Design Pattern Framework™ 2.0 Patterns in Action Reference Application for .NET 2.0 Companion document to Design Pattern Framework 2.0TM by Data & Object Factory www.dofactory.com Copyright © 2006, Data & Object Factory All rights reserved. Copyright © 2006, Data & Object Factory. All rights reserved. Page 1 of 66 Design Pattern Framework™ 2.0 Index Index .2 Introduction .4 Goals and Objectives 4 What is “Patterns in Action 2.0”? .6 About this document 7 Setup and Configuration .9 Solution setup: .9 Database Setup: 11 Web.config Setup: .12 Finding your way .15 Application Functionality .16 Web Application: 16 Windows Application: 18 Application Architecture 22 Layered Architecture: 22 Web Service architecture: .24 The .NET Solution and Projects 27 BusinessObjects: .29 Façade: 30 DataObjects: 32 Cart: .34 Controls: .35 Encryption: .36 Log: 37 Transactions: .38 ViewState: 39 C:\…\Web\ .42 C:\…\WebSOAService\ 44 WindowsSOAClient 46 Building your own Pattern-based .NET Solution .48 Copyright © 2006, Data & Object Factory. All rights reserved. Page 2 of 66 Design Pattern Framework™ 2.0 Design Patterns and Best Practices 50 Gang of Four Design Patterns: 50 Enterprise Design Patterns: .54 Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Design Patterns: .57 SOA best practice design principles 58 Document-Centric Design Pattern .60 Request-Response Design Pattern .61 Reservation Design Pattern .62 Idempotent Design Pattern: .62 Message Router Design Pattern: .63 Private Identifier Design Pattern: .64 Summary .66 Copyright © 2006, Data & Object Factory. All rights reserved. Page 3 of 66 Design Pattern Framework™ 2.0 Introduction The .Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization Bởi: OpenStaxCollege High-resolution measurements of atomic and molecular spectra show that the spectral lines are even more complex than they first appear In this section, we will see that this complexity has yielded important new information about electrons and their orbits in atoms In order to explore the substructure of atoms (and knowing that magnetic fields affect moving charges), the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1930) suggested that his student Pieter Zeeman (1865–1943) study how spectra might be affected by magnetic fields What they found became known as the Zeeman effect, which involved spectral lines being split into two or more separate emission lines by an external magnetic field, as shown in [link] For their discoveries, Zeeman and Lorentz shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics Zeeman splitting is complex Some lines split into three lines, some into five, and so on But one general feature is that the amount the split lines are separated is proportional to the applied field strength, indicating an interaction with a moving charge The splitting means that the quantized energy of an orbit is affected by an external magnetic field, causing the orbit to have several discrete energies instead of one Even without an external magnetic field, very precise measurements showed that spectral lines are doublets (split into two), apparently by magnetic fields within the atom itself 1/5 B L Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization The Zeeman effect is the splitting of spectral lines when a magnetic field is applied The number of lines formed varies, but the spread is proportional to the strength of the applied field (a) Two spectral lines with no external magnetic field (b) The lines split when the field is applied (c) The splitting is greater when a stronger field is applied Bohr’s theory of circular orbits is useful for visualizing how an electron’s orbit is affected by a magnetic field The circular orbit forms a current loop, which creates a magnetic field of its own, Borb as seen in [link] Note that the orbital magnetic field Borb and the orbital angular momentum Lorb are along the same line The external magnetic field and the orbital magnetic field interact; a torque is exerted to align them A torque rotating a system through some angle does work so that there is energy associated with this interaction Thus, orbits at different angles to the external magnetic field have different energies What is remarkable is that the energies are quantized—the magnetic field splits the spectral lines into several discrete lines that have different energies This means that only certain angles are allowed between the orbital angular momentum and the external field, as seen in [link] The approximate picture of an electron in a circular orbit illustrates how the current loop produces its own magnetic field, called orb It also shows how orb is along the same line as the orbital angular momentum orb 2/5 Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization Only certain angles are allowed between the orbital angular momentum and an external magnetic field This is implied by the fact that the Zeeman effect splits spectral lines into several discrete lines Each line is associated with an angle between the external magnetic field and magnetic fields due to electrons and their orbits We already know that the magnitude of angular momentum is quantized for electron orbits in atoms The new insight is that the