VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ OANH RECONSTRUCTION OF DROUGHT EVENTS BASED ON TREE RINGS IN KON TUM PROVINCE, VIETNAM MASTER THESIS MAJOR CLIMATE CHANGE HA NOI – 2015 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYEN THI OANH RECONSTRUCTION OF DROUGHT EVENTS BASED ON TREE RINGS IN KON TUM PROVINCE, VIETNAM MASTER THESIS Major: Climate Change Code: Training Program Supervisor : Assoc Professor Lora Stevens-Landon Assoc Professor Vu Van Tich HÀ NỘI – 2015 REASSURANCES I assure this is my research The data and results in my thesis are honest and have never been published in any other research STUDENT Nguyen Thi Oanh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This has been a rewarding and gratifying experience I am thankful to the following people, without whom the completion of this thesis would not have been possible Thank you Associate Professor Lora Stevens Landon for your invaluable comments and advises Meetings with you have been enlightening Thank you for your patience, time, and words of encouragement which have sustained me throughout this academic journey Also Thank to Associate Professor Pham Van Cu, VNU-ICARGC and Fulbright scholar program Thank you Associate Professor Vu Van Tich for your guidance during the initial stages of the research processes which has helped me in the development of ideas Thank you Professor Brendan Buckley, Tree ring laboratory – Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory was enabling me to study a lot of software about tree rings I am grateful to you, PhD Le Canh Nam, Dr Le Xuan Thuyen, Mr Nguyen The Hoang and Mr Pham Gia Tuong for all your support when I decided to choose this research and help me take sampling To Tran Thi Thu Trang and Nisha Ramdzan, thank you for helping me with reading my thesis amidst your busy schedules Thank you for also being my pillars of support, always showing me care and concern, and for buying, making and sharing sweet treats with me To the Climate Change Class of 2013/2015: thank you for the fun and friendships that have make my university life memorable And to all others who have helped, supported and encouraged me in this journey, thank you I really appreciate it Above all, I am most grateful for having a loving family that always showers me with unending love, patience and care To my dearest daddy, mummy, sister, brother and boyfriend, you have been my greatest source of emotional support that has kept me going, especially whenever I am stressed Thank you for seeing me through the most difficult days CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .1 LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES .3 INTRODUCTION * JUSTIFICATION FOR RESEARCH * PURPOSE OF THESIS * TASKING OF THESIS .6 * THE MEANING SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL OF THESIS * SUBJECTS AND SCOPE * RESEARCH QUESTION CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND 1.1 Overview of tree rings 1.1.1 Application of dendrochronology in study of climate change 1.1.2 Overview for formation of tree ring 1.1.3 A review of other studies that have used tree rings 13 1.1.4 The external factors affecting the growth of tree rings 18 1.1.5 Introduction of Fokienia hodginsii 19 1.2 Characteristics of climate in Kon Tum 20 CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND STUDY AREA .22 2.1 Study area 22 2.1.1 Natural geographic characteristics related to tree growth 22 2.1.2 Ecosystems in KonPlong, Kon Tum 23 2.2 Methodology 23 2.3 Field Collection 24 2.4 Laboratory Methods 28 2.4.1 Sample Preparation and Measuring in the laboratory 28 2.4.2 Cross-dating and Master Chronology Development 28 2.4.3 Statistical Analysis of Climate Response and Standardization 30 CHAPTER 3: DENDROCLIMATOLOGICAL ANALYSES AND RECONSTRUCTION DROUGHT EVENTS BASED ON TREE RINGS 33 3.1 Tree-ring Chronologies and Tree ring index 33 3.2 Climate Response 35 3.2.1 Precipitation 35 3.2.2 Temperature 37 3.2.3 Palmer Drought Severity Index and Climate Teleconnections 40 3.2.4 The relationship between the tree ring index with ENSO phenomenon 42 3.3 Compared with some studies in Vietnam and Climate reconstructions 45 3.4 Discussion 48 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 52 REFERENCES 54 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOL MEANING TRW Tree ring width T1 Temprature on January Kd Tree ring width index PDSI Palmer Drought Severity Index ENSO El Nino- Southern Oscillation LIST OF TABLES Table Content Page Table 1.1 Climate changes over years in Kon Tum 19 Table 3.1 Characteristics of statistic of tree ring index 33 Table 3.2 The correlation between tree ring index with precipitation 