Ebook The economics of environmental management in VietNam Ebook The economics of environmental management in VietNam

Ebook The economics of Environmental Management in Vietnam is compiled with the content: Overview of economic research on environmental issues in Vietnam; the on site costs of soil erosion and benefi ts of soil conservation in the mountainous regions of northern Vietnam; the on site costs of soil erosion and choice of land use systems by upland farmers in central vietnam; environmental consequences of and pollution control options for pond “tra” fish production in the ...

ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA (EEPSEA) THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN VIETNAM Edited By BUI DUNG THE HERMINIA FRANCISCO SidaSida SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION COOPERATION AGENCYAGENCY Canadian International Development Agency Agence Canadiene de Development International THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN VIETNAM BUI DUNG THE AND HERMINIA FRANCISCO EDITORS ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA JANUARY, 2010 © 2010 EEPSEA 22 Cross Street, #02-55 South Bridge Court Singapore 048421 ISBN: 978-981-08-3917-8 All rights reserved This publication or part thereof may be reproduced or translated as long as the editors, author/s, and EEPSEA are cited as the original source The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in the case studies in this publication rests exclusively with the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to EEPSEA, its partners, donors, members of its Advisory Body, and the countries EEPSEA represents Front cover photograph: My Son World Heritage Site by Tran Huu Tuan Cover and layout design: Rusyan Jill Mamiit-Coburn Printed in Vietnam First Printing January 2010 Suggested Citation: Author’s surname, Author’s initials Year of publication Title of chapter or article Name/s of editor(s) (ed) In* title of book Publisher, city and country of publication First page number of article to last page number of article WHAT IS EEPSEA? The Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia was established in May 1993 to support training and research in environmental and resource economics Its goal is to strengthen local capacity in the economic analysis of environmental problems so that researchers can provide sound advice to policy-makers The program uses a networking approach to provide financial support, meetings, resource persons, access to literature, publication avenues, and opportunities for comparative research across its nine member countries These are Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, China, and Papua New Guinea EEPSEA’s structure consists of a Sponsors Group, comprising all donors contributing at least USD 100,000 per year, an Advisory Committee of senior scholars and policy-makers, and a small secretariat in Singapore EEPSEA is a project administered by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) on behalf of the Sponsors Group Table of Contents List of Contributors i Foreword iii Chapter Overview of Economic Research on Environmental Issues in Vietnam BUI DUNG THE AND HERMINIA FRANCISCO Chapter The On-Site Costs of Soil Erosion and Benefits of Soil Conservation in the Mountainous Regions of Northern Vietnam 23 TRAN DINH THAO Chapter The On-Site Costs of Soil Erosion and Choice of Land Use Systems by Upland Farmers in Central Vietnam 53 BUI DUNG THE Chapter Environmental Consequences of and Pollution Control Options for Pond “Tra” Fish Production in the Mekong Delta - A Case Study in Thotnot District, Cantho City 79 VO THI LANG, KY QUANG VINH, AND NGO THI THANH TRUC Chapter The Development of Dairy Cattle Farming: Environmental Consequences and Pollution Control Options in Hanoi Province, North Vietnam 115 NGUYEN QUOC CHINH Chapter Incentives for Wastewater Management in Industrial Estates in Vietnam 143 LE QUANG THONG AND NGUYEN ANH NGOC Chapter Pollution Control Options for Handicraft Villages: The Case of Duong Lieu Village in the Red River Delta, Vietnam NGUYEN MAU DUNG AND TRAN THI THU HA 173 Chapter Compliance of Paper-Making Plants with Environmental Regulations in Bac Ninh Province, Vietnam 207 NGUYEN MAU DUNG Chapter The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Industrial Pollution: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam 239 PHAM THAI HUNG, BUI ANH TUAN, AND NGUYEN THE CHINH Chapter 10 Household Demand for Improved Water Services in Ho Chi Minh City 277 PHAM KHANH NAM AND TRAN VO HUNG SON Chapter 11 Valuing the Economic Benefits of Preserving Cultural Heritage: The My Son World Heritage Site in Vietnam TRAN HUU TUAN 311 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Dr Herminia Francisco, Director, Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia, IDRC Singapore Email: Hfrancisco@idrc.org.sg Dr Bui Dung The, Chair, Department of Science and Technology, International Cooperation, and Postgraduate Education, College of Economics, Hue University, Vietnam Email: buidungthe@dng.vnn.vn Dr Tran Dinh