direction of the orbital angular momentum is also quantized The fact that the orbital angular momentum can have only certain directions is called space quantization Like many aspects of quantum mechanics, this quantization of direction is totally unexpected On the macroscopic scale, orbital angular momentum, such as that of the moon around the earth, can have any magnitude and be in any direction Detailed treatment of space quantization began to explain some complexities of atomic spectra, but certain patterns seemed to be caused by something else As mentioned, spectral lines are actually closely spaced doublets, a characteristic called fine structure, as shown in [link] The doublet changes when a magnetic field is applied, implying that whatever causes the doublet interacts with a magnetic field In 1925, Sem Goudsmit and George Uhlenbeck, two Dutch physicists, successfully argued that electrons have properties analogous to a macroscopic charge spinning on its axis Electrons, in fact, have an internal or intrinsic angular momentum called intrinsic spin S Since electrons are charged, their intrinsic spin creates an intrinsic magnetic field Bint, which interacts with their orbital magnetic field Borb Furthermore, electron intrinsic spin is quantized in magnitude and direction, analogous to the situation for orbital angular momentum The spin of the electron can have only one magnitude, and its direction can be at only 3/5 B S Patterns in ... HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH Basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese Instructor : Nguyen Ngoc Vu Student : Nguyen Thi Ai Thu HCMC, 30/12/2009 Basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese A contrast analysis “I give to him some sweets. (Tôi cho nó mấy cái kẹo)” This sentence above extracted from a Vietnamese student’s translating Vietnamese sentence into English. Why did this student make errors? In dealing with learners’ errors, Lado states “since the learner tends to transfer the habits of his native language structure to the foreign language, we have here the major source of difficulty or ease in learning the structure of a foreign language. Those structures that are similar will be easy to learn because they will be transferred and may function satisfactorily in the foreign language. Those structures that are different will be difficult because when transferred they will not function satisfactorily in the foreign language and will therefore have to be changed.” Vietnamese students usually make errors when translating Vietnamese sentence into English because there are some differences between Vietnamese and English grammar. This paper will focus on these differences and classify some error types that students often meet. 2 In the first part of this paper, we will discuss types of the basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese and make comparison between English and Vietnamese to find out whether Vietnamese has the same basic sentence patterns or not. The second part focuses on some errors types that students often meet and how to conduct teaching translating Vietnamese sentence into English. Before we explore the basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese, it is important to understand definition of the sentence, element of the sentence and their functions. Traditional grammar defines that a sentence is ‘a group of words expressing a complete thought’ or ‘a group of words that begins with a capital letter and ends with a period’. Vietnamese and English sentence have two main elements: subject and predicate. Lynnm Berk defines that “the grammatical subject of the sentence is often the conversational subject, i.e, the person or thing that the sentence is about. The predicate often makes a comment about that subject, i.e, it ‘predicate’ “. We often see that in a simple sentence, a subject is a single structure, while a predicate can have internal structure. Subject predicate The child slept The child threw the ball His mother considers him quite handsome 3 The predicate must contain a verb and can contain other structure such as a direct object, an indirect object, various complement structures, and adverbs. In other words, there are different elements with different functions in the sentence. According to “A university I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF E NERGY AND E NVIRONMENT Volume 2, Issue 3, 2011 pp.447-462 Journal homepage: www.IJEE.IEEFoundation.org ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2011 International Energy & Environment Foundation. All rights reserved. Carbon emission patterns in different income countries Kai Wang 1 , Le-Le Zou 2 , Jie Guo 3 , Wen-Jing Yi 2 , Zhen-Hua Feng 3 , Yi-Ming Wei 4,5 1 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing, 100083, China. 2 Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 , China. 3 School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. 4 Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China. 