34 Table 3.3 The correlation between tree ring index with temperature 36 Table 3.4 The correlation between tree ring index with PDSI 40 Table 3.5 The El-Nino occurred in Vietnam Central Highlands 42 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7 Figure 3.8 Figure 3.9 Content Annual growth ring A missing ring in an annual ring The higher temperature or lower rainfall were found to create narrow tree ring width Monthly mean temperature (black circles) and precipitation (black bar) (from 1976 to 2013) at the Kon Tum instrumental station The administrative map of Kon Tum Sampling locations and/or measured for this study Sampling plots from living trees were collected from the Mang But commune, KonPlong district, KomTum province Borer to take tree ring samples Taking tree sampling Tree ring core Tree ring core’s tray Measurement of tree-ring samples is conducted on a moving stage micrometer (foreground) under a microscope The micrometer is hooked to a rotary encoder (on left end of measuring stage), a digital display (upper left), and eventually to a personal computer Using Coorecoder 7.7, CDendro 7.7 to counted and measured tree ring width (the number in the picture is the corresponding tree ring) Characteristic of Po-mu’s tree rings.( in FHMB33C: absent ring in 1835, compare with FHMB33B) Tree ring width of Po-mu from 1467 to 2013 Correlation coefficients between climate (total monthly precipitation), and tree growth over the period 1976–2013 Values for the coefficients greater than 0.30 or less than – 0.3 are statistically significant Correlation coefficients between climate (the average monthly temperature), and tree growth over the period 1976–2013 Values for the coefficients greater than 0.3 or less than –0.3 are statistically significant The dry periods with high temperatures evidenced by narrow tree ring index The dry periods with low precipitation (on May) evidenced by narrow tree ring index Correlation coefficients between PDSI, and tree growth over the period 1911–2005 The relationship between tree ring index and PDSI The variation of tree ring width index with the El-Nino and La -Nina phenomenon (The source of ENSO da ta in NOAA Page 10 12 17 20 21 24 25 26 26 27 27 28 32 34 35 37 38 39 40 41 43 Figure 3.10 Figure 3.11 Figure 3.12 website) Rebuilding drought index (PDSI) following chronology of Fokienia hodginsii tree ring index (Source: B.M.Buckley, 2008) The chronology of tree ring width of Po-mu in KonPlong from 1467 to 2013 The variation of Fokienia hodginsii tree ring width in the samples: 07A, 34B, 40C and 41A in the Konplong region 43 44 45 -1800 1849 -.23 -.02 -.17 04 07 -.09 04 12 -.18 -.18 32*-.13 03 22 02 10 -.25 -.09 -.01 15 17 1825 1874 -.20 13 -.02 25 19 -.08 12 03 -.09 -.16 17|-.11 10 28*-.04 00 -.02 -.16 -.25 -.07 -.06 1850 1899 07 24 -.01 10 05 -.04 01 -.03 -.04 13 32*-.04 24 -.01 -.05 02 -.17 -.15 -.05 -.38 -.01 =============================================================== =============================================================== ===== MBFH40C 1630 to 2013 [A] Segment High -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1925 1974 -.04 16 -.26 07 -.09 03 -.11 14 03 -.12 28* 11 -.33 -.10 -.02 13 06 11 -.06 10 -.02 =============================================================== =============================================================== ===== MBFH41B 1637 to 2013 [A] Segment High -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 85 1775 1824 -1 -.22 01 -.04 -.17 -.15 16 10 -.17 -.01 19* 17| 04 -.10 11 18 16 00 -.05 09 -.01 03 =============================================================== =============================================================== ===== MBFH41C 1600 to 2013 [A] Segment High -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1825 1874 23 03 -.10 -.19 -.15 -.13 -.15 20 -.02 08 32* 15 -.12 16 07 01 23 -.24 -.15 -.15 -.01 =============================================================== =============================================================== ===== 86 PART 7: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: Sun Page Corr // Unfiltered \\ // Filtered -\\ No No No with Mean Max Std Auto Mean Max Std Auto AR Seq Series Interval Years Segmt Flags Master msmt msmt value dev corr sens dev corr () - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 MBFH01C 1570 2013 1.04 0.333 0.003 444 18 0.546 0.49 1.36 0.193 0.638 0.286 MBFH05A 1730 1920 3.05 0.705 0.002 191 0.481 0.72 4.52 0.703 0.689 0.382 MBFH06A 1701 2013 2.09 0.474 0.005 313 12 0.549 1.12 3.55 0.613 0.648 0.344 MBFH06B 1716 2013 3.08 0.588 -0.016 298 12 0.528 1.00 6.63 0.791 0.596 0.410 MBFH06C 1700 2013 1.59 0.408 0.004 314 12 0.593 1.04 3.04 0.524 0.681 0.308 MBFH07A 1616 2013 2.28 0.498 -0.002 398 16 0.611 0.77 4.72 0.590 0.755 0.304 MBFH07C 1675 1900 0.520 0.000 226 MBFH19A 1467 2013 2.39 0.571 -0.009 547 22 0.617 0.62 2.94 0.431 0.670 0.424 MBFH19B 1500 2013 2.15 0.521 -0.003 514 20 0.571 0.75 3.09 0.426 0.571 0.381 10 MBFH19C 1610 2013 1.94 0.478 -0.009 404 16 0.586 0.66 3.51 0.425 0.676 0.390 11 MBFH21A 1642 2013 1.84 0.552 -0.003 372 15 0.644 0.94 5.23 0.746 0.623 0.377 0.471 0.84 3.58 0.582 0.774 0.364 2.82 87 12 MBFH21B 1637 2013 377 15 0.643 0.87 3.67 0.701 0.721 0.423 13 MBFH21C 1601 2013 1.95 0.512 0.001 413 16 0.679 1.00 4.01 0.684 0.596 0.377 14 MBFH25A 1510 2013 2.22 0.477 0.001 504 20 0.596 0.64 4.14 0.371 0.504 0.333 15 MBFH25B 1582 1900 2.53 0.619 -0.004 319 13 0.544 0.55 2.75 0.370 0.504 0.372 16 MBFH25C 1613 1930 318 13 0.629 0.49 2.65 0.312 0.425 0.379 17 MBFH26A 1467 2013 1.68 0.364 0.001 547 22 0.567 0.30 1.08 0.128 0.588 0.305 18 MBFH26B 1500 1664 1.89 0.499 0.005 165 0.514 0.42 1.56 0.247 0.585 0.386 19 MBFH26B 1680 2013 1.62 0.405 0.004 334 13 0.576 0.41 2.98 0.242 0.576 0.320 20 MBFH26C 1467 1650 184 0.448 0.36 1.12 0.171 0.640 0.302 21 MBFH28A 1467 2013 1.37 0.425 0.000 547 22 0.631 0.35 1.26 0.196 0.742 0.423 22 MBFH28B 1467 1900 1.40 0.471 0.000 434 18 0.503 0.31 0.86 0.155 0.617 0.444 23 MBFH28C 1468 1700 1.19 0.424 0.006 233 10 0.552 0.36 0.94 0.164 0.550 0.384 24 MBFH29A 1547 2013 467 19 0.598 0.78 4.40 0.414 0.539 0.337 25 MBFH29B 1550 2013 0.91 0.328 -0.009 464 18 0.668 0.48 1.23 0.193 0.674 0.276 26 MBFH31A 1610 1752 1.19 0.359 -0.011 143 0.612 0.65 1.73 0.312 0.704 0.278 27 MBFH31B 1505 2013 1.70 0.433 0.007 509 20 0.557 0.64 2.98 0.387 0.738 0.317 28 MBFH31C 1600 1770 0.94 0.381 0.007 171 0.592 0.72 1.95 0.386 0.735 0.325 2.46 0.592 0.009 2.00 0.571 0.015 1.65 0.437 -0.005 2.40 0.496 0.010 88 29 MBFH33A 1470 1700 231 10 0.569 0.46 2.09 0.327 0.586 0.362 30 MBFH33B 1550 2013 1.57 0.444 0.006 464 18 0.681 0.36 2.00 0.262 0.624 0.365 31 MBFH33C 1550 2013 1.70 0.459 0.001 464 18 0.676 0.42 2.98 0.249 0.580 0.343 32 MBFH34A 1627 2000 2.28 0.557 -0.007 374 15 0.570 0.72 3.30 0.479 0.599 0.377 33 MBFH34B 1636 2013 378 15 0.562 0.96 3.85 0.589 0.550 0.369 34 MBFH35A 1550 1732 1.96 0.605 -0.008 183 0.539 0.46 2.42 0.354 0.588 0.434 35 MBFH35C 1552 1750 1.92 0.455 -0.020 199 0.595 0.54 2.79 0.313 0.521 0.298 36 MBFH40A 1547 2013 1.86 0.529 0.004 467 19 0.552 0.91 4.86 0.655 0.661 0.400 37 MBFH40B 1630 1950 321 13 0.475 0.83 4.27 0.679 0.667 0.412 38 MBFH40C 1630 2013 2.31 0.458 0.010 384 15 0.502 0.93 4.72 0.698 0.711 0.342 39 MBFH41A 1643 2013 1.81 0.489 0.014 371 15 0.592 0.57 2.83 0.333 0.610 0.383 40 MBFH41B 1637 2013 1.23 0.435 -0.004 377 15 0.602 0.62 5.38 0.600 0.868 0.341 41 MBFH41C 1600 2013 414 16 0.570 0.83 5.26 0.636 0.842 0.287 1.95 0.538 0.024 2.29 0.557 0.003 2.49 0.559 -0.015 1.12 0.385 0.003 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total or mean: 0.481 0.001 14777 588 23 0.583 0.65 6.63 0.427 0.639 0.358 3.08 - = [ COFECHA OANHMCOF ] = - 89 Appendix Tree ring width index of Po-mu 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1.043 0.837 1.051 0.748 1.102 0.674 1.04 1.446 1.03 1.226 0.86 0.905 1.393 1.009 0.68 0.805 0.963 0.828 1.321 0.886 0.553 1.003 0.948 0.95 0.78 0.821 1.368 0.586 1.223 0.977 0.637 1.154 0.956 0.933 1.207 0.95 1.001 1.143 1.301 0.795 0.995 1.102 1.666 0.96 1.061 0.873 0.809 0.828 1.043 1.329 0.816 0.59 0.918 0.655 1.03 0.997 0.94 0.756 1.018 1.352 0.811 0.597 0.532 0.93 0.752 1.145 0.899 0.8 1.286 0.387 1.063 0.824 1.05 1.382 0.825 1.5 1.035 0.979 1.069 1.258 0.825 0.902 1.185 0.868 1.375 0.934 1.158 0.94 1.104 0.812 1.335 1.151 0.861 1.064 0.952 1.007 1.084 1.065 0.997 0.83 0.939 1.809 0.953 0.948 0.77 0.911 0.535 0.886 1.062 0.674 0.682 0.777 1.069 1.238 1.17 1.088 0.621 1.584 0.801 0.905 1.072 1.345 1.12 1.047 1.117 1.178 0.986 1.14 0.652 0.974 1.372 0.833 1.291 0.813 1.01 1.364 0.768 1.192 0.98 1.268 1.105 1.006 0.697 1.428 0.967 1.444 0.826 0.692 0.98 0.902 1.066 0.6 0.891 0.911 0.786 1.023 1.063 0.843 0.716 1.084 0.869 0.895 0.8 1.266 0.798 0.782 1.095 1.147 0.936 1.01 1.026 0.973 0.93 0.858 0.83 0.865 0.752 0.83 0.559 1.327 0.678 0.944 0.798 0.878 0.508 1.203 0.873 1.306 0.559 1.653 1.085 0.868 0.819 1.134 1.015 0.682 1.163 0.814 0.909 1.084 0.63 0.663 0.97 0.764 0.888 0.933 0.784 0.605 1.201 1.479 1.042 0.514 1.669 1.192 0.982 0.865 0.778 0.806 0.836 0.401 0.535 1.539 0.933 0.782 0.862 0.866 0.611 1.067 0.774 0.945 1.019 1.522 0.671 1.085 0.93 1.318 1.141 0.737 0.587 0.887 1.026 1.108 0.605 1.06 1.131 0.652 1.107 0.841 0.982 0.425 1.248 0.8 1.339 1.087 1.161 1.128 0.678 0.705 1.048 1.088 0.813 0.746 0.87 1.123 0.926 0.948 0.903 1.112 0.917 0.869 0.579 1.023 1.273 