Lecture Presentation Chapter Solutions Karen C Timberlake General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Solutions A dialysis nurse informs Michelle that • her side effects are due to her body’s inability to regulate the amount of water in her cells • the amount of water in her body fluids is regulated by the concentration of electrolytes and the rate at which waste products are removed from her body General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Readiness Key Math Skills • Calculating a Percentage (1.4C) • Solving Equations (1.4D) • Interpreting a Line Graph (1.4E) Core Chemistry Skills • Writing Conversion Factors from Conversion Equalities (2.5) • Using Conversion Factors (2.6) • Identifying Attractive Forces (6.8) • Using Mole–Mole Factors (7.6) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 9.1 Solutions Solutions • are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances • form when there is sufficient attraction between the solute and solvent molecules • have two components: the solvent, present in a larger amount, and the solute, present in a smaller amount Learning Goal Identify the solute and solvent in a solution; describe the formation of a solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solutes Solutes • may be a liquid, gas, or solid • are spread evenly throughout the solution • mix with solvents so the solute and solvent have the same physical state • cannot be separated by filtration, but they can be separated by evaporation • are not visible, but they can give a color to the solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solutes A solution of copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) forms as particles of solute dissolve and become evenly dispersed among the solvent (water) molecules General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Types of Solutes and Solvents Solutes and solvents may be solids, liquids, or gases General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Water as a Solvent Water • is one of the most common solvents in nature • is a polar molecule due to polar O–H bonds • molecules form hydrogen bonds important in many biological compounds General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Formation of Solutions Solutions form when the solute–solvent interactions are large enough to overcome the solute–solute interactions and the solvent–solvent interactions General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solutions, Like Dissolves Like Solutions will form when the solute and solvent have similar polarities: “like dissolves like.” General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Calculating Freezing Point Lowering In the northeastern United States during freezing temperatures, CaCl2 is spread on icy highways to melt the ice Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 0.50 mole of CaCl2 in kg of water STEP Determine the number of moles of solute particles CaCl2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq) mole of CaCl2 = moles of solute particles General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Calculating Freezing Point Lowering In the northeastern United States during freezing temperatures, CaCl2 is spread on icy highways to melt the ice Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 0.50 mole of CaCl2 in kg of water STEP Determine the temperature change using the moles of solute particles and the degrees Celsius change per mole of particles × × General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Osmosis In osmosis, • water (solvent) flows from a lower to a higher solute concentration • the level of the solution with the higher solute concentration rises • the concentrations of the two solutions become equal with time Water flows into the solution with a higher solute concentration until the flow of water becomes equal in both directions General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Osmotic Pressure Osmotic pressure is • equal to the pressure that would prevent the flow of additional water into the more concentrated solution • greater as the number of dissolved particles in the solution increases General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Reverse Osmosis In a process called reverse osmosis, • a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to a solution, forcing it through a purification membrane • the flow of water is reversed because water flows from an area of lower to higher water concentration, leaving behind the molecules and ions in solution Reverse osmosis, used in desalination plants to obtain pure water from sea (salt) water, requires a large amount of energy General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Isotonic Solutions Because cell membranes in biological systems are semipermeable, osmosis is an ongoing process The solutes in body solutions such as blood, tissue fluids, lymph, and plasma all exert osmotic pressure Most IV solutions used in hospitals are isotonic solutions, which • exert the same osmotic pressure as body fluids such as red blood cells (RBCs) • include a 5.0% (m/v) glucose or 0.90% (m/v) NaCl isotonic solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Hypotonic and Hypertonic Solutions (a) In an isotonic solution, a red blood cell retains its normal volume (b) Hemolysis: In a hypotonic solution, water flows into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and burst (c) Crenation: In a hypertonic solution, water leaves the red blood cell, causing it to shrink General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Hypotonic Solution A hypotonic solution • has a lower solute concentration than red blood cells • means water flows into cells by osmosis The increase in fluid causes the cells to swell and burst, a condition called hemolysis (b) Hemolysis: In a hypotonic solution, water flows into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and burst General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Hypertonic Solution A hypertonic solution • has a higher solute concentration than RBCs • Involves water going out of the cells by osmosis • causes crenation: RBCs shrink in size (c) Crenation: In a hypertonic solution, water leaves the red blood cell, causing it to shrink General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Dialysis In dialysis, • solvent and small solute particles pass through an artificial membrane • large particles are retained inside • waste particles such as urea from blood are removed using hemodialysis (artificial kidney) During dialysis, waste products and excess water are removed from the blood General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Study Check Indicate if each of the following solutions is A isotonic B hypotonic C hypertonic 2% NaCl solution 1% glucose solution 0.5% NaCl solution 5% glucose solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solution Indicate if each of the following solutions is A isotonic B hypotonic C hypertonic _C 2% NaCl solution _B 1% glucose solution _B 0.5% NaCl solution _A 5% glucose solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Study Check When placed in each of the following, indicate if a red blood cell will A not change B undergo hemolysis C undergo crenation 5% glucose solution 1% glucose solution 0.5% NaCl solution 2% NaCl solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solution When placed in each of the following, indicate if a red blood cell will A not change B undergo hemolysis C undergo crenation _A 5% glucose solution _B 1% glucose solution _B 0.5% NaCl solution _C 2% NaCl solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Concept Map Solutions General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc ... polar General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e... sucrose General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Solutes in Aqueous Solutions General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: ... sugar and 100 mL of water B 60.0 mL of ethyl alcohol and 30.0 mL of methyl alcohol C 55.0 mL of water and 1.50 g of NaCl D Air: 200 mL of O2 and 800 mL of N2 General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: