Volume 1 4 Encyclopedia of Data Warehousing and Mining Second Edition John Wang Montclair State University, USA Hershey • New York InformatIon ScIence reference Director of Editorial Content Kristin K[.]
Volume1 Encyclopedia of Data Warehousing and Mining Second Edition John Wang Montclair State University, USA Information Science reference Hershey • New York Director of Editorial Content: Director of Production: Managing Editor: Assistant Managing Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Printed at: Kristin Klinger Jennifer Neidig Jamie Snavely Carole Coulson Amanda Appicello, Jeff Ash, Mike Brehem, Carole Coulson, Elizabeth Duke, Jen Henderson, Chris Hrobak, Jennifer Neidig, Jamie Snavely, Sean Woznicki Lisa Tosheff Yurchak Printing Inc Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com/reference and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 2009 by IGI Global All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of data warehousing and mining / John Wang, editor 2nd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index Summary: "This set offers thorough examination of the issues of importance in the rapidly changing field of data warehousing and mining" Provided by publisher ISBN 978-1-60566-010-3 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-60566-011-0 (ebook) Data mining Data warehousing I Wang, John, QA76.9.D37E52 2008 005.74 dc22 2008030801 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is new, previously-unpublished material The views expressed in this encyclopedia set are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher If a library purchased a print copy of this publication, please go to http //www.igi-global.com/agreement for information on activating the library's complimentary electronic access to this publication Editorial Advisory Board Huan Liu Arizona State University, USA Sach Mukherjee University of Oxford, UK Alan Oppenheim Montclair State University, USA Marco Ramoni Harvard University, USA Mehran Sahami Stanford University, USA Alexander Tuzhilin New York University, USA Ning Zhong Maebashi Institute of Technology, Japan Zhi-Hua Zhou Nanjing University, China List of Contributors Abdulghani, Amin A / Data Mining Engineer, USA 286, 519 Abidin, Taufik / North Dakota State University, USA 2036 Agard, Bruno / École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada .1292 Agresti, William W / Johns Hopkins University, USA 676 Aïmeur, Esma / Université de Montréal, Canada 388 Akdag, Herman / University Paris VI, France 1997 Alhajj, Reda / University of Calgary, Canada 531 Al-Razgan, Muna / George Mason University, USA 1916 Alshalalfa, Mohammed / University of Calgary, Canada 531 An, Aijun / York University, Canada 196, 2096 Angiulli, Fabrizio / University of Calabria, Italy 1483 Antoniano, Isadora / IIMAS-UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico 1623 Arslan, Abdullah N / University of Vermont, USA .964 Artz, John M / The George Washington University, USA 382 Ashrafi, Mafruz Zaman / Monash University, Australia .695 Athappilly, Kuriakose / Western Michigan University, USA 1903 Babu, V Suresh / Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, India .1708 Bali, Rajeev K / Coventry University, UK 1538 Banerjee, Protima / Drexel University, USA .1765 Bartík, Vladimír / Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic .689 Batista, Belén Melián / Universidad de La Laguna, Spain 1200 Baxter, Ryan E / The Pennsylvania State University, USA 802 Bell, David / Queen’s University, UK 1117 Bellatreche, Ladjel / Poitiers University, France .171, 920, 1546 Ben-Abdallah, Hanêne / Mir@cl Laboratory, Université de Sfax, Tunisia 110 Besemann, Christopher / North Dakota State University, USA .87 Betz, Andrew L / Progressive Insurance, USA 1558 Beynon, Malcolm J / Cardiff University, UK 1034, 1102, 2011, 2024 Bhatnagar, Shalabh / Indian Institute of Science, India 1511 Bhatnagar, Vasudha / University of Delhi, India 1337 Bickel, Steffan / Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany .1262 Bohanec, Marko / Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia 617 Bonafede, Concetto Elvio / University of Pavia, Italy 1848 Bonchi, Francesco / ISTI-C.N.R, Italy 313 Bonrostro, Joaquín Pacheco / Universidad de Burgos, Spain 1909 Borges, José / School of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal .2031 Borges, Thyago / Catholic University of Pelotas, Brazil 1243 Bose, Indranil / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 883 Bouchachia, Abdelhamid / University of Klagenfurt, Austria 1006, 1150 Bouguettaya, Athman / CSIRO ICT Center, Australia 237 Boukraa, Doulkifli / University of Jijel, Algeria 1358 Bouso-Calzón, Carlos / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain 993 Boussaid, Omar / University Lumière Lyon, France 1358 Brazdil, Pavel / University of Porto, Portugal 1207 Brena, Ramon F / Tecnolόgico de Monterrey, Mexίco .1310 Brown, Marvin L / Grambling State University, USA 999 Bruha, Ivan / McMaster University, Canada 795 Buccafurri, Francesco / DIMET, Università di Reggio Calabria, Italy .976 Burr, Tom / Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA 219, 465 Butler, Shane M / Monash University, Australia .1282 Buttler, David J / Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA 1194 Cadot, Martine / University of Henri Poincaré/LORIA, Nancy, France 94 Cameron, William / Villanova University, USA 120 Caminiti, Gianluca / DIMET, Università di Reggio Calabria, Italy 976 Camps-Valls, Gustavo / Universitat de València, Spain .51, 160, 993, 1097 Caragea, Doina / Kansas State University, USA 1110 Caramia, Massimiliano / University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy 2080 Cardenas, Alfonso F / University of California–Los Angeles, USA 1194 Cardoso, Jorge / SAP AG, Germany 1489 Cassel, Lillian / Villanova University, USA 120 Castejón-Limas, Manuel / University of León, Spain 400 Cerchiello, Paola / University of Pavia, Italy 394 Chakravarty, Indrani / Indian Institute of Technology, India 1431, 1456 Chalk, Alistair Morgan / Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffths University, Australia .160 Chan, Christine W / University of Regina, Canada .353 Chan, Stephen C F / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 1794 Chaovalitwongse, Art / Rutgers University, USA 729 Chen, Jason / Australian National University, Australia 1871 Chen, Jian / Tsinghua University, China .374 Chen, Qiyang / Montclair State University, USA 1897 Chen, Sherry Y / Brunel University, UK 2103 Chen, Victoria C.P / The University of Texas at Arlington, USA .1815 Chen, Yu / State University of New York - Binghamton, USA .701 Chen, Shaokang / NICTA, Australia .1659, 1689 Chenoweth, Megan / Innovative Interfaces, Inc, USA 1936 Cheng, Shouxian / Planet Associates, Inc., USA 870 Chew, Peter A / Sandia National Laboratories, USA 1380 Chizi, Barak / Tel-Aviv University, Israel 1888 Christodoulakis, Stavros / Technical University of Crete, Greece .1771 Chrysostomou, Kyriacos / Brunel University, UK .2103 Chundi, Parvathi / University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA 1753 Chung, Seokkyung / University of Southern California, USA 1013 Ciampi, Antonio / Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McGill University, Canada 1623 Císaro, Sandra Elizabeth González / Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina .58 Cocu, Adina / “Dunarea de Jos” University, Romania 83 Conversano, Claudio / University of Cagliari, Italy 624, 1835 Cook, Diane J / University of Texas at Arlington, USA 943 Cook, Jack / Rochester Institute of Technology, USA 783 Cooper, Colin / Kings’ College, UK .1653 Crabtree, Daniel / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand .752 Craciun, Marian / “Dunarea de Jos” University, Romania 83 Cuzzocrea, Alfredo / University of Calabria, Italy 367, 1439, 1575, 2048 Dai, Honghua / Deakin University, Australia 1019 Dang, Xuan Hong / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore .901 Dardzinska, Agnieszka / Bialystok Technical University, Poland 1073 Darmont, Jérôme / University of Lyon (ERIC Lyon 2), France 2109 Das, Gautam / The University of Texas at Arlington, USA 1702 Dasu, Tamraparni / AT&T Labs, USA 1248 De Meo, Pasquale / Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy 1346, 2004 de Vries, Denise / Flinders University, Australia 1158 del Castillo, Mª Dolores / Instituto de Automática Industrial (CSIC), Spain .445, 716 Delve, Janet / University of Portsmouth, UK 987 Deng, Ping / University of Illinois at Springfield, USA 1617 Denoyer, Ludovic / University of Paris VI, France .1779 Denton, Anne / North Dakota State University, USA 87, 258 Dhaenens, Clarisse / University of Lille, France 823 Ding, Gang / Olympus Communication Technology of America, Inc., USA 333 Ding, Qiang / Chinatelecom Americas, USA .2036 Ding, Qin / East Carolina University, USA 506, 2036 Doloc-Mihu, Anca / University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA 1330 Domeniconi, Carlotta / George Mason University, USA 1142, 1170, 1916 Dominik, Andrzej / Warsaw University of Technology, Poland 202 Dorado, Julián / University of A Coruña, Spain 829 Dorn, Maryann / Southern Illinois University, USA 1639 Drew, James H / Verizon Laboratories, USA .1558 Dumitriu, Luminita / “Dunarea de Jos” University, Romania 83 Ester, Martin / Simon Fraser University, Canada 970 Estivill-Castro, Vladimir / Griffith University, Australia 1158 Faber, Niels R / University of Groningen, The Netherlands .1589 Faloutsos, Christos / Carnegie Mellon University, USA .646 Fan, Weiguo / Virginia Tech, USA 120 Fan, Xinghua / Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China 208, 1216 Feki, Jamel / Mir@cl Laboratory, Université de Sfax, Tunisia 110 Felici, Giovanni / Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica IASI-CNR, Italy .2080 Feng, Ling / Tsinghua University, China 2117 Figini, Silvia / University of Pavia, Italy .431 Fischer, Ingrid / University of Konstanz, Germany 1403, 1865 Fox, Edward A / Virginia Tech, USA 120 Franỗois, Damien / Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium 878 Freitas, Alex A / University of Kent, UK 932 Friedland, Lisa / University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA 39 Fu, Li-Min / Southern California University of Health Sciences, USA .1224 Fung, Benjamin C M / Concordia University, Canada 970 Gallinari, Patrick / University of Paris VI, France 1779 Gama, João / University of Porto, Portugal 561, 1137 Gambs, Sébastien / Université de Montréal, Canada 388 Gao, Kehan / Eastern Connecticut State University, USA 346 Gargouri, Faiez / Mir@cl Laboratory, Université de Sfax, Tunisia 110 Gehrke, Johannes / Cornell University, USA 192 Geller, James / New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA 1463 Giraud-Carrier, Christophe / Brigham Young University, USA 511, 1207, 1830 Giudici, Paolo / University of Pavia, Italy .789 Golfarelli, Matteo / University of Bologna, Italy 838 González-Marcos, Ana / University of León, Spain 400 Greenidge, Charles / University of the West Indies, Barbados .18, 1727 Griffiths, Benjamin / Cardiff University, UK 1034 Grzes, Marek / University of York, UK 937 Grzymala-Busse, Jerzy / University of Kansas, USA 1696 Gunopulos, Dimitrios / University of California, USA 1170 Gupta, P / Indian Institute of Technology, India .1431, 1456 Gupta, S K / IIT, Delhi, India 1337 Guru, D S / University of Mysore, India 1066 Hachicha, Marouane / University of Lyon (ERIC Lyon 2), France .2109 Hamel, Lutz / University of Rhode Island, USA 598, 1316 Hamilton-Wright, Andrew / University of Guelph, Canada, & Mount Allison University, Canada 1646, 2068 Han, Shuguo / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 1741 Handley, John C / Xerox Innovation Group, USA 278 Harms, Sherri K / University of Nebraska at Kearney, USA .1923 Harrison, Ryan / University of Calgary, Canada 531 Hasan, Mohammad Al / Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA 1877 Haupt, Bernd J / The Pennsylvania State University, USA 802 Holder, Lawrence B / University of Texas at Arlington, USA 943 Honavar, Vasant / Iowa State University, USA 1110 Hong, Yu / Colgate–Palmolive Company, USA .580 Hou, Wen-Chi / Southern Illinois University, USA .1639 Hsu, William H / Kansas State University, USA 817, 926 Hu, Xiaohua / Drexel University, USA 1765 Huang, Chun-Che / National Chi Nan University, Taiwan .31 Huang, Joshua Zhexue / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 246, 1810 Huang, Xiangji / York University, Canada 2096 Huang, Wenxue / Generation5 Mathematical Technologies, Inc., Canada 66 Hüllermeier, Eyke / Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany .907 Hwang, Sae / University of Texas at Arlington, USA 2042 Hwang, Seung-won / Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Korea .1570 Iglesias, Ángel / Instituto de Automática Industrial (CSIC), Spain .445 Im, Seunghyun / University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, USA .361 Ito, Takao / Ube National College of Technology, Japan 654 Janardan, Ravi / University of Minnesota, USA 166 Jensen, Richard / Aberystwyth University, UK .556 Jing, Liping / Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong .1810 Jourdan, Laetitia / University of Lille, France .823 Jun, Jongeun / University of Southern California, USA .1013 Juntunen, Arla / Helsinki School of Economics/Finland’s Government Ministry of the Interior, Finland 183 Kambhamettu, Chandra / University of Delaware, USA 1091 Kamel, Magdi / Naval Postgraduate School, USA 538 Kanapady, Ramdev / University of Minnesota, USA 450 Kashevnik, Alexey / St.Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 320 Katsaros, Dimitrios / Aristotle University, Greece .1990 Kaur, Sharanjit / University of Delhi, India .1476 Kelly, Maurie Caitlin / The Pennsylvania State University, USA 802 Keogh, Eamonn / University of California - Riverside, USA 278 Kern-Isberner, Gabriele / University of Dortmund, Germany 1257 Khoo, Siau-Cheng / National University of Singapore, Singapore .1303 Khoshgoftaar, Taghi M / Florida Atlantic University, USA 346 Khoury, Imad / School of Computer Science, McGill University, Canada 1623 Kianmehr, Keivan / University of Calgary, Canada .531 Kickhöfel, Rodrigo Branco / Catholic University of Pelotas, Brazil 1243 Kim, Han-Joon / The University of Seoul, Korea .1957 Kim, Seoung Bum / The University of Texas at Arlington, USA 863, 1815 Kim, Soo / Montclair State University, USA 406, 1759 Klawonn, Frank / University of Applied Sciences Braunschweig/Wolfenbuettel, Germany .214, 2062 Koeller, Andreas / Montclair State University, USA 1053 Kontio, Juha / Turku University of Applied Sciences, Finland 1682 Koren, Yehuda / AT&T Labs - Research, USA 646 Kothari, Megha / St Peter’s University, Chennai, India 810 Kotis, Konstantinos / University of the Aegean, Greece .1532 Kou, Gang / University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China 1386 Kouris, Ioannis N / University of Patras, Greece 1425, 1470, 1603 Kretowski, Marek / Bialystok Technical University, Poland 937 Krneta, Milorad / Generation5 Mathematical Technologies, Inc., Canada 66 Kroeze, Jan H / University of Pretoria, South Africa 669 Kros, John F / East Carolina University, USA .999 Kruse, Rudolf / University of Magdenburg, Germany 2062 Kryszkiewicz, Marzena / Warsaw University of Technology, Poland 1667 Ku, Wei-Shinn / Auburn University, USA .701 Kumar, Sudhir / Arizona State University, USA 166 Kumar, Vipin / University of Minnesota, USA 1505 Kumara, Soundar R.T / The Pennsylvania State University, USA 497 Lachiche, Nicolas / University of Strasbourg, France 1675 Lau, Yiu Ki / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong .883 Lax, Gianluca / DIMET, Università di Reggio Calabria, Italy 976 Lazarevic, Aleksandar / United Technologies Research Center, USA 450, 479 Lee, Chung-Hong / National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Taiwan, ROC 1979 Lee, JeongKyu / University of Texas at Arlington, USA .2042 Lee, Manwai / Brunel University, UK 2103 Lee, Wang-Chien / Pennsylvania State University, USA 251 Lee, Vincent / Monash University, Australia .901, 1524 Lee, Zu-Hsu / Montclair State University, USA 580 Lehto, Mark R / Purdue University, USA 133 Letamendía, Laura Nez / Instituto de Empresa, Spain 1909 Leung, Cane W K / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 1794 Leung, Carson Kai-Sang / The University of Manitoba, Canada 307 Leung, Chung Man Alvin / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 883 Levary, Reuven R / Saint Louis University, USA 586 Levashova, Tatiana / St.Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 320 Levene, Mark / Birkbeck, University of London, UK 2031 Lewis, Rory A / UNC-Charlotte, USA 857 Li, Gary C L / University of Waterloo, Canada 1497 Li, Haiquan / The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc, USA 683 Li, Jinyan / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 683 Li, Mei / Microsoft Corporation, USA 251 Li, Qi / Western Kentucky University, USA 1091 Li, Tao / School of Computer Science Florida International University, USA 264 Li, Wenyuan / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 1823 Li, Xiongmin / University of Regina, Canada .353 Li, Xueping / University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA 12 Li, Yinghong / University of Air Force Engineering, China 744 Li, Yuefeng / Queensland University of Technology, Australia .592 Li, Yufei / University of Air Force Engineering, China 744 Li, Xiao-Li / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore 1552 Liberati, Diego / Italian National Research Council, Italy 438, 1231 Licthnow, Daniel / Catholic University of Pelotas, Brazil 1243 Lim, Ee-Peng / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 76 Lin, Beixin (Betsy) / Montclair State University, USA 580 Lin, Li-Chun / Montclair State University, USA 406, 1759 Lin, Ming-Yen / Feng Chia University, Taiwan 1974 Lin, Shu-Chiang / Purdue University, USA 133 Lin, Tsau Young / San Jose State University, USA 1830 Lin, Wen-Yang / National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan 1268 Lin, Limin / Generation5 Mathematical Technologies, Inc., Canada .66 Lindell, Yehuda / Bar-Ilan University, Israel 1747 Ling, Charles X / The University of Western Ontario, Canada 339 Lisi, Francesca A / Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy 2019 Liu, Chang-Chia / University of Florida, USA .729 Liu, Huan / Arizona State University, USA .178, 1041, 1058, 1079 Liu, Xiaohui / Brunel University, UK 2103 Liu, Yang / York University, Canada 2096 Lo, David / National University of Singapore, Singapore 1303 Lo, Victor S.Y / Fidelity Investments, USA 1409 Loh, Stanley / Catholic University of Pelotas & Lutheran University of Brazil, Brazil .1243 Lovell, Brian C / The University of Queensland, Australia .1659, 1689 Lu, Ruqian / Chinese Academy of Sciences, China .1942 Luterbach, Jeremy / University of Calgary, Canada 531 Lutu, Patricia E.N / University of Pretoria, South Africa 604 Ma, Qingkai / Utica College, USA 1617 Ma, Sheng / Machine Learning for Systems IBM T.J Watson Research Center, USA 264 Maceli, Monica / Drexel University, USA 631 Maguitman, Ana / Universidad Nacional del Sur, Argentina .1310 Mahboubi, Hadj / University of Lyon (ERIC Lyon 2), France 2109 Maimon, Oded / Tel-Aviv University, Israel 1888 Maitra, Anutosh / Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, India 544 Maj, Jean-Baptiste / LORIA/INRIA, France 94 Makedon, Fillia / University of Texas at Arlington, USA 1236 Makris, Christos H / University of Patras, Greece 1470 Malinowski, Elzbieta / Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica 293, 849, 1929 Malthouse, Edward C / Northwestern University, USA 225 Mani, D R / Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, USA 1558 Manolopoulos, Yannis / Aristotle University, Greece 1990 Mansmann, Svetlana / University of Konstanz, Germany 1439 Markellos, Konstantinos / University of Patras, Greece 1947 Markellou, Penelope / University of Patras, Greece 1947 Marmo, Roberto / University of Pavia, Italy 411 ... Yuefeng Li, Queensland University of Technology, Australia 592 Database Queries, Data Mining, and OLAP / Lutz Hamel, University of Rhode Island, USA 598 Database Sampling for Data Mining / Patricia... the rapidly changing field of data warehousing and mining" Provided by publisher ISBN 978-1-60566-010-3 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-60566-011-0 (ebook) Data mining Data warehousing I Wang, John,... Encyclopedia of data warehousing and mining / John Wang, editor 2nd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index Summary: "This set offers thorough examination of the issues of importance