5 School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China. Abstract In order to find the main driving forces affecting CO 2 emission patterns and the relationship between economic development and CO 2 emissions, this paper uses models of σ -convergence, absolute β - convergence and conditional β -convergence to analyze the inner characteristics of CO 2 emissions and the income level of 128 countries (and regions) in the world. The countries (and regions) are divided into 5 groups based on their per capita income levels. The results show that in the past 40 years, all the groups showed trends of convergence on the CO 2 emissions. In terms of emission levels, lagging countries (and regions) tend to catch up with advanced nations, with convergence tending to be conditional on country- specific characteristics such as energy use and energy structures rather than absolute convergence. Then this paper examines the impacts of selected variables such as GDP per capita, population, oil, gas, coal etc. on the emission trends. The analysis on the impacting factors shows that for the developing countries (and regions), the levels of economic development have greater effects on their carbon emissions patterns. And for the developed countries (and regions), the energy consumption structures wielded a big influence for the past 40 years. We find that the growth speed of CO 2 emissions in developed countries (and regions) would get slower, and those of the developing countries (and regions) give expression to catching-up effects. These findings are expected to shed a light on the global policy making in coping climate change. Copyright © 2011 International Energy and Environment Foundation - All rights reserved. Keywords: Carbon emission, Convergence, Catch up, Income level, Impact factors. 1. Introduction The research on the relationship between economic growth and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions can be traced back to the well-known IPAT identity [1]. Ehrlich and Holdren discussed the environmental impacts on GHG emissions from population, affluence and technology. After that, there were many discussions on different styles of IPAT models, including those in the IPCC special report Special Report on Emissions Scenarios [2]. Besides the IPAT model, many researches focused on the experience curve of economic growth and emissions, which combines per capita incomes and measures of environmental degradation, and was known as an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The Environmental Kuznets Curve suggests that International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 2, Issue 3, 2011, pp.447-462 ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2011 International Energy & Environment Foundation. All rights reserved. 448 low-income countries (and regions) experience low emissions. When the per capita income rises, the emissions will initially increase followed with decrease after getting the 2012 Cambridge Business & Economics Conference ISBN : 9780974211428 Factors influencing borrower’s behavior and decision making patterns in the success of a micro finance model—A case study on the remote areas of Karachi, Pakistan Submitted by: Mirza Raza Ali Student, M. Phil. Program Institute of Business Management (IoBM) Karachi, Pakistan Director, Finance and Planning Newports Institute of Communications & Economics (NICE) Karachi, Pakistan Tel.: 0092-21-34547417, Cell: 0092-300-2267677 Factors influencing borrower’s behavior and decision making patterns towards micro financing models—A case study on the remote areas of Karachi, Pakistan ABSTRACT June 27-28, 2012 Cambridge, UK 1 2012 Cambridge Business & Economics Conference ISBN : 9780974211428 In the developing world, Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) offer various financing modes for customers who, generally, are neither well-aware nor apprised about such modes and related financial obligations. Moreover, MFIs emphasize on safeguarding the lender’s interest due to risk exposure. However, it must also be realized that borrowers’ perspective has a significant impact in the success of any micro financing model. Realizing the importance of the borrowers’ perspective for a successful and sustainable financing model, the research reviews major factors that influence the behaviors and decision making patterns of borrowers towards micro financing. The case study research was adopted by selecting respondents from three remote areas of Karachi, the largest metropolitan city of Pakistan. The study evaluated prevailing educational, communal, economic, political, and cultural circumstances and its impact on the borrowers’ behavior. A low literacy rate, depriving economic conditions, extreme political involvements and pressures, inflexible and unsupportive communal and social norms, strong cultural differences amongst population living in remote areas coupled with low awareness and slow market penetration strategy of MFIs have restrained the growth of micro financing amongst its potentially strongest target market in Pakistan. The MFIs may also facilitate the borrowers to establish strategic alliances on profit sharing basis with the educated middle income classes, hence enabling both the parties to effectively run small and medium sized businesses. The research provides a comprehensive insight to the MFIs in Pakistan for addressing the borrower’s concern