6.11.4 • Hydration-Control Admixtures 6.11.5 • Accelerators 6.11.6 • Specialty Admixtures 230 233 234 234 235 Supplementary Cementitious Materials Summary 239 Questions and Problems 6.13 211 References 245 240 236 228 210 viii Contents SEVEN Portland Cement Concrete 7.1 7.2 Proportioning of Concrete Mixes • Basic Steps for Weight and Absolute Volume Methods 7.1.2 • Mixing Concrete for Small Jobs • • • • • • • • 274 Ponding or Immersion 280 Spraying or Fogging 280 Wet Coverings 280 Impervious Papers or Plastic Sheets 281 Membrane-Forming Compounds 282 Forms Left in Place 282 Steam Curing 283 Insulating Blankets or Covers 283 Electrical, Hot Oil, and Infrared Curing 285 Curing Period 285 Properties of Hardened Concrete 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 • • • • • 7.5.7 • • • • • • 285 Early Volume Change 285 Creep Properties 286 Permeability 286 Stress–Strain Relationship 287 Testing of Hardened Concrete 7.5.1 7.5.2 7.5.3 7.5.4 7.5.5 7.5.6 266 Ready-Mixed Concrete 266 Mobile Batcher Mixed Concrete 267 Depositing Concrete 267 Pumped Concrete 267 Vibration of Concrete 270 Pitfalls and Precautions for Mixing Water 272 Measuring Air Content in Fresh Concrete 272 Spreading and Finishing Concrete 274 Curing Concrete 7.3.1 7.3.2 • 7.3.3 • 7.3.4 • 7.3.5 • 7.3.6 • 7.3.7 • 7.3.8 • 7.3.9 • 7.3.10 • 7.5 263 Mixing, Placing, and Handling Fresh Concrete • 7.4 246 7.1.1 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.2.7 7.2.8 7.3 246 289 Compressive Strength Test 290 Split-Tension Test 292 Flexure Strength Test 293 Rebound Hammer Test 294 Penetration Resistance Test 295 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test Maturity Test 296 296 247 Contents 7.6 Alternatives to Conventional Concrete 297 7.6.1 • Self-Consolidating Concrete 7.6.2 • Flowable Fill 7.6.3 • Shotcrete 7.6.4 • Lightweight Concrete 7.6.5 • Heavyweight Concrete 7.6.6 • High-Strength Concrete 7.6.7 • Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete 7.6.8 • Polymers and Concrete 7.6.9 • Fiber-Reinforced Concrete 297 299 301 302 303 304 305 305 305 7.6.10 • Roller-Compacted Concrete 306 7.6.11 • High-Performance Concrete 307 Summary 308 Questions and Problems 7.7 References 308 313 EIGHT 8.1 Masonry 315 Masonry Units 315 8.1.1 • Concrete Masonry Units 8.1.2 • Clay Bricks 8.2 Mortar 8.3 Grout 8.4 Plaster 316 321 324 324 325 Summary 325 Questions and Problems 8.5 References 325 328 NINE Asphalt Binders and Asphalt Mixtures 9.1 Types of Asphalt Products 332 9.2 Uses of Asphalt 9.3 Temperature Susceptibility of Asphalt 334 337 329 ix ... behavior of materials, is a fundamental requirement for all civil and construction engineers performing design, construction, and maintenance Material requirements in civil engineering and construction. .. understand the behavior and performance of materials Although not all civil and construction engineers need to be material specialists, a basic understanding of the material selection process, and. .. introduction to materials engineering, (2) characteristics of materials used in civil and construction engineering, and (3) laboratory methods for the evaluation of materials The introduction to materials