Thao, Deputy Dean, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam Email: thaoktl@hua.edu.vn Ms Vo Thi Lang (corresponding author), School of Economics and Business Administration, Cantho University, Cantho City, Vietnam Email: vtlang@ctu.edu.vn Mr Ky Quang Vinh, Cantho Environmental Monitoring Center, Cantho City, Vietnam Email: kqvinh@ctu.edu.vn; quangvinh@cantho.gov.vn Ms Ngo Thi Thanh Truc, School of Economics and Business Administration, Cantho University, Cantho City, Vietnam Email: ntttruc@ctu.edu.vn Dr Nguyen Quoc Chinh, Chair, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Accounting and Business Management, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam Email: nqchinh@yahoo.com; nqchinh@vnn.vn Dr Le Quang Thong (corresponding author), Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Email: lqthong_kt@ hcmuaf.edu.vn Mr Nguyen Anh Ngoc, Vice-Director, Trade Promotion Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Email: anhngocitpc@gmail.com i Dr Nguyen Mau Dung (corresponding author), Deputy Chair, Natural Resources and Environmental Economics Department, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam Email: hau_2000@yahoo.com Dr Tran Thi Thu Ha, Economics Department, Economics and Business Management Faculty, Vietnam University of Forestry, Hanoi, Vietnam Email: hafuv2001@yahoo.com; ha.tranthithu@wur.nl Dr Pham Thai Hung (corresponding author), Faculty of Marketing, National Economics University, Hanoi, Vietnam Email: hungpt68@ gmail.com Dr Bui Anh Tuan, Vice-Rector, National Economics University, Hanoi, Vietnam Email: buianhtuan@neu.edu.vn Dr Nguyen The Chinh, Vice-Director, Institute for Strategy and Policy for Natural Resources and Environment (ISPONRE), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE), Hanoi, Vietnam Email: thechinh@fpt.vn Mr Pham Khanh Nam (corresponding author), Environmental Economics Unit, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University, Sweden Email: pham.khanh.nam@economics.gu.se Mr Tran Vo Hung Son, Faculty of Development Economics, University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Email: sontran@ueh.edu.vn Dr Tran Huu Tuan, Faculty of Economics and Development Studies, College of Economics, Hue University, Vietnam Email: tuantranhuu@yahoo.com ii Foreword It is my great pleasure to introduce this book, “The Economics of Environmental Management in Vietnam,” to you - students of economics, scholars, policy-makers, and legislators who are dealing with environmental protection in Vietnam This book is a timely publication by the Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) in light of the Vietnamese Government’s forthcoming policy to incorporate economics into the management of natural resources and the environment Indeed, Vietnam is a country that is blessed with rich natural resources which our people depend on heavily It is crucial that we protect and conserve these resources for the welfare of present and future generations This publication will be an important contribution to the Government’s efforts to improve environmental protection, balance economic growth and environmental conservation, and build environmental management capacity It is my expectation that environmental policy-makers and managers will find that it helps them to better evaluate environmental project proposals and develop policies and regulations to protect the environment and govern the use of natural resources more effectively I also trust that students and researchers interested in pursuing environmental economics as a field of specialization will find the research methodologies described in this book useful in analyzing and providing sound solutions to environmental challenges in the country On behalf of the Ministry of the Natural Resources and Environment of Vietnam, I commend the initiative, competence, and dedication of Vietnamese researchers who carried out the studies reported herein I would also like to express my sincerest appreciation to EEPSEA for its support in building the capacity of Vietnamese researchers in the field of environmental economics It is my earnest hope that the Vietnamese citizens who read this book will use it for the betterment of the environment in the country PHAM KHOI NGUYEN Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Government of Vietnam iii 336 Economics of Environmental Management in Vietnam visitation is less than the percentage increase in the entrance fee, thus the expected revenue increases and maximizes at about 14 USD In other words, within this range, the demand for visiting My Son is inelastic As the entrance fee exceeds 14 USD, the demand becomes elastic and the expected revenue begins to decrease With regard to Vietnamese visitors to My Son, as the entrance fee increases, both the visitation rate and revenue decrease The expected revenue is maximized at the current entrance fee of 1.89 USD Table 14 shows the expected revenues and the percentage of visitors being willing to pay the different entrance fee bids Table 14 Expected revenues at different entrance fees