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IDIOMS ORGANISER Organised by metaphor, topic and key word by Jon Wright Edited by Jimmie Hill and Morgan Lewis Illustrated by Bill Stott Australia Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States Idioms Organiser Organised by metaphor, topic and key word Jon Wright Publisher/Global ELT: Christopher Wenger Executive Marketing Manager, Global ELT/ESL: Amy Mabtey Cover design: Anna Macleod Cartoons: Bill Scott Copyright © 2002 by Heinle, a part of the Thomson Corporation. Heinle. Thomson and the Thomson logo are trademarks used herein under license. Copyright ©formerly held by Language Teaching Publications and R.A. Close 1992. Printed in Croatia by Zrinski d.d. -56789 10 06 05 04 03 02 For more information contact Heinle, 25 Thomson Place, Boston, MA 02210 USA, or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.heinle.com All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means — graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage and retrieval systems — without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 1 899396 06 3 The Author Jon Wright is co-founder and Director of Studies of The Language Project, Bristol, a small school With a special focus on developing innovative learner-centred materials. He has many years' experience as a teacher, teacher trainer, materials writer and examiner. His other publications include Basic Grammar, with Dave Willis, for Cobuild, and Dictionaries, in the OUP Resource Books for Teachers Series. Author's Acknowledgement would like to thank my editors Jimmie Hill and Morgan Lewis, for their considerable guidance in shaping this book, as well as acknowledging the many ideas and examples, which they gave so generously. The staff and students of The Language Project in Bristol have helped me in many ways both in and outside the classroom. As always, a special thank you to Etsuko. Idioms are important Dear Student Words don't come singly You have probably spent a long time learning new words. Words, however, do not just come individually, they also come in expressions - in groups. Idioms are among the most common of these expressions. There are thousands of them in English: I could eat a horse. Money doesn't grow on trees. It's not up to scratch. I got there in the nick of time. Language is literal and metaphorical Sometimes when we use language we use it in a very literal way: I've been out fishing, but caught absolutely nothing! The same language can be used in a non-literal way - a metaphorical way: Yesterday I caught the bus. My car wouldn't start. Here are more examples of this metaphorical use of catch: He caught my attention. Wait while I catch my breath! Look at that tan! You've caught the sun! I didn't quite catch what you said. The metaphorical uses of a word are often more common than the literal ones. Idioms have grammar Some idiomatic expressions are fixed and cannot change: Two heads are better than one. Very often you can change the tense and the pronoun: I'm/She's/We were all at sixes and sevens. How is Idioms Organiser organised? This book organises the most important idioms in English in four sections: 1. Areas of metaphor 2. Individual metaphors 3. Topics 4. Key Words Make sure you study the Introductory Unit of this book before you begin the main units. Plan your study and work regularly through the units on your own or in class. Jon Wright CONTENTS Introductory Unit 7 Section 1: Areas of Metaphor 1 Time is Money 12 2 Business is War 14 3 Seeing is Understanding 16 4 Life is a Journey 18 5 Life is Gambling 20 6 A Company is a Ship 22 7 Moods are Weather 24 8 The Office is a Battlefield 26 9 A Project is a Race 28 10 Economics is Flying 30 11 Organisations are Gardens 32 12 People are Liquid 34 13 Review Unit 36 Section 2: Individual Metaphors 14 Animal Idioms 38 15 Bird Idioms 40 16 Body Idioms 42 17 Breaking Idioms 44 18 Building Idioms 46 19 Cat Idioms 48 20 Clothes Idioms 50 21 Colour Idioms: Black/White 52 22 Colour Idioms: Red/Blue 54 23 Driving Idioms 56 24 Eating Idioms 58 25 Eye Idioms 60 26 Face Idioms 62 27 Fingers and Thumbs Idioms 64 25 Fire Idioms 