Trường THPT Nguyễn Trãi – Thường Tín Tổ: Ngoại ngữ - Tin học ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 12 HỌC KÌ II – NĂM HỌC 2012 - 2013 I/ MODAL VERBS A MODALS IN ACTIVE COULD/ MAY/ MIGHT Could/ may/ might (có thể): khả năng-điễn tả mà người nói cảm thấy chưa chắn - Maybe it will rain tomorrow Possibly, maybe = perhaps: có lẽ có khả (chỉ dự đoán) Ex: I don’t know where Lan is Maybe she is in her room I may go to the beach or stay at home in this summer holidays SHOULD: Được dùng để diễn tả: - Một lời đề nghị, lời khuyên MUST: Được dùng để diễn tả - Trách nhiệm bổn phận Must có nghĩa mạnh should Với should ta có lựa chọn làm khơng làm với mustsẽ khơng có lựa chọn Ex: - An automobile must have gasoline to run + mustn’t ngăn cấm Ex: You mustn’t drive on the left HAVE TO Have to có nghĩa gần must, khơng mang tính bắt buộc mà thấy cần phải làm Ex: - I need some meat I have to go to the butcher’s - Does your father have to go at once? COULD/ MAY/ MIGHT + HAVE + P.P Hình thức dùng để khả khứ Ex: It may have rained last night, but I’m not sure John might have gone to the movies yesterday SHOULD + HAVE +P.P Hình thức để bổn phận, trách nhiệm cho xảy khứ, lý khơng xảy Ex: John should have gone to the post office this morning (He did not go to the post office) Maria shouldn’t have called John last night (she did call him) MUST + HAVE + P.P: suy luận hợp lý khứ Jane did very well on the exam She must have studied hard Mary looks very tired She must have stayed up late last night B MODALS IN PASSIVE In the present: MODAL +BE + P.P In the past: MODAL + HAVE + BEEN + P.P II/ SO - THEREFORE – BUT – HOWEVER: SO : ( nguyên nhân, hậu quả) => “So” không đứng đầu câu (trong văn viết), thường đứng câu trước có dấu phẩy Ex: The rain began to fall, so we went to home THEREFORE: => “Therefore” đứng đầu câu, sau có dấu phảy => “Therefore” đứng câu, trước có dấu chấm phảy, sau có dấu phảy khơng có, có dấu phảy trước sau Ex: He broke the rules of the school; therefore he had to punished * CHÚ Ý: “So” dùng thông dụng văn nói, “therefore” trang trọng hơn, thường dùng văn viết BUT: ( tương phản hoàn toàn) => “But” không đứng đầu câu (trong văn viết), thường đứng câu trước có dấu phảy Ex: It was midnight, but the restaurant was still open HOWEVER: nhiên (nó thể nhượng bộ, nói trái ngược khơng đối nghịch hoàn toàn, ý định nhận mạnh phần sau phần trước) => “However” đứng đầu câu, sau có dấu phảy => “However” đứng câu, trước có dấu chấm phảy, sau có dấu phảy khơng có Ex: Lan is a very good student; however Hung is much better than her * CHÚ Ý: “But” dùng thông dụng văn nói, “however” trang trọng hơn, thường dùng văn viết III/ TRANSITIVE AND IN TRANSITIVE VERBS : NGOẠI ĐỘNG TỪ VÀ NỘI ĐỘNG TỪ TRANSITIVE VERBS: NGOẠI ĐỘNG TỪ => Là động từ cần có đối tượng tiếp nhận hành động(tân ngữ) theo sau nghĩa câu đầy đủ => Phần thơng tin phía sau động từ trả lời cho câu hỏi: AI, CÁI GÌ => ride, find, finish, read, write, meet, kill, help, climb, clean, catch,teach, study, build, buy, sell, cook, paint, take, tell, watch…………………………………… Ex: He drove the boat very fast Ex: I met Ba at the bus stop early in the morning - INTRANSITIVE VERBS - NỘI ĐỘNG TỪ => Là động từ khơng cần có đối tượng tiếp nhận hành động(tân ngữ) theo sau ,mà nghĩa câu đầy đủ => Phần thơng tin phía sau động từ trả lời cho câu hỏi: Ở ĐÂU, KHI NÀO, NHƯ THẾ NÀO => walk, sleep, grow, arrive, lie, rain, exist, occur, breathe, run,cry, go, fall, happen, sit, stand, swim, ……………………………………………… Ex: We walked down town after work yesterday Ex: The baby was crying in the room IV/ Comparison So sánh ( positive form) S + BE + AS + Adj + AS + Noun/ Pronoun/ clause Ex: * She is as tall as me S be adj pr * My hands were as cold as ice S + V + AS + Adv + AS + Noun/ Pronoun/ clause Ex: She sings as well as her sister V adv N S + V (not)+ as/ so + adj/ adv + as + Noun/ Pronoun/ clause Ex: This flat is not as/ so big as our old one I couldn’t run as/ so fast as him ( as he runs ) * Notes: - so sánh cịn thay cấu trúc the same as S + V (not)+ the same + ( Noun ) as+ Noun/ Pronoun Ex: Tom is as old as Mary = Tom is the same age as Mary Tom’s salary as much as Mary’s = Tom’s salary is the same as Mary’s - less ………… than = not …as/ so … as (kém hơn, không bằng) Ex: This dress is less expensive than that one = This dress isn’t as / so expensive as that one - Khi nói gấp lần ta dùng cấu trúc: Twice as… as; three times as…….as Ex: Their house is about three times as big as ours Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago So sánh (comparative form) • Tính từ ,trạng từ ngắn (short adj, adv): tính từ,trạng từ có âm tiết tính từ, trạng từ có âm tiết mà kết thúc - er, - ow, - y, - le S + V (not)+ short adj/adv + er + than + Noun/ Pronoun/ Clause EX: She is taller than me She runs faster than me • Tính từ, trạng từ dài (long adj, adv): tính từ trạng từ có từ âm tiết trở lên S + V (not)+ more + long adj/adv + than + Noun/ Pronoun/ Clause Ex: Her watch is more expensive than mine Jane speaks English more fluently than me NOTES: • so sánh nhấn mạnh cách thêm much far trước hình thức so sánh Ngồi a lot, a bit, a little, rather dùng cấp so sánh EX: Her watch is much/ far more expensive than mine • lối văn thân mật, tân ngữ đại từ nhân xưng (me, you, us, them, her, him, it) thường dùng sau as than Ex: He is older than me • Trong lối văn trang trọng, đại từ nhân xưng thường dùng (thường với động từ trợ động từ) Ex: They have more money than we have Jane speaks English more fluently than I • more most dùng để thành lập hình thức so sánh trạng từ đuôi – ly (ngoại trừ trường hợp early.) • số tính từ hai âm tiết có hình thức so sánh (-er/more – est/ most ) EX: It’s too noisy here Can we go somewhere quieter/ more quiet? So sánh (superlative form) S + V (not) the + short adj/ adv + est + Noun Ex: I’m the happiest man in the world S + V (not) the +most + long adj/ adv + Noun EX: Love is the most important thing So sánh kép (double comparatives) so sánh đồng tiến (càng…… càng): diễn đạt thay đổi (tăng thêm giảm số lượng mức độ) việc => THE + ADJ / ADV + ER + S +V, THE + ADJ / ADV + ER + S +V Ex: The bigger the room is , the better I feel => THE MORE+ ADJ / ADV + S + V, THE MORE+ ADJ / ADV + S + V Ex: The more polluted the water is , the more dangerous our lives become => THE MORE +N + S + V, THE MORE +N + S + V Ex: The more money he gets , the more food he buys => THE MORE + S + V , THE MORE + S + V Ex: The more I think , the more I worry EX: The more dangerous it is, the more I like it The older I get, the happier I am so sánh lũy tiến (càng ngày càng): diễn đạt tăng dần giảm dần cách liên tục - …er and …er more and more dùng để diễn đạt tăng dần S + V + short adj/ adv + er + and + short adj/ adv + er…… EX: Betty is younger and younger - less and less dùng để diễn đạt giảm dần: He became less and less interested in politics V/ Phrasal verbs Cm động từ , động từ kèm với hai từ ( trạng từ giới từ) Với trạng từ , giới từ kèm mệnh đề động từ mang mét ý nghÜa kh¸c Vd: - Look! There is a cat! - My mother looks after carefull Cã bốn loại cụm động từ khác nhau: Loại 1: Động từ với tân ngữ trực tiếp - ngoại động từ Nếu tân ngữ trực tiếp danh từ, đứng trớc đứng sau trạng từ Tuy nhiên, tân ngữ trực tiếp đại từ phải đứng trớc đại từ V + Adverb +O look up, bring (sb) up, let(sb) down, make up, put off, put on, take off, take away, try on, turn down, work out, turn on, turn off Loại 2: Động từ với giới từ bổ ngữ trực tiếp- ngoại động từ Đối với cụm động từ không đợc tách rời hai phần cụm ®éng tõ V + preposition +O She looks after her children properly Loại 3: động từ không với bổ ngữ trực tiếp - nội động từ Ta không đợc tách rời hai phần cụm động tõ V + Adverb Vd: break down , break up, get away, get by, go down, hold on, pass away, pass out, set off/ set out, stand out, take off Loaị 4: động từ bao gồm trạng từ giới từ Chúng cần bổ ngữ trực tiếp Ta không đợc tách rời phần cụm ®éng tõ nµy V + Adverb + preposition +O catch up with, come up against, come up with, face up to, fall in with, get along/on with, get out of, look up to, make up for, put up with, run out of, stand up for, stand up to VI/ ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian mệnh đề phụ, bắt đầu liên từ thời gian như: when, whenever, while, before, after, as soon as, just after, since When: Động từ mệnh đề when chia đơn * When + S + hiện đơn, S + hiện đơn * When + S + hiện đơn, S + tương lai tiếp diễn Whenever hành động thường xuyên liên tục Ex: Whenever it rains hard, I don’t go out When he opens the door, the dog runs into the house * When + S + hiện đơn, S + tương lai đơn: hai hành động xảy tương lai ( có liên từ thời gian tương lai đơn đơn) Ex: When you see him tomorrow, he will give you a note When you come to my office tomorrow, I will be sitting at my desk * When + S + hiện hoàn thành, S + tương lai đơn: để nhấn mạnh hành động xảy hồn tồn trước hành động (vì có liên từ thời gian tương lai hồn thành thay hồn thành) Ex: When I have finished my book, I will lend it to you * When + S + khứ đơn, S + khú đơn: việc xảy liên tục khứ Ex: When he opened the door, the dog ran into the house * When + S + khứ đơn, S + khứ tiếp diễn: hành động ngắn, hành động kéo dài khứ Ex: When he came home yesterday, she was still sleeping * When + S + khứ đơn, S + khứ hoàn thành: hành động xảy sau, hành động xảy trước Ex: When I arrived at the station yesterday, the bus had just left While: khi, động từ mệnh đề while ln chia tiếp diễn * S + hiện đơn + while + S + hiện tiếp diễn Ex: He usually reads a newspaper while he is waiting for the bus * While + S + hiện tiếp diễn, S + tương lai đơn Ex: While we are studying tomorrow, our principal will come to see our class * S + khứ đơn + while + S + khứ tiếp diễn Ex: Yesterday he read a newspaper while he was waiting for me * S + khứ đơn, S + khứ hoàn thành + while + S + khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn Ex: Yesterday I asked the librarian the book that the professor had recommended while he had been giving the history lesson Before: * Before + V_ing, S + V: chủ từ giống Ex: Before going to bed, I finished my homework * Before + S + khứ đơn, S + khứ hoàn thành: hành động xảy sau, hành động xảy trước Ex: Before I went to bed last night, I had finished my homework * Before + S + hiện đơn, S + hiện đơn: hành động xảy liên tục, thường xuyên Ex: Before I go to bed, I usually finish my homework * Before + S + hiện đơn, S + tương lai đơn: tương lai đơn đơn có liên từ before Ex: Before you come tomorrow, I will finish my work Before + S + hiện đơn, S + tương lai hoàn thành: nhấn mạnh hành động hoàn thành trước hành động tương lai Ex: Before the manage comes back next week, we will have finished the project After, just after: * After + V_ ing, S + V: chủ từ câu giống Ex: After finishing my work, the officer went home * After + S + khứ hoàn thành, S + khứ đơn Ex: After the worker had finished the work, he went home * After + S + hiện đơn, S + tương lai đơn Ex: After he finishes the work tomorrow, he will go home * After + S + hiện hoàn thành, S + tương lai đơn: để nhấn mạnh việc xảy hoàn thành trước việc tương lai Ex: After I have passed the next exam, I will go on holiday As soon as / Just as / Just after: sau * As soon as / Just as / Just after + S + khứ hoàn thành + S + khứ đơn As soon as / Just as / Just after + S + khứ đơn + S + khứ đơn Ex: As soon as / Just as / Just after he had got / got home, the bell rang * As soon as + S + hiện đơn, S + tương lai đơn: có as soon as tương lai đơn => đơn Ex: As soon as he passes the exam next month, he will go on holiday * As soon as + S + hiện hoàn thành, S + tương lai đơn: để nhấn mạnh việc hoàn tất trước việc Ex: As soon as he has finished his study, he will go for his holidays * As soon as + S + hiện đơn, (please) + V 1! / don’t + V1! Ex: As soon as he comes here, please phone me Since: * S + hiện hoàn thành + since + S + khứ đơn Ex: I have studied in this school since I moved to this town * S + hiện hoàn thành ( tiếp diễn ) + since + S + hiện hoàn thành ( tiếp diễn ): để nhấn mạnh việc tiếp tục đến Ex: He has been selling the lottery since he has lived / has been living in this city No sooner … than: Hardly … when: vừa … * No