Entrance fee (US$) 14 19 Foreign visitors % of Expected visitors revenue (US$) 100 345,844 78 338,639 69 535,775 46 555,618 11 188,513 Vietnamese visitors Entrance % of Expected fee (US$) visitors revenue (US$) 1.89 100 57,598 2.20 69 46,605 3.14 51 48,785 5.03 30 45,323 8.18 20 49,100 In other words, within the bid ranges, the demand of foreign visitors for visiting My Son is inelastic while the demand for domestic visitors is elastic This result is consistent with those of other researchers (e.g., Navrud and Mungatana 1994; Chase et al 1998) This suggests that when the pricing policy is designed, more emphasis should be placed on foreign visitors than on Vietnamese visitors If the optimal entrance fees that maximize revenues were to be imposed, substantial annual revenues could be earned to finance the required preservation investments The generated revenues with optimal entrance fees would be 613,216 USD (555,618 USD for foreign visitors and 57,598 USD for Vietnamese visitors), 52% higher than current fee revenues This policy recommendation would also reduce the number of foreign visitors by 54%, but would not reduce the problem of congestion caused by Vietnamese visitors Valuing Economic Benefits of Preserving Cultural Heritage 337 There are some possible solutions to reduce the congestion problem A long-term solution might be to enhance the infrastructure and services at the site Another solution is to limit the number of visitors to the site However, this might exclude individuals with high WTP for visiting the site while including those with low WTP A further option is to use pricing to limit access, applying higher prices at specific times e.g., in the peak season and lower prices during the nonpeak season to avoid crowds of domestic tourists for instance, during summer, thus spreading the visitors more evenly across the year The current fee policies relating to cultural heritage sites in Vietnam are not properly based on the individual preferences of tourists (i.e., demand) or on supply in the tourism market, nor are they properly designed to maximize revenues or restrict tourism demand to meet the environmental-carrying capacity of endangered sites There is also a tendency towards a somewhat uniform pricing policy for foreign and Vietnamese visitors to sites in the country Based on the calculated consumer surplus (and total WTP), our results suggest that an even larger price differentiation between the two groups would increase revenues from both and facilitate preservation from the increased funds as well as from reduced damage to the site due to a lower level of congestion This could possibly also secure social equity (see Lindberg 1991 and Laarman and Gregersen 1996 for detailed discussions on this) 4.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis The costs of the My Son preservation plan41amount to 10.88 million USD The annual revenue from visitors to My Son under the current entrance fee regime is 403,442 USD According to the Management Board of My Son Relics, 50% of this revenue is spent on annual operational costs If the remaining 50% (201,721 USD) was used for preserving My Son, it would take This is a conservation plan proposed by the Vietnamese government in collaboration with international agencies The total costs of this preservation plan is 173 billion VND (about 10.88 million USD) from 2004–2015 See DHM 2004 and Vietnam Tourism 2004 338 Economics of Environmental Management in Vietnam 54 years51 to collect revenues from visitors to cover the costs of preservation If the optimal entrance fee regime was imposed, it would take 35 years to collect the preservation funds The aggregate WTP for benefits for all groups of respondents in 2005 was 3,572,447 USD This constitutes 33% of total preservation costs If this were to be collected in the first year, and revenues were then collected annually from visitors to My Son for the balance, it would take 20 years62to cover the preservation costs The calculations above are based on simply comparing the social costs of preservation with the potential social benefits for My Son over time with no discounting We conducted a CBA, however, to show how the outcome can be influenced by different time frames and social discount rates On the assumption that the My Son heritage site was to be preserved for future generations, we thus assumed that the time horizon of the preservation project was infinity, ∞ The net present value (NPV) was calculated as: NPV  C0  Blocals  Bnon mysonvisitors  Bdomesticvisitors Bforeignvisitors NR   r r r (Equation 8) where C0 is the total costs of the conservation project which equals 10.88 million USD Since we had no details of how the costs would be spent, we assumed that this would be an initial investment cost73which occurred immediately (t = 0) Blocals refers to the one-time amount (t = 0) or the present value of the benefits accrued from local resident households in Quangnam Province, and was calculated as 697,448 USD Bnon-mysonvisitors We assume that the increase in the annual operational costs over time