1.201 0.962 1.037 0.977 1.137 1.57 0.819 0.779 1.132 1.1 1.1 0.796 0.964 0.954 1.099 1.035 0.691 0.984 0.62 1.019 0.606 90 0.694 0.968 1.172 1.188 1.096 0.72 0.946 0.903 0.758 0.942 0.946 0.885 1.026 0.665 0.552 0.916 1.159 1.031 0.649 1.007 0.971 1.099 0.995 0.737 1.143 1.239 1.105 0.991 0.735 1.025 1.155 1.314 0.993 1.116 0.87 0.727 0.882 0.789 1.011 1.1 0.791 0.971 0.845 1.152 0.995 0.779 0.89 1.143 0.646 1.207 1.764 0.895 0.958 0.957 1.361 1.033 0.651 0.796 1.095 1.152 1.331 0.78 1.303 1.087 1.324 0.744 0.941 0.969 1.118 1.166 1.028 1.036 0.955 1.484 1.196 0.489 0.973 0.783 0.733 0.905 0.901 1.22 0.966 0.896 0.75 0.811 1.006 1.233 0.812 0.757 1.161 0.575 0.7 1.512 0.9 1.1 1.026 1.278 1.516 0.751 0.993 1.026 0.867 1.051 0.787 0.822 1.158 1.061 1.114 1.12 0.777 0.938 1.277 0.946 1.018 0.909 0.521 0.912 0.71 1.022 0.96 1.038 1.105 0.913 1.19 0.968 0.786 1.102 0.738 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1.287 0.688 0.688 1.303 0.957 0.804 0.811 0.824 1.2 0.822 1.126 1.201 0.712 1.034 0.91 1.327 1.343 0.648 0.481 1.148 1.113 1.199 0.953 1.345 0.974 1.343 1.197 0.724 0.694 0.991 0.825 1.028 0.739 1.203 1.206 0.747 0.819 1.013 1.039 1.403 0.587 0.816 1.186 0.639 1.188 0.899 1.323 0.646 0.616 0.98 0.618 1.126 1.107 0.931 0.95 0.925 0.846 1.073 1.047 0.992 1.204 1.022 1.107 0.872 - 0.891 0.49 1.105 1.399 0.792 1.352 1.187 1.385 0.963 1.165 0.525 0.82 - 1.024 0.648 1.373 0.801 0.938 1.046 1.053 0.905 1.357 1.119 0.964 1.072 - VII VIII 0.756 1.244 0.99 1.027 0.628 0.974 1.042 1.29 0.547 0.831 1.26 1.223 - 1.031 1.131 1.156 1.174 1.03 1.059 0.909 1.085 0.633 1.053 0.366 1.248 - 1.187 0.998 0.752 1.22 1.038 0.765 0.826 0.872 0.59 1.338 0.905 1.041 - Appendix 3: Temprature index in KonTum Mont h/ Year 1978 I 1.6229 1.4392 0.2223 1.0864 1.5582 0.1993 0.3705 II III IV 3.3409 1.5385 V -2.40028 -1.35223 -2.32765 -1.14538 -0.22488 -0.19013 -0.25148 -0.3951 -0.07617 -0.35373 -0.19138 -0.0397 -0.30226 -0.42142 0.339563 -0.7599 -0.84753 -0.89529 1987 -0.0741 1.3119 0.7859 -0.89762 -0.02842 0.1405 24 1.3383 1.1503 0.5218 0.0720 1988 -0.0574 -0.2539 -0.16004 0.0604 0.420813 1989 0.2703 19 -1.38098 -1.05324 0.4332 11 0.015846 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 0.6303 0.8114 0.9747 -2.0935 -1.80474 0.272912 -0.62153 0.375034 0.160226 -1.45612 -0.66027 -1.5512 0.022889 VI -1.6693 1.7363 0.0871 98 0.9109 0.1491 0.3411 1.6375 0.8439 0.6005 0.5351 41 0.5406 0.0115 91 IX X XI 2.0704 1.6080 0.5909 0.0432 -1.45052 1.7314 1.7133 0.605553 0.4569 -0.30555 1.3599 2.5535 0.2207 -0.15942 0.1993 09 0.531067 0.0821 31 0.117495 0.1993 09 -0.63945 -1.94896 -1.02823 0.1920 51 1.3649 1.2197 0.5991 1.024383 1.6002 22 0.404792 -0.60248 -1.28091 -0.0175 -0.21134 0.1448 0.3233 -1.72368 -1.92251 0.032097 -1.29974 -0.95459 -0.49689 0.951253 -0.13673 -0.42936 -0.692 0.1638 0.6764 0.7515 0.3217 1.5345 93 0.5625 0.0162 0.6703 78 1.0082 0.5316 0.3740 13 1.0295 1.3413 49 0.8470 0.1428 XII -1.69869 -2.34836 -0.49948 -0.92444 -0.59293 -0.12571 0.208026 -0.31927 -0.80874 -0.31482 -1.81884 -0.19245 1990 0.5771 68 1993 0.3412 91 2.3264 1.0071 1994 0.2557 07 1991 1992 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 0.0615 78 0.1972 0.0615 78 2.2617 05 1.2263 51 1.6793 18 1.7440 28 0.0615 78 0.3913 0.7413 03 0.0504 1.2058 0.1583 0.1614 0.384643 0.046802 0.136705 -0.11115 -0.99141 -0.91221 -1.18313 -0.56057 0.660129 0.058084 -0.53198 -0.34997 -0.53198 -0.23338 0.940625 0.17467 2.413227 1.515408 0.519882 0.874185 0.590006 0.641014 0.940625 0.990771 -0.39173 -0.11679 0.6704 42 0.6235 0.1614 2.0568 55 0.8552 97 1.0401 52 2.0568 55 0.4855 87 0.590006 0.232963 0.837467 1.3425 41 -0.6535 0.086343 0.836343 0.5104 51 -0.34287 -0.2553 0.7220 78 -0.55748 0.181354 0.4046 38 -0.02096 -0.91029 0.1930 11 0.086343 2006 0.5792 55 0.519882 -0.11679 2007 0.5145 46 0.519882 4.604935 0.3931 59 -0.95272 -0.58314 0.800377 0.349549 1.431492 0.524428 0.169262 -0.69972 0.2083 04 0.2538 1.0401 52 0.2538 1.150997 -0.00021 - 1.1616 -0.77208 0.618013 0.618013 2.582979 0.945508 0.945508 1.600496 0.399684 0.0871 98 1.3569 57 0.1244 0.181354 - -0.47363 1.818826 92 0.2216 1.2342 1.1326 1.3141 -0.5701 0.2325 0.4855 87 0.3007 32 0.0689 2012 -0.98669 0.086343 -0.29167 2011 0.290519 -0.87593 0.2988 25 0.940625 2010 -0.36095 -1.49206 -0.03698 2005 2009 -1.46316 -1.09746 0.6704 42 0.116377 0.3851 26 0.5208 1.2263 51 0.0678 0.2988 25 -1.01242 0.169416 0.508849 -0.39173 2008 -0.47363 -0.20248 1.2511 44 2.9441 57 1.0395 18 1.2511 44 1.4627 71 0.0871 98 0.3204 17 0.1325 2004 -0.14614 0.1420 1.5176 1.6234 0.0009 0.4418 0.3360 2.017805 1.0050 16 2.1301 01 1.4550 1.9050 84 1.6800 67 -0.23557 -0.4576 1.373984 2.768929 1.588591 0.730164 0.1049 47 0.2325 0.6826 -0.4576 0.2325 0.0075 -0.68072 0.2803 1.7120 1.7198 0.8551 1.0596 0.4978 0.3396 2.2221 1.9708 0.4249 0.3135 0.5269 0.782428 1.0271 38 0.9667 43 1.5357 65 1.0378 71 1.1801 26 0.8244 88 0.3265 94 0.4688 -0.11797 1.7494 85 1.2679 1.1073 98 1.4284 42 1.8297 46 0.1442 68 0.0162 0.2570 0.21968 -0.03543 -1.48357 -1.07464 -0.92082 -0.90582 1.457726 1.907924 1.682825 1.120077 2.358123 -0.34307 -0.12793 -1.28932 -0.88439 -0.34152 0.641876 -0.18578 0.710848 1.883357 1.400559 -0.18578 1.814386 1.124674 1.331588 0.1843 39 -0.39269 0.3977 22 -0.25475 0.5455 72 0.5399 77 0.365992 0.21968 0.5455 72 0.444779 0.0640 07 0.8244 88 0.8825 0.21968 0.3047 0.1843 39 0.5399 77 0.1132 12 0.107131 0.572905 0.572905 0.159079 0.730164 0.4424 73 0.1049 47 1.120077 0.5455 72 0.5455 72 0.086343 0.4424 73 -0.00542 0.3047 0.6822 33 0.434963 0.193646 0.1049 0.557329 0.6258 1.6780 1.676443 -0.12826 -0.11797 0.779819 0.434963 42 2013 0.6439 65 1.080873 0.641014 0.0689 0.4855 87 0.727178 0.2302 0.2988 25 47 0.30095 0.2174 56 -0.11797 33 0.0640 07 0.6822 33 -0.80652 Appendix 4: Precipitation index in KonTum Mont h/Yea r 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 I 4.4862 25 0.3703 0.0691 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 0.9473 07 0.3703 II 0.0453 0.5345 0.5345 0.5345 0.5345 0.5345 0.5345 0.3739 0.5345 0.5053 3.0209 32 0.5345 3.4005 71 0.4761 0.5345 0.5199 III IV V VI VII VIII IX 0.421495 0.67287 0.850388 X 0.180618 0.09586 0.67319 0.4545 -0.25135 0.68293 0.24717 2.3334 71 -0.28976 0.94051 -0.3189 -0.74685 1.01839 0.62346 0.1004 93 -1.21145 0.63872 0.4736 -0.89169 0.34921 0.34256 1.3779 29 1.059439 0.26787 -1.11655 -0.82308 0.96598 1.03858 2.0622 -0.31833 1.89183 0.01602 0.6537 97 1.0148 -0.7748 0.81572 0.60529 0.4967 35 -0.63159 0.16507 -0.07873 1.8047 23 1.453669 2.26463 1.89305 1.2647 17 -1.86939 1.77621 -1.16576 -0.20562 0.14001 0.83972 -0.12599 0.56339 -0.41953 -0.82054 0.32999 2.24024 0.188218 2.36377 -0.78016 0.025616 1.66137 0.22373 0.5947 39 0.3692 0.3346 -0.68967 0.14333 -0.4232 -0.74685 0.37588 0.28193 -0.29548 1.91753 -0.82055 0.447425 0.87862 1.97751 1.605023 0.65379 -0.1015 0.391523 0.71088 0.38418 -0.44687 0.03964 -1.05338 0.543984 0.33523 1.43389 -0.84011 0.08129 0.259132 -0.37078 0.50518 0.85346 -0.17074 0.19166 -1.20836 0.030698 0.15049 0.04669 0.689051 0.41451 -0.38574 1.4793 13 0.8778 0.0819 06 0.7435 0.1453 0.9074 93 XI 1.0052 0.8113 0.2191 0.9108 0.7173 0.1030 0.0366 14 0.4207 46 0.9947 0.0558 88 1.4245 0.1056 12 0.3639 1.0345 65 0.1140 27 0.3723 1.3710 96 0.3576 1.2600 71 1.0639 0.9377 1.6270 0.0663 0.0673 0.3223 1.0311 99 0.8065 1.0606 0.4463 XII -0.38798 -0.33323 -0.38798 -0.38798 -0.38798 -0.38798 -0.38798 -0.38798 4.873464 -0.38798 -0.38798 -0.38798 -0.38798 -0.38798 -0.38251 0.531812 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 0.2950 0.3703 0.3768 0.4148 1.2373 1.0606 0.241639 0.6996 71 -0.05948 -0.05669 0.5726 11 0.0348 0.3595 0.4226 0.37286 0.176871 1.3930 64 2.242966 0.38662 0.067433 0.8578 62 0.4951 0.7096 41 -0.54018 1.51123 -0.44744 0.04304 0.3843 68 0.176792 0.16507 0.866547 0.20640 1.17559 -4.6E05 0.661438 0.44287 0.207719 0.007829 1.06732 0.49816 -0.38688 0.70123 -0.11619 -0.77989 0.44927 0.47514 1.561224 1.09382 0.541172 0.170454 0.84018 0.56930 1.2190 94 0.8787 0.6455 2.05444 0.79606 0.596258 1.1791 16 1.6404 0.8954 1.0797 0.325457 0.71787 0.24433 -0.41164 0.49740 -1.61232 0.5019 32 2.747048 -0.1343 0.51999 0.652869 0.47790 0.353146 0.343244 2.07593 0.25121 0.430065 1.20147 3.256543 0.4770 98 0.1313 -0.89169 1.36656 1.15984 -0.73061 0.33611 -1.63509 0.6805 -0.33267 0.64624 2.86108 0.86996 0.34273 -0.00455 3.943868 0.52964 0.57415 -1.07243 0.72912 0.071355 0.97343 0.04022 -0.34499 0.17257 -0.55882 0.12556 0.92661 0.312751 1.42026 0.68451 1.3490 0.396605 1.19883 0.07537 0.7723 01 -0.39619 2.13534 0.64690 -0.2352 -0.89169 0.11857 -0.8955 0.9849 55 0.2574 0.3703 0.3703 0.6627 0.80825 0.97646 0.14570 0.3843 68 1.2149 1.5486 0.5002 -0.69857 1.50983 0.67158 0.104388 0.14001 -0.63251 2.0391 01 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 0.1955 42 0.5345 0.0380 0.4250 0.1190 49 0.3703 0.3703 0.3703 2.4155 82 0.3703 2.4368 72 0.4104 0.5313 76 0.5345 0.5345 0.0641 28 0.5345 0.0599 0.3593 0.5345 0.4323 0.5345 1.712617 1.21653 0.683661 0.101572 1.71152 -1.24214 -0.48019 -0.5049 1.363789 0.223447 0.29180 -0.30054 -1.88367 1.37251 -1.04673 0.6505 0.42136 0.83668 -0.59947 0.7932 83 1.6272 0.9758 0.3641 0.9977 0.0465 0.7308 94 0.9498 86 0.3013 0.8887 2.8554 46 0.6735 1.7969 11 -0.7392 0.7307 0.5439 0.8519 0.2301 46 0.9882 2.2008 04 0.0004 0.6079 0.156305 2.3319 53 0.5735 0.4859 44 0.4918 0.3470 2.144541 1.1227 63 1.7969 11 1.243558 -0.37703 0.460637 2.459002 -0.32776 