sooner + had + S + V3 + than + S + khứ đơn * Hardly + had + S + V3 + when + S + khứ đơn Ex: No sooner had he come home than the telephone rang Hardly had I arrived when it began to rain Exercise: REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES 1.Because I was sleepy, I took a nap SO It was cold, but I didn’t put on my coat HOWEVER The nurse didn’t bring Mr Hill a glass of water even though he asked her times BUT Because of his failure at the exam, Tim didn’t want to meet anyone THEREFORE Red is a bright color, but cat can’t see it EVEN THOUGH Complete the sentences Use the comparative form of one of the words in the list big early reliable serious thin I was feeling tired last night, so I went to bed ………………… than usual I’d like to have a _ car The one I’ve got keeps breaking down Unfortunately, her illness was _ than we thought at first You look _ Have you lost weight? 5 I want a flat We don’t have enough space here Complete the sentences Use a superlative (-est or most…) or a comparative (-er or more…) We stay at the hotel in the town (cheap) Our hotel was than all the others in the town (cheap) The United States is very large but Canada is (large) What’s the river in the world? (long) What is the sport in your country? (popular) Everest is the _ mountain in the world It is than any other mountains (high) We had a great holiday It was one of the holidays we’re ever had (enjoyable) I prefer this chair to the other one It’s (comfortable) What’s the way of getting from here to the station? (quick) 10 Mr and Mrs Brown have got three daughters The is 14 years old (old) Choose the best option that best completes each sentence: He is not tall as his father A the B as C than D more John’s grades are _than his sister’s A higher B more high C more higher D the highest Deana is the _ of the three sisters A most short B shorter C shortest D more short She speaks English as _ as her friend does A good B well C better D the best Of the three shirts, this one is the _ A prettier B most prettiest C prettiest D most pretty Rewrite the following sentences using double comparative We got close to the fire we felt warm If the knife is sharp, it is easy to cut something with 3.Bill talked very fast I became confused Last year, when I met Mary, she was ugly.Now she has become very beautiful Whe you blow up a ballon, at first it small, the it becomes quite big Choose the most appropriate preposition to fill in each blank up after on off in I’d like to listen to some music Would you please turn the radio… ? 2.Please try to give… smoking It is not good for your health Don’t put… your homework anymore the deadline is coming When I was young, my uncle looked… me because my parents were abroad Before you enter the class, you need to fill… this form so that we can have your personal information Rewrite the following sentences using the suggested word in the bracket 1.Is it true that you haven’t found a job yet? ( looking) I can just about live on this a mount of money ( get) You mustn’t allow your troubles to depress you, you know ( get) I can’t stand his behavior to me any more (put) This is one of the biggest problems historians have ever faced.( come) All the pupils respect their teacher (look) I’m thinking about my next holiday with pleasure (look) She is always quareling with her brother ( get) The sheep kicked the gun by accident and it fired (go) 10.You don’t need to wear your rain coat it is so hot here ( take) ... soon as / Just as / Just after he had got / got home, the bell rang * As soon as + S + hiện đơn, S + tương lai đơn: có as soon as tương lai đơn => đơn Ex: As soon as he passes the exam next month,... up after on off in I’d like to listen to some music Would you please turn the radio… ? 2. Please try to give… smoking It is not good for your health Don’t put… your homework anymore the deadline... personal information Rewrite the following sentences using the suggested word in the bracket 1.Is it true that you haven’t found a job yet? ( looking) I can just about live on this a mount of money