is equal to the revenue increase from the rise in the number of visitors to My Son In addition to the assumption that the increase in the number of visitors (the growth rate) will generate revenues to cover the increase in the annual operational costs, the growth rate of the number of visitors will also compensate for the rate of repeated visits to My Son This assumption will over-estimate the costs Valuing Economic Benefits of Preserving Cultural Heritage 339 represents the one-time amount (t = 0) or the present value of the benefits derived from the Vietnamese visitors visiting the area who not visit My Son during their trip; this was equal to 2,145,122 USD Bdomesticvisitors r is interpreted as the present value over an infinite time horizon (t -> ∞) of Vietnamese visitors to My Son Bdomesticvisitor is an annual benefit that continues infinitely, and r is the social discount rate The annual benefit of Vietnamese visitors to My Son was found to be 43,377 USD Bforeignvisitors is the present value of benefits to r foreign visitors to My Son over infinity (t -> ∞) Bforeignvisitors is the annual benefit to the foreign visitors to My Son and equals 686,500 USD NR r refers to the present value of a perpetuity (t = ∞) of net revenue Net revenue (NR) is an annual benefit, which is generated from the current entrance fees after 50% is spent on annual operating costs NR was calculated to be 201,721 USD Table 15 presents the NPVs, BC (Benefit Cost) ratios, and IRR (Internal Rate of Return) for the My Son preservation project The NPVs under different discount rates range from 1.38 million to 15.52 million USD while the BC ratios range from 0.13 to 1.43 and the IRR is 11.7% This suggests that the preservation project is economically viable Table 15 Results of the cost-benefit analysis with an infinite time horizon Time horizon Discount rates (%) Net Present Value (NPV, USD) Benefit-Cost ratio (BC ratio) IRR (%) 15,515,273 1.43 11.7 Infinity 9,341,732 0.86 10 1,377,083 0.13 We then assumed that the preservation project would last 20 years81(t = 20), using the same social discount rates This means that we assumed that the current preservation investment would last only 20 years (before a new preservation investment project was implemented) 340 Economics of Environmental Management in Vietnam The CBA91results showed that the NPVs under different discount rates were always positive; the BC ratios ranged from 0.07 to 0.48, and the IRR was 11.6% This suggests that the preservation of My Son is feasible even with a shorter time horizon for the preservation project 5.0 Conclusions and Considerations for Further Research In this study, CV and CE were used to estimate the economic benefits of the preservation of the My Son sanctuary in Vietnam The study focused on estimating the economic benefits that accrued to: (a) foreign visitors to My Son, (b) Vietnamese visitors to My Son, (c) Vietnamese visitors to Hue/Hoian, and (iv) local residents The total sample size of the main surveys was 1,413; out of which 967 people were sampled for the CV survey and 446 for the CE survey This study had two limitations The first limitation was the tax payment vehicle used in the survey of Vietnamese visitors to Hue/ Hoian The tax vehicle was selected using focus groups and pre-test surveys, but it would be complicated to implement in reality Secondly, the fact that the survey of foreign visitors was only carried out in English and French excluded potential respondents not fluent in either of these languages The results showed that the majority of independent variables from both the CV and CE studies had the a priori expected signs and that many of them were statistically significant This could be interpreted as indicating that the models had high construct validity In the CV study, the mean (and median) WTPs were calculated using a simple linear model, containing the bids and an intercept They were found to be equal to 7.97 USD, 1.67 USD, 2.53 USD, and 2.11 USD for foreign visitors to My Son, Vietnamese visitors to My Son, Vietnamese visitors to Hue/Hoian, and local residents, respectively In calculating this, we applied Equation 8, keeping C0; Blocals; Bnon-mysonvisitors the same as 19 before, and modifying the last three components using the following formula  Bt t 0 (1  r )t Valuing Economic Benefits of Preserving Cultural Heritage 341 The conservative aggregate WTP in the first year (i.e., 2005) was 3,572,447 USD with a 95% confidence interval of [2,528,975-5,304,162 USD] with scenario rejecters included; and 4,237,736 USD with a 95% confidence interval of [3,175,411-6,136,935 USD] with scenario rejecters removed The results show that CV and CE work equally well for both foreign visitors and local residents when applied to cultural heritage in a developing country like Vietnam Statistical testing showed that equality between the CE and CV estimates could not be rejected in almost all cases, except in the non-parametric model for the local residents This suggests that CE and CV produce very similar results, which is evidence of convergence validity The pooling of the two data sources to test for equality between the CV and CE approaches provided a powerful test for invariance between different sources of data For both foreign visitors and local residents, the results showed that none of the scale parameters were significantly different from unity, implying that the parameters in the CV and CE models were not different, and neither were the error variances Non-parametric and parametric estimates were calculated and compared Although non-parametric measures are not directly comparable with parametric measures, the results showed that there was no large divergence between them We also found that the adoption of an optimal price regime would both increase revenues and reduce congestion at the site However, this pricing structure would not reduce the congestion problem due to Vietnamese visitors The idea of imposing a pricing structure with seasonal differentiations to reduce the number of Vietnamese visitors during the peak season is a feasible one The results further showed that if the justification for investment were to be based only on entrance fees, then this would lead to a level of preservation for My Son that would not be optimal for the site or society The inclusion of benefits derived from non-visitors was needed to support the call for 342 Economics of Environmental Management in Vietnam increased preservation investment Finally, the CBA results showed that the preservation project for My Son was an economically viable proposition This successful application of CV and CE in valuing a cultural heritage site supports further research on the valuation of cultural heritage sites in other developing countries More studies should be encouraged in order to adapt these stated preference methods to other developing countries and to increase the reliability of the estimated benefits The DM format also appears to be worthy of further investigation since the treatment of scenario rejecters (protest responses) has been shown to have an impact on the magnitude of WTP estimates There is limited empirical evidence in Vietnam on the income elasticity of WTP in terms of increased fees and taxes This indicates that additional studies need to be conducted to ensure that there is an informed basis for the development of an optimal fee policy in pricing cultural heritage The lack of data on the environmental-carrying capacity of My Son shows the need for future research to fill this information gap More needs to be known about the impact of additional visitors on this cultural resource if a truly sustainable pricing policy is to be developed N.B The full version of this report is available at www.eepsea.org under the title “Valuing the Economic Benefits of Preserving Cultural Heritage: The My Son Sanctuary World Heritage Site in Vietnam” References Adamowicz, W.; P Boxall; M Williams; and J Louviere 1998 Stated Preference Approaches for Measuring Passive Use Values: Choice Experiments versus Contingent Valuation American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80 (1998) 64-75 Valuing Economic Benefits of Preserving Cultural Heritage 343 Bateman, I.J.; D.W Pearce; R Sugden; G Loomes; R.T Carson; S Mourato; B Day; M Jones-Lee; T Hett; R Carson; E Ozdemiroglu; N Hanley; J Swanson; and M Hanemann 2002 Economic Valuation with Stated Preference Techniques—A Manual Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Cheltenham UK Blamey, R.; J Bennett; and M Morrison 1999 Yea-saying in Contingent Valuation Surveys Land Economics 75 (1): 126-141 Boxall, P.; W Adamowicz; J Swait; M Williams; and J Louviere 1996 A Comparison of Stated Preference Methods for Environmental Valuation Ecological Economics 18 243–253 Carson, R.T.; R.C Mitchell; M.B Conaway; and S Navrud 1997 NonMoroccan Values for Rehabilitating the Fes Medina (Valuing Cultural Heritage Objects) Report to the World Bank on the Fes Cultural Heritage Rehabilitation Project World Bank Washington D.C USA Chase, L.C.; D.R Lee; W.D Schulze; and D.J.Anderson 1998 Ecotourism Demand and Differential Pricing of National Park Access in Costa Rica Land Economics 74(4) 466-482 DHM (Department of Heritage Management) 2004 A Master Plan for the Preservation and Conservation of the World Cultural Heritage—My Son Sanctuary Department of Heritage Management Hanoi Vietnam (In Vietnamese) GHF (Global Heritage Fund) 2002 Global Heritage Fund 2002 Nominations.http://www.globalheritagefund.org/where/ myson_scroller.html Haab, T C and K.E McConnell 2002 Valuing Environmental and Natural Resources—The Econometrics of Non-Market Valuation Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Cheltenham UK 344 Economics of Environmental Management in Vietnam Hanemann, W.M 1984 Welfare Evaluations in Contingent Valuation Experiments with Discrete Responses American Journal of Agricultural Economics 66 332-341 Hanley, N.; R.E Wright; and V Adamowicz 1998 Using Choice Experiments to Value the Environment—Design Issues, Current Experience and Future Prospects Environmental and Resource Economics 11(3–4) 413–428 Kinh, H.D 