List of Applications Subject-Matter Area Reference Pages Morphine Tolerance and Context Social Desirability and Eating Moon Illusion Cigarette Consumption and Health Perception of Rotated Images Immune Response Race and Retribution Down’s Syndrome Birth Month and Gender Guessing at Answers Grades and Attendance Optimism and Performance Perceived Attractiveness Attention Deficit Disorder Treatment of Anorexia Behavior Problems M&M’s Death Penalty Maternal Age at First Birth Don’t Litter Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving Race and the Death Penalty Sunk-Cost Fallacy Finger Tapping Reward Delayed Infant Mortality and Physicians Health Care Expenditures Breast Cancer and Sunshine Red Wine and Heart Disease Pace of Life Weight, Height, and Gender Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Course Quality and Grades Births in Sub-Saharan Africa Down’s Syndrome and Age Siegel (1975) Pliner & Chaiken (1990) Kaufman & Rock (1962) Landwehr & Watkins (1987) Krantz (unpublished) Cohen et al (1992) Rogers & Prentice-Dunn (1981) Moran (1974) Fombonne (1989) Katz et al (1990) Howell (unpublished) Seligman et al (1990) Langlois & Roggman (1990) Howell & Huessy (1985) Everitt (1994) Achenbach (1991) unpublished Dieter (1998) CDC (2003) Geller et al (1976) Fell (1995) U S Department of Justice (2000) Strough et al (2008) Christianson & Leathem (2004) Magan et al (2008) St Leger et al (1978) Cochrane et al (1978) Newsweek (1991) Wong (2008) Levine (1990) Ryan et al (1985) British Government Unpublished Guttmacher Institute (2002) Geyer (1991) 32 32, 100, 317 34 36, 77 57 58 59 60 55, 76 45, 78 78 81 57, 108, 154 110, 338, 360, 397 115 136 144 150 154, 526 155 155 160 169 186 192 193 193 196 197 205 206 223 227 228 Stress and Mental Health The Me Generation—Not The Me Generation Regression to the Mean Guns Don’t Reduce Murder Rate School Funding Maternal Confidence Psychology and Cancer Patients Optimism and Religion Family Structure and Vulnerability Stress and Behavior Problems Children and the “Lie Scale” The Crowd Within Marital Satisfaction with Sex Beta-Endorphines and Stress Sources of Homophobia Age and Memory Gender, Anger, and Perception Stereotype Threat Low Birthweight Infants Marijuana and Behavior Therapy for Rape Victims Insecurity in a Crowd Smoking and Performance Attractiveness and Facial Features Masculine Overcompensation Thesis Earthquakes and Depression Therapeutic Touch Anorexia and Prozac Fertility and Smoking Race and Desired Weight Health and Inescapable Shock Race and Racial Identification Race and Death Penalty Again Schizophrenia and Subcortical Structures He, She, They Wagner et al (1988) Trzesniewski et al (2009) Twenge (2006) Galton (1886) Grambsch (2009) Guber (1999) Leerkes & Crockenberg (1999) Malcarne et al (1995) Sethi & Seligman (1993) Mireault (1990) Williamson (2008) Compas et al (1994) Vul & Pashler (2008) Hout et al (1987) Hoaglin et al (1983) Adams et al (1996) Eysenck (1974) Brescoll & Uhlmann (2008) Aronson et al (1998) Nurcombe et al (1984) Conti & Musty (1984) Foa et al (1991) Darley and Latané Spilich et al (1992) Langlois and Roggman (1990) Willer (2005) Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow (1991) Rosa et al (1998) Walsh et al (2006) Weinberg & Gladen (1986) Gross (1985) Visintainer et al (1982) Clark & Clark (1947); Hraba and Grant (1970) Peterson (2001) Suddath et al (1990) Foertsch & Gernsbacher (1997) 232 238, 263 238 242 243 273 289 292 297 299 302 314 341 349, 535 350 364 373, 407, 454 379 405 425, 480 441 447 448, 515 448 450 471 485 504 551 532 533 533 535 535 548 556 Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences This page intentionally left blank SEVENTH EDITION Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences David C Howell Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Seventh Edition David C Howell Publisher: Linda Schreiber Executive Editor: Jon-David Hague Developmental Editor: Rebecca Rosenberg Assistant Editor: Paige Leeds Editorial Assistant: Alicia McLaughlin Media Editor: Mary Noel Marketing Manager: Kimberly Russell Marketing Assistant: Anna Andersen Marketing Communications Manager: Talia Wise Content Project Management: Pre-PressPMG © 2011, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2009942328 Creative Director: Rob Hugel Art Director: Vernon Boes Print Buyer: Linda Hsu Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-81125-1 Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Text: Bob Kauser ISBN-10: 0-495-81125-4 Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Image: Robyn Young Paper Edition: Production Service: Pre-PressPMG ISBN-13: 978-0-8400-3297-3 Photo Researcher: Pre-PressPMG ISBN-10: 0-8400-3297-8 Cover Designer: Gary Hespenheide Cover Image: Stuart McCall/Getty Images Compositor: Pre-PressPMG Wadsworth 20 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan Locate your local office at: www.cengage.com/global Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com Printed in the United States of America 14 13 12 11 10 Dedication: To my wife, Donna, who has tolerated “I can’t that now, I am working on my book” for far too long Brief Contents Preface Chapter 15 Power 381 xi Chapter Introduction Chapter Basic Concepts Chapter 16 One-Way Analysis of Variance 17 Chapter Displaying Data Chapter 17 Factorial Analysis of Variance 35 Chapter Measures of Central Tendency Chapter Measures of Variability 80 Chapter The Normal Distribution 111 Chapter Basic Concepts of Probability 63 134 502 Chapter 21 Choosing the Appropriate Analysis