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(BQ) Part 1 book Fusion physics has contents: The case for fusion, physics of confinement, equilibrium and macroscopic stability of tokamaks, plasma diagnostics. Please refer to content. (BQ) Part 1 book Fusion physics has contents: The case for fusion, physics of confinement, equilibrium and macroscopic stability of tokamaks, plasma diagnostics. Please refer to content.
This publication is a comprehensive reference book for graduate students and an invaluable guide for more experienced researchers It provides an introduction to nuclear fusion and its status and prospects, and features specialized chapters written by leaders in the field, presenting the main research and development concepts in fusion physics It starts with an introduction to the case for the development of fusion as an energy source Magnetic and inertial confinement are addressed Dedicated chapters focus on the physics of confinement, the equilibrium and stability of tokamaks, diagnostics, heating and current drive by neutral beam and radiofrequency waves, and plasma–wall interactions While the tokamak is a leading concept for the realization of fusion, other concepts (helical confinement and, in a broader sense, other magnetic and inertial configurations) are also addressed in the book At over 1100 pages, this publication provides an unparalleled resource for fusion physicists and engineers Edited by: Mitsuru Kikuchi Karl Lackner Minh Quang Tran INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–130410–0 ! @ Edited by: Mitsuru Kikuchi Karl Lackner Minh Quang Tran FUSION PHYSICS The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN ALBANIA ALGERIA ANGOLA ARGENTINA ARMENIA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA AZERBAIJAN BAHRAIN BANGLADESH BELARUS BELGIUM BELIZE BENIN BOLIVIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOTSWANA BRAZIL BULGARIA BURKINA FASO BURUNDI CAMBODIA CAMEROON CANADA CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CHAD CHILE CHINA COLOMBIA CONGO COSTA RICA CÔTE D’IVOIRE CROATIA CUBA CYPRUS CZECH REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO DENMARK DOMINICA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ECUADOR EGYPT EL SALVADOR ERITREA ESTONIA ETHIOPIA FINLAND FRANCE GABON GEORGIA GERMANY GHANA GREECE GUATEMALA HAITI HOLY SEE HONDURAS HUNGARY ICELAND INDIA INDONESIA IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAQ IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAMAICA JAPAN JORDAN KAZAKHSTAN KENYA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF KUWAIT KYRGYZSTAN LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC LATVIA LEBANON LESOTHO LIBERIA LIBYA LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LUXEMBOURG MADAGASCAR MALAWI MALAYSIA MALI MALTA MARSHALL ISLANDS MAURITANIA MAURITIUS MEXICO MONACO MONGOLIA MONTENEGRO MOROCCO MOZAMBIQUE MYANMAR NAMIBIA NEPAL NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND NICARAGUA NIGER NIGERIA NORWAY OMAN PAKISTAN PALAU PANAMA PAPUA NEW GUINEA PARAGUAY PERU PHILIPPINES POLAND PORTUGAL QATAR REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA ROMANIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION RWANDA SAUDI ARABIA SENEGAL SERBIA SEYCHELLES SIERRA LEONE SINGAPORE SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SOUTH AFRICA SPAIN SRI LANKA SUDAN SWEDEN SWITZERLAND SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC TAJIKISTAN THAILAND THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA TUNISIA TURKEY UGANDA UKRAINE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA URUGUAY UZBEKISTAN VENEZUELA VIETNAM YEMEN ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957 The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’ FUSION PHYSICS EDITED BY: MITSURU KIKUCHI KARL LACKNER MINH QUANG TRAN INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2012 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris) The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 2600 29302 tel.: +43 2600 22417 email: sales.publications@iaea.org http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2012 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 2012 STI/PUB/1562 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Fusion physics — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2012 p ; 24 cm STI/PUB/1562 ISBN 978–92–0–130410–0 Includes bibliographical references Nuclear fusion. International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (Project). Controlled fusion — International cooperation. Tokamaks — International cooperation. I International Atomic Energy Agency IAEAL 12–00774 FOREWORD Recreating the energy production process of the Sun — nuclear fusion — on Earth in a controlled fashion is one of the greatest challenges of this century If achieved at affordable costs, energy supply security would be greatly enhanced and environmental degradation from fossil fuels greatly diminished Fusion Physics describes the last fifty years or so of physics and research in innovative technologies to achieve controlled thermonuclear fusion for energy production The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been involved since its establishment in 1957 in fusion research It has been the driving force behind the biennial conferences on Plasma Physics and Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion, today known as the Fusion Energy Conference Hosted by several Member States, this biennial conference provides a global forum for exchange of the latest achievements in fusion research against the backdrop of the requirements for a net energy producing fusion device and, eventually, a fusion power plant The scientific and technological knowledge compiled during this series of conferences, as well as by the IAEA Nuclear Fusion journal, is immense and will surely continue to grow in the future It has led to the establishment of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), which represents the biggest experiment in energy production ever envisaged by humankind The IAEA also would like to thank the editors of the book, M Kikuchi, K. Lackner and Minh Quang Tran, for preparing this comprehensive manuscript on fusion, including magnetic and inertial fusion concepts They have selected a prominent group of contributors, many of whom have provided seminal scientific contributions to important developments in the field The IAEA also conveys its gratitude to the authors for their long standing cooperation Their work is highly appreciated, and this present compendium will help to raise awareness of the opportunities offered by fusion and the path towards a demonstration fusion power plant PREFACE In 1958, during the second Conference on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy in Geneva, nuclear fusion