HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS Joseph P Reynolds John S Jeris Louis Theodore WILEYINTERSCIENCE A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication This book is printed on acid-free paper (S) Copyright © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York All rights reserved Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 7504744 Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM For ordering and customer service information please call 1-800-CALL-WILEY Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available ISBN 0-471-40228-1 Printed in the United States of America 10 To Barbara, Megan, and Marybeth for their unrelenting support, good-natured criticism, and putting up with their husband and father [J.P.R.] To my lovely wife Helen, who for years endured neglect as I followed the path of professional growth but still found it possible to offer her strong support and love [J.S.J] To Brother Conrad Timothy Burris, ES C, Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering and Former Dean of Engineering at Manhattan College for having the foresight to allow the School of Engineering to achieve its potential during his tenure as dean, for providing the leadership necessary for the school to reach its potential, and for hiring me in 1960 [L T] PREFACE Because of the pervasive nature of environmental problems, the overlap and interrelationship between the chemical and environmental engineering disciplines have become unavoidable Further, many have agreed that environmental engineering involves the application of chemical engineering fundamentals and principles to the environment From an academic perspective, environmental engineering programs have traditionally been offered at the graduate level More recently, formal environmental engineering programs—with the accompanying degree—are being offered at the undergraduate level As a result, courses similar in content are often offered in both programs This recent phenomenon has created a need for the development of material concerned with both chemical and environmental engineering calculations The resulting end product is the Handbook of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Calculations As is usually the case in preparing any text, the question of what to include and what to omit has been particularly difficult However, the problems and solutions in the Handbook attempt to address calculations common to both chemical and environmental engineering This Handbook provides the reader with nearly 600 solved problems in the chemical and environmental engineering fields Of the eight parts, two are concerned with chemical engineering and six with environmental engineering The interrelationship between both fields is emphasized in all parts Each part is divided into a number of problem sets, each set containing anywhere from to 12 problems and solutions This project was a unique undertaking Rather than prepare a textbook in the usual format—essay material, illustrative examples, nomenclature, bibliography, problems, etc.,—the authors considered writing a calculations handbook that could be used as a self-teaching aid One of the key features of this book is that the solutions to the problems are presented in a stand-alone manner Throughout the book, the problems are laid out in such a way as to develop the reader's technical understanding of the subject in question Each problem contains a title, problem statement, and data and solution, with the more difficult problems located at or near the end of each problem set Thus, this Handbook offers material not only to individuals with limited technical background but also to those with extensive industrial experience As such, this Handbook can be used as a text in either a general chemical engineering or environmental engineering course and (perhaps primarily) as a training tool for industry The authors cannot claim sole authorship to all the problems and material in this Handbook The present book has evolved from a host of sources including: exam problem prepared by Dr Sum Marie Flynn for her undergraduate Process Control course; notes, homework problems and exam problems prepared by J Jeris for graduate environmental engineering courses; notes, homework problems, and exam problems prepared by L Theodore for several chemical and environmental engineering graduate and undergraduate courses; problems and solutions drawn (with permission) from numerous Theodore Tutorials; and problems and solutions developed by faculty participants during National Science Foundation (NSF) Undergraduate Faculty Enhancement Program (UFEP) workshops One of the objectives of the NSF workshops included the development of illustrative examples by the faculty Approximately 40 out of the nearly 600 problems provided in this Handbook were drawn, in part, from the original work of these faculty We would like to acknowledge the following professors whose problems, in original or edited form, are included on this Handbook (The problem numbers are noted in parenthesis alongside each name.) Prof William Auberle; Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northern Arizona University (ENCl, ULT.4) Dr Howard Bein; Chemistry, U.S Merchant Marine Academy, (ISO.2, ISO.3) Dr Seymour Block; Chemical Engineering, University of Florida (MED 8) Dr Ihab Farag; Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire (MED.9) Dr Kumar Ganesan; Environmental Engineering, Montana Tech of the University of Montana (ISO.6, IAQ.4, IAQ.5, IAQ.6) Dr David James; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada at Las Vegas (HZA.2, ENC.4, ULT.5) Dr Christopher Koroneos; Chemical Engineering, Columbia University (ECO.2, ECO.4, ECO.5, ECO.8) Dr SoonSik Lim; Chemical Engineering, Youngstown State University (CHR 7) Dr Sean X Liu; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkley (ULT.6, ECO.6, MUN.5, MUN.6, MED.6) Dr P.M Lutchmansingh; Petroleum Engineering, Montana Tech of the University of Montana (ECO.7) Dr Suwanchai Nitisoravut; Civil Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte (ULT.7, ISO.5, CHR.5) Dr Holly Peterson; Environmental Engineering, Montana Tech of the University of Montana (IAQ 1) Dr Lisa Reidl; Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Platteville (RCY.7) Dr Carol Reifschneider; Science and Math, Montana State University (ISO.4) Dr Dennis Ryan; Chemistry, Hofstra University, (CHR 6) Dr Dilip K Singh; Chemical Engineering, Youngstown University (ENClO) Dr David Stevens, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University (HRA.4, WQA 10) Dr Bruce Thomson; Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico (CHR.8) Dr Frank Worley; Chemical Engineering, University of Houston (MED 7) Dr Ronald Wukash; Civil Engineering, Purdue University (MED 10) Dr Poa-Chiang (PC) Yuan; Civil Engineering, Jackson State University (ISO.l, MUN.7, MUN.8, HRA 1, HRA.2) During the preparation of this Handbook, the authors were ably assisted in many ways by a number of graduate students in Manhattan College's Chemical Engineering Master's Program These students contributed much time and energy researching and classroom testing various problems in the book Two other sources that were employed in preparing the problems included numerous Theodore Tutorials (plus those concerned with the professional engineering exam) and the Wilcox and Theodore 1999 Wiley-Interscience text, Engineering and Environmental Ethics Finally, the authors wish to acknowledge the National Science Foundation for supporting several faculty workshops (described above) that produced a number of problems appearing in this Handbook Somehow the editor usually escapes acknowledgment We were particularly fortunate to have Bob Esposito ("Espo" to us) of John Wiley & Sons serve as our editor He had the vision early on to realize the present need and timeliness for a handbook of this nature Joseph P Reynolds John S Jeris Louis Theodore Contents Preface xi Part Chemical Engineering Fundamentals 1 Units and Dimensions (UAD) Conservation Law for Mass (CMA) 14 Conservation Law for Energy (CLE) 28 Conservation Law for Momentum (CLM) 43 Stoichiometry (STO) 58 Part Chemical Engineering Principles 73 Fluid Flow (FFL) 75 Heat Transfer (HTR) 92 Mass Transfer Operations (MTO) 108 Thermodynamics (THR) 147 10 Chemical Kinetics (KIN) 171 11 Process Control (CTR) 204 12 Process Design (PRD) 242 Part Air Pollution Control Equipment 265 13 Fluid Particle Dynamics (FPD) 267 14 Mechanical Collectors (MCC) 284 15 Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) 306 16 Baghouse (BAG) 323 17 Venturi Scrubbers (VEN) 341 18 Hybrid Systems (HYB) 359 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation vii viii Contents 19 Combustion (CMB) 371 20 Absorption (ABS) 392 21 Adsorption (ADS) 414 Part Solid Waste 439 22 Regulations (REG) 441 23 Characteristics (CHR) 456 24 Nuclear/Radioactive Waste (NUC) 464 25 Superfund (SUP) 475 26 Municipal Waste (MUN) 487 27 Hazardous Waste Incineration (HWI) 505 28 Hospital/Medical Waste (MED) 521 Part Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment 537 29 Regulations (REG) 539 30 Characteristics (CHR) 548 31 Water Chemistry (WCH) 562 32 Physical Treatment (PHY) 574 33 Biological Treatment (BIO) 592 34 Chemical Treatment (CHM) 616 35 Sludge Handling (SLU) 631 36 Water Quality Analysis (WQA) 640 Part Pollution Prevention 657 37 Source Reduction (RED) 659 38 Recycle/Reuse (RCY) 680 39 Treatment (TRT) 694 40 Ultimate Disposal (ULT) 706 41 Energy Conservation (ENC) 718 42 Domestic Applications (DOM) 733 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Contents ix Part Health, Safety, and Accident Management 743 43 Toxicology (TOX) 745 44 Health Risk Analysis (HRA) 758 45 Hazard Risk Analysis (HZA) 776 46 Hazard Risk Assessment (HZR) 800 47 Industrial Applications (IAP) 817 Part Other Topics 835 48 Dispersion (DSP) 837 49 Noise Pollution (NOP) 858 50 Economics (ECO) 867 51 Ethics (ETH) 883 52 Statistics (STT) 902 53 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 917 54 ISO 14000 (ISO) 923 55 Measurements (MEA) 928 Index 942 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation PART I Chemical Engineering Fundamentals Robert Ambrosini Units and Dimensions (UAD) Conservation Law for Mass (CMA) Conservation Law for Energy (CLE) Conservation Law for Momentum (CLM) Stoichiometry (STO) ... problems and solutions in the Handbook attempt to address calculations common to both chemical and environmental engineering This Handbook provides the reader with nearly 600 solved problems in the chemical. .. resulting end product is the Handbook of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Calculations As is usually the case in preparing any text, the question of what to include and what to omit has been... the path of professional growth but still found it possible to offer her strong support and love [J.S.J] To Brother Conrad Timothy Burris, ES C, Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering and Former