Appendix A Arithmetic Review 572 Appendix B Symbols and Notation 579 Appendix C Basic Statistical Formulae Chapter 10 Regression 230 Appendix D Data Set 586 268 Chapter 12 Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means: One Sample 301 Chapter 13 Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means: Two Related Samples 335 Chapter 14 Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means: Two Independent Samples 352 vi Chapter 19 Chi-Square Chapter 20 Nonparametric and Distribution-Free Statistical Tests 536 188 Chapter 11 Multiple Regression 452 Chapter 18 Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance Chapter Sampling Distributions and Hypothesis Testing 156 Chapter Correlation 406 Appendix E Statistical Tables Glossary 590 608 References 614 Answers to Exercises Index 641 620 582 565 483 Contents Preface 4.4 xi 4.5 Chapter Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 4.6 The Importance of Context Basic Terminology Selection among Statistical Procedures Using Computers 12 Summary 13 Exercises 14 Chapter Measures of Variability 5.1 5.2 Chapter Basic Concepts 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 4.7 4.8 17 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Scales of Measurement 18 Variables 24 Random Sampling 26 Notation 28 Summary 30 Exercises 31 5.7 5.8 Chapter Displaying Data 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 5.9 5.10 35 Plotting Data 37 Stem-and-Leaf Displays 40 Reading Graphs 45 Alternative Methods of Plotting Data Describing Distributions 51 Using Computer Programs to Display Data 53 Summary 54 Exercises 55 47 4.1 4.2 4.3 The Mode 64 The Median 65 The Mean 66 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 80 Range 83 Interquartile Range and Other Range Statistics 84 The Average Deviation 86 The Variance 86 The Standard Deviation 88 Computational Formulae for the Variance and the Standard Deviation 90 The Mean and the Variance as Estimators 91 Boxplots: Graphical Representations of Dispersion and Extreme Scores 94 A Return to Trimming 98 Obtaining Measures of Dispersion Using SPSS 100 The Moon Illusion 100 Seeing Statistics 104 Summary 106 Exercises 108 Chapter The Normal Distribution Chapter Measures of Central Tendency Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of the Mode, the Median, and the Mean 67 Obtaining Measures of Central Tendency Using SPSS 70 A Simple Demonstration—Seeing Statistics 72 Summary 75 Exercises 76 63 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 111 The Normal Distribution 114 The Standard Normal Distribution 120 Setting Probable Limits on an Observation 126 Measures Related to z 127 Seeing Statistics 128 Summary 129 Exercises 130 vii Appendix E Statistical Tables 593 Table E.3 Critical Values of the F Distribution: Alpha ϭ 05 α (Source: The entries in this table were computed by the author.) F Appendix E Statistical Tables 594 Appendix E Statistical Tables Appendix E Statistical Tables Table E.4 Critical Values of the F Distribution: Alpha ϭ 01 (Source: The entries in this table were computed by the author.) Appendix E Statistical Tables 595 (Source: The entries in this table were computed by the author.) Appendix E Statistical Tables Table E.5 Power as a Function of d and Significance Level (a) 596 Appendix E Statistical Tables Table E.6 Percentage Points of the t Distribution α Appendix E Statistical Tables t One-Tailed Test (Source: The entries in this table were computed by the author.) α /2 α /2 –t +t Two-Tailed Test Appendix E Statistical Tables 597 (Source: The entries in this table were computed by the author.) Appendix E Statistical Tables Table E.7 Critical Lower-Tail Values of T (and Their Associated Probabilities) for Wilcoxon’s Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test 598 Appendix E Statistical Tables Appendix E Statistical Tables Text not available due to copyright restrictions Appendix E Statistical Tables 599 Appendix E Statistical Tables Text not available due to copyright restrictions 600 Appendix E Statistical Tables Appendix E Statistical Tables Text not available due to copyright restrictions Appendix E Statistical Tables 601 Appendix E Statistical Tables Text not available due to copyright restrictions 602 Appendix E Statistical Tables Appendix E Statistical Tables Table E.9 Table of Uniform Random Numbers (Source: The entries in this table were computed by the author.) Appendix E Statistical Tables 603 Appendix E Statistical Tables Table E.9 Continued 604 Appendix E Statistical Tables Table E.10 The Normal Distribution (z) Larger Portion Smaller Portion Appendix E Statistical Tables (Source: The entries in this table were computed by the author.) z Appendix E Statistical Tables 605 continued Appendix E Statistical Tables Table E.10 Continued 606 Appendix E Appendix E Statistical Tables Table E.10 Continued Statistical Tables Appendix E Statistical Tables 607 Appendix E Statistical Tables Table E.10 Continued ... 533 533 535 535 548 556 Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences This page intentionally left blank SEVENTH EDITION Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences David C Howell... hypothesis about reasons for the moon illusion by comparing how observers performed when they were able to look at the moon with their eyes level and again with their eyes elevated The data for the. .. parentheses before performing operations outside parentheses Thus for ( ©X)2 we would sum the values of X and then square the result, as opposed to ©X2, in which we would square the Xs before