0.526337 -0.38798 -0.37703 -0.38798 -0.08138 -0.31133 -0.38798 -0.22921 -0.38798 -0.38798 -0.38798 -0.38251 -0.10328 Appendix 5: PDSI in months Year JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1911 1.731 1.876 1.752 2.241 -0.181 -0.1 -0.616 -1.173 -1.301 -1.087 -1.51 -1.528 1912 -1.414 -1.679 -1.899 -1.951 -2.51 -2.049 -0.077 0.133 -0.671 -1.286 -0.89 -0.837 1913 -0.58 -0.852 -0.943 -1.392 -0.508 -1.017 -0.537 -0.193 -0.764 -0.861 -0.202 0.203 1914 0.173 0.629 0.39 -0.548 -1.063 -0.562 -0.403 -1.136 -1.827 -1.497 -0.694 -0.109 1915 -0.41 -0.907 -0.646 -0.702 -1.008 -0.904 -1.801 -2.117 -2.117 -0.646 -0.821 -0.559 1916 -0.627 -0.54 0.283 -0.51 -0.777 -0.168 -0.267 -0.244 0.28 0.949 0.708 0.633 1917 1.354 0.898 0.926 0.429 -0.112 0.043 -0.064 0.024 0.739 0.899 0.771 0.653 1918 1.153 1.109 1.343 0.791 0.823 -0.206 -1.508 -1.829 -1.529 -1.986 -1.949 -1.99 1919 -2.242 -1.672 -1.546 -1.516 -1.38 -1.23 -1.336 -1.596 -2.103 -2.506 -1.811 -1.858 1920 -1.879 -1.71 -1.818 -1.566 -2.183 -1.743 -1.174 -1.723 -2.007 -2.043 -1.197 -0.061 1921 0.016 -0.068 0.573 0.791 0.87 0.596 1.078 -0.439 -0.139 -0.063 0.241 -0.037 1922 0.181 -0.05 0.437 0.097 -0.493 -1.184 -1.183 -1.661 -1.648 -1.359 0.352 0.408 1923 0.524 0.746 0.924 1.681 2.176 1.422 1.484 1.118 0.744 1.037 1.954 1.632 1924 1.637 1.291 1.578 1.802 1.059 1.532 1.914 2.032 1.061 1.85 0.614 1.29 1925 1.221 0.899 1.157 1.223 1.058 1.113 0.524 0.467 0.069 -0.912 -0.991 -0.814 1926 -0.86 -0.628 -0.426 -0.919 -1.592 -1.113 -0.686 0.82 0.692 1.34 1.048 1.528 1927 0.708 0.817 0.634 0.673 0.53 0.759 0.332 -0.324 -0.822 -0.434 -0.398 -0.454 1928 -0.279 0.889 0.7 1.903 1.112 1.306 1.116 0.519 0.837 0.906 0.131 -0.089 1929 0.378 0.633 0.072 0.304 -0.321 -0.619 -0.626 -0.61 -1.181 -1.38 -1.62 -1.51 1930 -1.619 -1.586 -1.59 -1.447 -1.102 -1.646 -1.982 -1.961 -2.083 -3.123 -2.322 -1.703 1931 -1.91 -1.768 -1.766 -2.024 -2.286 -2.418 -2.22 -2.449 -2.654 -2.019 -2.013 -1.79 1932 -1.714 -1.634 -1.743 -1.659 -1.816 -2.073 -1.451 -2.072 -2.193 -1.821 -1.523 -1.274 1933 -1.136 -1.164 -1.309 -1.321 -1.853 -1.208 -0.676 -1.002 -1.05 -1.166 -0.712 -0.68 1934 -0.674 -0.519 -0.327 -0.049 -0.429 -0.764 -0.409 -0.107 -0.048 -0.664 -0.343 -0.169 1935 -0.057 0.096 0.099 0.201 0.319 -0.002 0.652 0.033 0.023 0.099 0.467 0.78 1936 1.227 1.291 0.991 0.622 0.376 0.556 0.671 -0.609 -1.067 -1.488 -1.583 -1.544 1937 -1.886 -1.684 -1.839 -1.342 -1.371 -1.297 -0.058 -0.048 -0.144 -0.561 -0.488 -0.444 1938 -0.458 -0.329 -0.301 0.161 0.194 0.663 1.177 1.06 1.037 1.212 1.107 0.969 1939 1.174 1.139 1.402 1.354 1.454 0.513 0.252 0.1 0.012 -0.988 -0.063 -0.227 1940 -0.237 -0.201 -0.343 -0.567 -0.411 -0.49 -0.594 -0.706 -0.931 -1.649 -1.011 -0.914 1941 -2.362 -2.253 -2.027 -2.779 -2.227 -2.762 -2.784 -2.956 -3.082 -2.313 -0.571 0.08 1942 0.97 0.979 1.78 2.407 2.004 1.836 1.274 2.328 3.153 3.711 4.982 4.288 1943 4.261 3.919 3.829 4.424 3.948 2.629 2.023 1.368 2.504 2.999 2.688 2.82 1944 2.718 2.433 1.989 2.246 1.921 1.584 1.172 2.164 1.18 1.47 0.94 2.538 1945 0.404 0.729 0.787 1.16 0.946 1.361 0.994 0.98 0.811 -0.007 0.157 0.346 1946 0.229 0.086 0.053 0.464 1.239 0.391 0.172 0.063 0.001 -0.038 -0.201 -0.273 1947 2.767 2.739 2.839 4.273 2.226 1.036 0.812 1.162 0.523 0.984 -1.883 -2.143 1948 -2.289 -2.332 -2.043 0.079 -0.686 -1.014 -0.922 -0.894 -0.93 -1.143 -1.959 -2.082 1949 -2.067 -1.902 -2.106 -1.763 -1.174 -1.781 -1.436 -0.586 -0.073 0.848 1.416 1.269 1950 1.3 0.998 -0.137 -0.318 -0.354 -0.077 -0.551 -1.373 0.872 1.53 0.623 0.367 1951 1.014 0.99 0.968 1.558 2.189 1.887 2.32 1.897 1.548 1.962 3.062 1.94 1952 1.843 1.187 1.257 0.673 0.35 0.154 -0.322 1.038 0.544 2.217 1.459 1.178 1953 1.212 2.098 2.456 1.932 1.973 3.478 2.603 1.486 1.454 0.752 2.018 1.697 95 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 0.981 -1.732 0.863 1.604 -0.936 -2.622 -2.012 0.7 -0.333 -0.156 1.433 2.199 0.471 2.95 -1.594 -2.122 -0.706 0.709 0.852 -0.966 -0.116 1.894 0.951 -0.343 -3.328 -1.376 -3.864 -0.75 -0.203 -2.374 0.574 -0.173 -1.448 -0.721 -1.87 -0.174 -1.504 -2.689 -2.477 -4.207 -4.922 -1.407 -0.391 1.208 -2.519 0.642 0.853 -1.739 1.482 1.418 -0.917 -2.456 -1.816 0.639 -0.438 -0.234 1.112 2.327 0.596 2.249 -1.47 -2.498 -0.759 1.078 1.259 -0.966 -0.129 1.85 0.899 -0.459 -3.226 -1.583 -3.802 -0.654 -0.122 -2.331 0.42 0.73 -1.448 -0.856 -1.891 -0.528 -1.083 -2.977 -2.113 -4.119 -4.373 -1.766 -0.389 1.359 -2.58 0.651 0.896 -1.857 1.266 2.326 -1.142 -1.361 -1.699 0.547 -0.319 0.017 0.956 2.16 0.762 1.626 -1.674 -2.656 -0.55 0.998 1.447 -1.059 0.061 1.82 0.984 -0.699 -3.16 -2.168 -3.821 -1.102 -0.85 -2.401 0.271 0.473 -1.52 -1.138 -2.018 -0.094 -0.857 -1.981 -2.637 -3.317 -3.084 -1.951 -0.653 1.617 -3.184 1.66 