2001 Cultural Monuments Maintenance and Restoration in Viet Nam—Choosing a Strategy Conference/Workshop: Conserving the Past—An Asian Perspective of Authenticity in the Consolidation, Restoration and Reconstruction of Historic Monuments and Sites Hanoi Vietnam Krinsky, I and L.A Robb 1986 On Approximating the Statistical Properties of Elasticities The Review of Economics and Statistics 68 715-719 Laarman, J.G.; and H.M Gregersen 1996 Pricing Policy in Naturebased Tourism Tourism Management 17 247-254 Lindberg, K 1991 Policies for Maximizing Nature Tourism‘s Ecological And Economic Benefits International Conservation Financing Project Working Paper World Research Institute Washington D.C Feb ix 37 p McFadden, D 1974 Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior In P Zarembka (ed) Frontiers in Econometrics Academic Press New York 105-142 Mourato, S.; E Ozdemiroglu; T Hett; and G Atkinson 2004 Pricing Cultural Heritage World Economics 5(3) Navrud, S and E.D Mungatana 1994 Environmental Valuation in Developing Countries: The Recreational Values of Wildlife Viewing Ecological Economics 11 135-151 Valuing Economic Benefits of Preserving Cultural Heritage 345 Navrud, S and G.K Vondolia 2005 Using Contingent Valuation to Price Ecotourism Sites in Developing Countries Tourism 52(2) 115-125 Poe, G.L.; E.K Severance-Lossin; and M.P Welsh 1994 Measuring the Difference (X-Y) of Simulated Distributions: A Convolutions Approach American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76 (November) 904-915 Quang, D 2004 Heritage Site Heeds Tourists’ Wake-Up Call Vietnam News February Hanoi Vietnam Swait, J and J Louviere 1993 The Role of the Scale Parameter in the Estimation and Use of Multinomial Logit Models Journal of Marketing Research 30 305–314 Swallow, S.K.; T Weaver; J.J Opaluch; and T.S Michelman 1994 Heterogeneous Preferences and Aggregation in Environmental Policy Analysis: A Landfill Siting Case American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76 431-443 UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 1999 My Son Sanctuary http://whc.unesco org/sites/949.htm VietnamNet 2006 Vietnam Takes Tourism International Vietnam Net May 25 http://english.vietnamnet.vn/travel/2006/04/ 564400/ Vietnam Tourism 2004 Project to Restore My Son Holy Land Underway http://www.vietnam-tourism.com/vietnam_gov/e_ pages/Dulich/Khoach&DanDL /Duandt/dadl_myson.htm VNS (Vietnam News) 2003 My Son’s Towers Threatened by Erosion Vietnam News November 10 Weitzel V 2000 Vietnam to Develop Heritage Site VNForum Archive UNDP Vietnam Hanoi Vietnam 346 Economics of Environmental Management in Vietnam Whittington, D 1998 Administering Contingent Valuation Questions in Developing Countries World Development 26(1) 21–30 Willis, K.G 2003 Pricing Public Parks Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 46(1) 3-17 Zhongmin, X.; C Guodong; Z Zhiqiang; S Zhiyong; and J Loomis 2003 Applying Contingent Valuation in China to Measure the Total Economic Value of Restoring Ecosystem Services in Ejina Region Ecological Economics 44 (2003) 345-358 THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN VIETNAM Continuous growth brought about by global market integration coupled with rapid urbanization has subjected Vietnam’s natural resources to considerable stress In recognition of this, the Government of Vietnam has taken a firm stand on environmental sustainability This book is a collection of short reports of research studies supported by the Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) showing how Vietnamese economists have addressed some of the burning environmental issues in Vietnam to support the government’s move towards more effective environmental protection The studies cover key issues such as the costs of environmental degradation, the cost-effectiveness or cost-benefit analysis of environmentally sustainable alternatives or technologies, and the behavior of economic agents in society The research methodologies, findings and results shared offer real and practical value to economics students interested in pursuing environmental economics as a field of specialization and also to natural resource managers and policy-makers seeking efficient and sustainable environmental solutions Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia 22 Cross Street, #02-55 South Bridge Court, Singapore 048421 Phone: (65) 6438-7877; Fax: (65) 6438-4844 URL: http://www.eepsea.org; E-mail: hfrancisco@idrc.org.sg ... only linked to the loss of productive topsoil In Vietnam, the use of chemical fertilizers in farming is a Economics of Environmental Management in Vietnam major source of land pollution Vietnam? ??s... used in the various analyses in the hope that they will be of use to economics students interested in pursuing environmental economics as a field of specialization We also expect that the findings... conducted their business, the type of industries located within the estate, and the type of investors The industrial estates in the four study sites faced problems in water pollution control due to insufficient