and realigning their vision and mechanisms to suit the borrower’s needs and expectations. INTRODUCTION The success of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in developing ingenious financial products and services for their clients relates to the local dynamics of the customers, which varies from nations to nations. The formulation of any microfinance model for a specific population involves a June 27-28, 2012 Cambridge, UK 2 2012 Cambridge Business & Economics Conference ISBN : 9780974211428 comprehensive study ranging from basic information of customer demographics to the complex issues involving behavioral and psychological aspects. Therefore, it is imperative that MFIs, while developing financial products, consult behavioral economists and RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Fatty acid profiles and their distribution patterns in microalgae: a comprehensive analysis of more than 2000 strains from the SAG culture collection Imke Lang 1,2 , Ladislav Hodac 3 , Thomas Friedl 3 and Ivo Feussner 1* Abstract Background: Among the various biochemical markers, fatty acids or lipid profiles represent a chemically relatively inert class of compounds that is easy to isolate from biological material. Fatty acid (FA) profiles are considered as chemotaxonomic markers to define groups of various taxonomic ranks in flowering plants, trees and other embryophytes. Results: The fatty acid profiles of 2076 microalgal strains from the culture collection of algae of Göttingen University (SAG) were determined in the stationary phase. Overall 76 different fatty acids and 10 other lipophilic substances were identified and quantified. The obtained FA profiles were added into a database providing information about fatty acid composition. Using this database we tested whether FA profiles are suitable as chemotaxonomic markers. FA distribution patterns were found to reflect phylogenetic relationships at the level of phyla and classes. In contrast, at lower taxonomic levels, e.g. between closely related species and even among multiple isolates of the same species, FA contents may be rather variable. Conclusion: FA distribution patterns are suitable chemotaxonomic markers to define taxa of higher rank in algae. However, due to their extensive variation at the species level it is difficult to make predictions about the FA profile in a novel isolate. Background The analysis of the overall fatty acid profiles as well as the occurrence of fatty acids (FAs) in different lipid classes in microalgae is an emerging field which is expected to reveal the identification of novel FAs with a variety of new func- tional groups [1] . Despite a number of reports has been carried out and published, describing the contents as well as the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in mostly marine microalgae [2-4], systematic approaches that include different or even many genera of microal gae and particularly those from freshwaters or terrestrial habi- tats are still missing [5]. Based on current knowledge, FA composition divides microalgae roughly into two groups, i.e. on one hand the cyano bacteria and green algae (Ch loroph yta and Strepto- phyta) which contain low amounts of FAs, predominantly saturated and mono unsaturated FAs as well as trace amounts of PUFAs, m ostly linoleic ac id (LA, 18:2(9 Z, 12Z): where x:y(z) is a fatty acid containing X carbons and y double bonds in position z counting from the car- boxyl end)). On the other hand Chromalveolate algae contain significant amounts of PUFAs [6]. Among the various biochemical markers, FA or lipid profiles represent a chemically relatively inert class of compounds that is easy to isolate from biological material and FA profiles are considered as chemotaxonomic mar- kers to define groups of various taxonomic ranks in flow- ering plants, trees and other Embryophytes [7,8]. Beside the identification of novel FAs, some recent stu- dies report on the use of FAs and lipid profiles of algae as biomarkers [1,9-11]. Viso et al. determined profiles of FAs of nine different marine algal groups and they were able to define even species-specific lipid compositions [4]. More- over they found a roughly taxon specific profile when the cells were cultured under identical growth conditions. Various strains and species of the cyanobacterium Nostoc * Correspondence: ifeussn@gwdg.de 1 Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Lang et al. BMC Plant Biology 2011, 11:124 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/11/124 © 2011 Lang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms ... charge spinning on its axis Electrons, in fact, have an internal or intrinsic angular momentum called intrinsic spin S Since electrons are charged, their intrinsic spin creates an intrinsic magnetic... spin—help to explain many of the complexities of atomic and molecular spectra In magnetic resonance imaging, it is the 4/5 Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization way that the intrinsic magnetic...B L Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization The Zeeman effect is the splitting of spectral lines when a magnetic field is applied The number of lines formed varies, but