1.166 -0.649 2.338 1.239 -1.912 -1.542 -2.221 1.16 -0.643 -1.214 0.451 2.066 0.447 2.218 -0.663 -2.731 -0.532 0.679 2.169 -1.632 1.017 0.777 1.041 -0.808 -3.203 -1.94 -3.809 -1.174 -1.199 -3.163 0.864 1.602 -1.213 -1.486 -0.87 -0.194 -1.376 -2.917 -3.428 -3.257 -3.454 -2.392 0.844 1.786 -3.621 4.508 -0.232 -0.003 2.588 -0.831 -2.612 -2.07 -1.474 1.852 -0.129 -1.827 2.084 2.311 2.573 1.898 -0.858 -3.206 -0.726 1.35 0.614 -2.034 0.793 0.752 0.041 -1.49 -2.329 -1.641 -2.086 0.351 -2.518 -3.318 0.417 0.787 -0.441 -2.494 -0.397 0.169 -1.727 -3.693 -3.76 -3.878 -2.017 -1.803 0.889 1.151 -3.343 4.884 -0.991 0.93 1.85 -0.903 -2.693 -2.989 -0.894 2.118 -0.401 -1.172 0.747 2.561 2.363 1.241 -1.082 -0.913 -0.404 2.088 0.917 -1.486 -0.164 1.684 -0.912 -2.469 -1.963 -1.659 0.413 1.144 -3.371 -3.128 1.034 1.111 -1.267 -2.006 0.162 -0.413 -1.648 -4.152 -3.509 -4.379 0.993 -2.386 -0.756 0.702 -2.773 6.034 96 -2.109 -0.042 1.902 -0.85 -2.404 -1.906 -1.264 1.854 0.146 -0.748 -0.094 1.087 3.196 1.616 -1.93 0.268 -0.942 2.492 0.877 0.583 -1.196 1.081 -0.429 -2.139 -1.817 -1.8 0.759 1.823 -4.003 -2.92 -0.013 -1.024 -1.758 -2.01 -1.292 -0.662 -1.517 -4.322 -3.512 -4.858 1.04 -1.717 -1.34 2.411 -4.033 6.711 -2.152 -0.511 2.117 -0.218 -2.283 -1.698 -1.071 2.497 0.15 0.61 0.36 0.197 3.933 1.802 -1.389 -0.656 -0.359 2.168 0.066 0.638 -0.339 1.821 -0.626 -2.532 -0.669 -2.662 0.964 1.876 -5.528 -2.934 0.51 -1.302 -0.448 -2.051 -2.449 -0.909 -2.061 -3.96 -3.479 -5.136 1.828 -2.016 -2.141 1.902 -4.497 5.208 -1.543 -0.932 1.777 0.24 -1.834 -1.868 -0.903 1.84 1.253 1.771 0.283 -0.084 2.641 0.883 -1.047 0.213 -1.052 0.956 0.061 0.586 -1.721 1.38 -0.946 -2.791 0.396 -2.88 0.167 -0.372 -4.53 -3.67 -0.173 -1.073 -0.661 -2.309 -3.429 -1.186 -2.117 -3.598 -4.177 -5.6 3.336 -1.856 1.282 -0.073 -3.348 4.542 -2.434 0.37 1.093 0.858 -1.519 -2.318 1.098 1.237 0.264 1.63 0.486 -0.4 2.384 -0.406 -0.811 0.467 0.389 0.829 -1.013 0.072 -0.271 1.56 -0.531 -3.414 -0.086 -3.607 0.136 -0.114 -3.613 0.577 0.04 -0.694 0.214 -3.054 0.299 -0.746 -1.779 -3.268 -4.078 -5.248 0.939 0.316 1.498 -0.884 -3.332 4.553 -3.164 1.761 1.119 -0.673 -2.367 -2.647 1.108 -0.049 0.018 0.858 2.726 0.252 2.08 -1.241 -1.982 -0.388 0.488 0.77 0.112 0.523 0.049 1.536 -0.346 -3.517 -0.762 -3.692 -0.566 0.53 -2.938 0.256 -0.078 -0.894 0.136 -1.481 -0.202 -1.321 -1.403 -3.593 -4.346 -5.266 -1.156 0.112 2.118 -1.707 -0.141 5.686 -1.447 0.973 1.583 -1.17 -2.7 -1.976 0.676 -0.384 0.012 0.818 2.854 0.791 2.881 -1.418 -2.602 -0.783 0.968 1.046 -0.333 -0.169 1.437 2.058 -0.574 -3.499 -1.22 -3.763 -0.561 0.214 -2.687 0.707 -0.186 -1.176 0.362 -1.763 -0.398 -1.381 -2.491 -3.577 -4.189 -4.796 -1.019 -0.191 1.48 -2.126 0.14 4.24 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 4.211 6.73 0.037 -1.148 -3.194 -3.82 4.356 5.903 -0.026 -1.208 -2.111 -4.153 5.873 6.249 -0.12 -0.839 -2.226 -4.087 6.501 5.002 -0.53 -1.806 -2.289 -4.228 6.087 6.708 -0.652 -0.556 -1.19 -4.364 7.879 6.801 -1.096 -1.961 -0.816 -4.433 6.618 5.962 -1.583 -2.548 0.318 -3.58 6.401 6.757 -0.65 -3.154 0.134 -3.934 7.071 2.66 -0.031 -3.137 -1.752 -3.566 7.542 2.683 -0.399 -3.25 -2.707 -3.516 6.477 0.529 -0.81 -3.312 -3.287 -2.999 0.009 -1.261 -0.637 -0.554 -1.053 -0.023 0.547 -0.482 -1.733 0.285 -0.509 1.287 1.472 0.418 -0.066 0.168 0.754 -0.54 PDSI index in years 1910 1920 -1.592 1930 -1.847 -2.11 -1.748 -1.106 -0.375 0.226 -0.046 -0.93 0.541 0.51 1940 -0.671 -2.17 2.476 3.118 1.863 0.722 0.182 1.278 -1.351 -0.78 1950 0.24 1.778 0.965 1.93 -0.848 -0.286 1.665 0.253 -1.943 -2.121 1960 -0.873 1.168 -0.035 0.029 1.117 1.289 2.027 1.118 -1.425 -1.25 1970 -0.349 1.264 0.586 -0.493 -0.048 1.518 -0.037 -2.013 -1.781 -2.398 1980 -1.339 0.148 -2.63 -2.058 0.307 -0.136 -0.791 -1.781 -1.196 -0.62 1990 -1.63 -3.394 -3.475 -4.505 -0.991 -1.421 0.203 0.612 -2.769 4.11 2000 6.278 4.712 -0.525 -2.186 -1.892 -3.737 - - - - 97 6.318 0.564 -0.443 -3.314 -3.588 -2.168 Appendix Previous tree-ring chronologies developed in KonPlong district Tree name MBFH01C MBFH05A MBFH06A MBFH06B MBFH06C MBFH07A MBFH07C MBFH19A MBFH19B MBFH19C MBFH21A MBFH21B MBFH21C MBFH25A MBFH25B MBFH25C MBFH26A MBFH26B MBFH26B MBFH26C MBFH28A MBFH28B MBFH28C MBFH29A MBFH29B MBFH31A MBFH31B MBFH31C MBFH33A MBFH33B MBFH33C MBFH34A MBFH34B MBFH35A MBFH35C MBFH40A MBFH40B MBFH40C MBFH41A MBFH41B MBFH41C Latitude 196530 169557 196554 196580 196743 195942 195945 195939 195917 195902 195787 195854 195844 195841 195843 195904 Longitude Range of years 1650157 1570-2013 1650741 1730-1920 1650739 1701-2013 1716-2013 1700-2013 1650747 1616-2013 1675-1900 1650757 1467-2013 1500-2013 1610-2013 1654683 1642-2013 1637-2013 1601-2013 1654757 1510-2013 1582-2013 1613-1930 1654769 1467-2013 1500-1664 1680-2013 1467-1650 1654783 1467-2013 1467-2013 1468-2013 1654740 1547-2013 1550-2013 1654755 1610-1752 1505-2013 1600-1770 1654741 1470-1700 1550-2013 1550-2013 1654718 1627-2000 1636-2013 1654731 1550-1730 1552-1750 1654680 1547-2013 1630-1950 1630-2013 1654707 1643-2013 1637-2013 1600-2013 98 Appendix 7: Field trip Camping and lunch in the forest Tree ring group take sampling The author drilling and sampling tree ring Tree ring sample Crossdating tree ring with selekon plot 99 [...]