research was declassified At this time the basis of nuclear fusion science and technology was confined to a few books and monographs written by ‘pioneers’ After this event, the tradition to periodically exchange the latest discoveries in fusion research development was established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) through its series of Fusion Energy Conferences (IAEA FECs) It was natural that in 2008 the 22nd IAEA FEC came back to the same location in Geneva, the Palais des Nations, to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the declassification The progress over the past half century has been immense We are now in the building phase of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) with the prospect of having 500 MW of fusion power in the second half of the 2020s and starting studies for the step beyond ITER, a demonstration reactor (usually referred to as the DEMO power plant) A new generation of scientists and engineers is needed to build and exploit ITER and accompanying fusion devices, and to prepare the next step beyond ITER Master and PhD programmes have been set up in many universities worldwide to train what is usually referred to as the “ITER Generation of Scientists” Compared to 1958, the growth of the field of nuclear fusion has led to a multiplicity of specialized subfields, each having its own textbooks The occasion of the 2008 IAEA FEC prompted us to propose to the IAEA International Fusion Research Council (IFRC) to sponsor a tutorial book for post-graduate students Our aim is to provide an introduction to nuclear fusion, its status and perspectives Specialized chapters are devoted to the main concepts under R&D (magnetic and inertial conferment) together with the physics as well as the technology basis With the strong support and under the guidance of the IFRC, we have invited international experts to contribute to the project Our vision of the book was shared by all contacted colleagues, who enthusiastically accepted this difficult tutorial task It is our hope that the material presented will allow post-graduate level students to become familiar with the topics of their studies More advanced researchers will also find materials on topics adjacent to their field of specialization The progress in nuclear fusion research is such that it has become impossible to cover in detail all the key issues: this book is not intended to replace specialized monographs or review articles The book starts with an introduction to the case for the development of fusion as an energy source, followed by chapters on the physics of confinement, equilibrium and stability of tokamaks Diagnostics, heating and current drive by neutral beams and radiofrequency waves, and plasma–wall interactions are described in detail While the tokamak is currently the leading concept for the realization of nuclear fusion, it is important to note that other concepts (helical confinement concepts and, in a broader sense, other magnetic configurations) have also received wide interest worldwide Last but not least, inertial confinement fusion is one of the important lines of research, which naturally finds its place in the book The later part of the book is oriented towards ITER and fusion technology The realization of this book would not have been possible without the enthusiastic commitment of all authors, who took upon themselves the task of sharing their vast knowledge with the ITER generation in parallel with their research duties We would like to wholeheartedly thank them for their dedication Our responsibility has also included careful reading of the contributed manuscripts That was done with the help of a few colleagues, whose contribution is gratefully acknowledged Last but not least, our appreciation also goes to the IAEA and its staff, which provided an unfailing support and encouragement We would like to particularly thank G. Mank, R. Kamendje, R. Kaiser and T. Desai, whose support throughout this endeavour has rendered the publication of this volume possible We also would like to acknowledge the very useful contribution of B. Gulejova, whose professional expertise has helped solve a multitude of editorial issues Mitsuru Kikuchi December 2011 Karl Lackner Minh Quang Tran EDITORIAL NOTE Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights Material prepared by authors who are in contractual relation with governments is copyrighted by the IAEA, as publisher, only to the extent permitted by the appropriate national regulations This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the authors The views expressed not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations The IAEA has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to in this book and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate CONTENTS CHAPTER THE CASE FOR FUSION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 INTRODUCTION ENERGY SCENARIOS 1.2.1 Near term energy scenario 1.2.2 Long term energy scenario and the role of fusion FUSION BASICS 14 1.3.1 What is fusion? 14 1.3.2 Fusion power gain Q 17 1.3.3 Fusion reactions 20 1.3.4 Fusion fuels 23 1.3.5 Direct conversion to electricity 26 APPROACHES TO FUSION 26 1.4.1 Magnetic confinement fusion 1.4.1.1 Progress in tokamak based magnetic confinement fusion research 27 1.4.2 Inertial confinement fusion 1.4.2.1 Progress in inertial confinement fusion research 38 SOCIOECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES 40 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.6 Environment, safety and non-proliferation 1.5.1.1 Emissions in normal operation 1.5.1.2 Possible accidents 1.5.1.3 Waste Cost comparison with other sources of energy 1.5.2.1 Direct costs of fusion power production 1.5.2.2 External costs of fusion power production 32 35 40 40 41 41 42 42 45 1.5.3 Public acceptance of fusion 46 1.5.4 Spin-offs of fusion research 47 CONCLUSION 51 CHAPTER PHYSICS OF CONFINEMENT 2.1 2.2 Introduction and Overview 59 NEOCLASSICAL TRANSPORT 63 2.2.1 63 Introduction ZAVERYAEV et al [4.343] Mertens, Ph., Pospieszczyk, A., Radial and spectral profiles of atomic deuterium in front of a limiter in TEXTOR-94: results of laser-induced fluorescence at Lyman-α, J Nucl Mater 266–269 (1999) 884–889 [4.344] Goryushkin, G.V., Lazarenko, Yu.V., Moskalenko, I.V., Shcheglov, D.A., Application of laser-induced fluorescence for study of helium in plasma edge, Sov J Plasma Phys 12 (1986) 807–810 [4.345] 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INDEX 11 02 11 02 11 03 11 04 11 05 11 19 CHAPTER THE CASE FOR FUSION P.K Kaw, I Bandyopadhyay Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Humans... systems 10 95 10 .10 .2 Driver development 10 97 10 .10 .3 Reaction chamber 10 99 10 .10 .4 Fuel pellet 11 01 10 .10 .5 Recent progress in inertial fusion technologies