... is much closer to Chamaecyparis, and not all researchers recognize Fokienia hodginsii as a 19 separate genus Fokienia hodginsii is native from southeastern China to Northern Vietnam , west central Vietnam (provinces of Kon Tum, Dak Lak, Gia Lai, Lam Dong), and west to northern Laos It is an evergreen tree, 25–30 m tall It has greyish-brownish bark that peels off when the tree is young On older trees,... rainfall to grow best It occurs mainly on humid soil in montane habitats In Vietnam, it grows on limestone or granite terrain above 900 m altitude [33] 1.2 Characteristics of climate in Kon Tum Kon Tum has a tropical monsoon climate with two distinct seasons: the dry season and the rainy season The rainy season in Kom Tum, which typically last from May to October, accounts for 80% of the annual rainfall... 500-530 m In the north, there is Ngoc Linh mountain with the height of 2,596 m - the highest one in the central and the southern region Kon Tum has diverse terrain, divided by a system of streams, hills, mountains, plateau and lowlands 2.1.2 Ecosystems in KonPlong, Kon Tum Kon Tum Province in the Central Highlands region has 420,000 hectares of lowland and mountainous tropical forest, rich in biodiversity... tree rings in Kon Tum province, Viet Nam This research provides information on the climate history (c AD 1250 – present) in the region The information on tree rings provides a database for the analysis of the ecological characteristics of Fokienia hodginsii then investigating the influence of climatic factors on the growth of Fokienia hodginsii in KonPlong district, Kon Tum province, Central Highlands... studied drought in North Vietnam by using twentytwo Fokienia hodginsii trees This is the first statistically calibrated and verified tree-ring reconstruction of climate from Vietnam The reconstructed variable is March-May (MAM) Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) based on ring widths from 22 trees (42 radial cores) of Fokienia hodginsii (Po Mu as locally called) from northern Vietnam This is the first published... microorganisms may contribute to the variation in growth and structure of tree rings * PURPOSE OF THESIS - Analysis of the influence of climatic factors affecting growth of Fokienia hodginsii in KonPlong, Kon Tum, Central Highlands - Indicates the drought and heavy rains in the history of this region * TASKING OF THESIS - Collected, processed and standardized tree ring samples, the climate data - Using... climate changes in the past in the region as well as in Vietnam - The results of the thesis is also an important base for the development ecological characteristics of Fokienia hodginsii 6 * SUBJECTS AND SCOPE Study subjects: - The growth of Fokienia hodginsii (Local name: Pơ-mu) is largely influenced by the temperature and precipitation in Kon Tum The reaction of the tree with these climatic factors... cultivation Table 1.1 Climate changes over years in Kon Tum Unit 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 o C 23.8 24.1 24.9 24.0 24.6 24.3 Humidity % 77 76.6 75 75 76 75 Precipitation mm 2027.3 2125.8 1528.1 2519.4 1836.1 2263.3 Number of sunny hours hours 2296.1 2459.8 2559.1 2358.7 2492.6 2352.2 Temperature 20 Source: Statistical Yearbook of Kon Tum 20082013 Kon Tum also has some small climate areas in the different... Monthly mean temperature (black circles) and precipitation (black bar) (from 1976 to 2013)at the Kon Tum instrumental station ( Source: Statistical Yearbook of Kon Tum 2008-2013) 21 CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND STUDY AREA 2.1 Study area 2.1.1 Natural geographic characteristics related to tree growth Location Kon Tum is a border mountainous province located in the north of Central Highlands, with geographic... very important role in the economic development of Central Highlands in particular and the country in general Figure 2.1 The administrative map of Kon Tum (source: Hydrometeorology Station of Kon Tum province in 2013) 22 Topography Most of the territory of Kon Tum is located on the western slopes of the Truong Son range, so its topography becomes gradually lower from the east to the west and from north