66 29 Fishing Idioms 68 30 Food Idioms 70 31 Foot Idioms 72 32 Hand Idioms 74 33 Head Idioms 76 14 Heart Idioms 78 - 35 Horse Idioms 80 36 House and Home Idioms 82 37 Life and Death Idioms 84 38 Metal Idioms 86 39 Mind Idioms 88 40 Number Idioms 90 41 Sports Idioms 92 42 Swimming Idioms 94 43 Temperature Idioms 96 44 Train Idioms 98 45 Water Idioms 100 46 Review Unit 102 Section 3: Topics 47 Advice 106 48 Agreeing and Disagreeing 108 49 Annoyance and Frustration 110 50 Being Positive 112 51 Certainty and Doubt 114 52 Change 116 53 Communicating 118 54 Dishonesty 120 55 Easy and Difficult 122 56 The Family 124 57 Good and Bad Quality 126 58 Health 128 59 Holidays 130 60 Knowledge and Ability 132 61 Memory 134 62 Mistakes 136 63 Misunderstanding 138 64 Money 1 140 65 Money 2 142 66 Moods 144 67 People 146 68 Power and Influence 148 69 Problems 1 150 70 Problems 2 152 71 Reading 154 72 Relationships 1 156 73 Relationships 2 158 74 Safety and Risks 160 75 Similarities and Differences 162 76 Sleep and Dreams 164 77 Speed 166 5 78 Starting and Stopping 168 79 Success and Failure 170 80 Suitability 172 81 Surprises 174 82 Time 176 83 Work 1 178 84 Work 2 180 85 Review Unit 182 Section 4: Key Words 86 All 186 87 And 1 188 88 And 2 190 89 Back 192 90 Cut 194 91 End 196 92 Fall 198 93 Good / Better / Best 200 94 Ground 202 95 Half 204 96 Know , 206 97 Life 208 98 Light and Heavy 210 99 Like 212 100 Line 214 101 Lose and Lost 216 102 No 218 103 Of 220 104 Or 222 105 Point 224 106 Side 226 107 Something, Anything, Nothing 228 108 Thing 230 109 To + infinitive 232 110 Top and Bottom 234 111 'Very' 236 112 Way 238 113 Word 240 114 Review Unit 242 Section 5: Index of Expressions 245 Section 6: Answer Key 279 6 1: What is an idiom? An idiom is an expression with the following features: 1. It is fixed and is recognised by native speakers. You cannot make up your own! 2. It uses language in a non-literal - metaphorical - way. The following are examples: 1. Tin up to my eyes in work at the moment. 2. At the meeting I felt a bit out of my depth. 3. I was over the moon when I heard she'd had twins! 4. It broke my mother's heart to see her home burn to the ground. If you are up to your eyes, you are very busy. If you are out of your depth, you might be in the sea, but you are more likely to be in a situation which you do not understand for some reason. If you are over the moon, you are extremely happy about something. If something breaks your heart, you are very sad about it. In these examples it is clear that the idiom is a whole expression. This is the traditional view of idioms. But there is a lot more language which is idiomatic. For example, there are lots of individual words with idiomatic uses. On page 3 we saw that catch has many more uses than the literal one of catching a fish. Here are more examples: Literal Use Idiomatic Use 1. The river flooded several villages. The crowd flooded on to the pitch. 2. Piles of rubbish lay everywhere. He's got piles of money. 3. I love roast potatoes. Euthanasia. Now, that's a very hot potato! 4. I've got an uncle at sea. I'm all at sea. 7 We are familiar with the idea of heavy rain causing a river to overflow and flood the surrounding area; crowds are often described as water and the same verb flood is used. The literal meaning of pile is a heap of something; piles of money, however, simply means lots of money. A hot potato is not for eating; it means a controversial issue. An uncle at sea works on a boat; if you are at sea, it means you are in a situation which you do not understand and where you cannot cope. Idioms Organiser takes a broad view of idiom. In this book you will practise common idioms such as the black sheep of the family, but you will also practise the huge area of idiomatic usage where words are used with non-literal - metaphorical -meanings. 2: What is a metaphor? Metaphors exist in all languages. You use them in your own language. A metaphor uses one idea to stand for another idea. Above, we saw the simple idea: A crowd is water. When you have that idea in your mind, the crowd can flow, flood, or trickle. Here are some of the common metaphors practised in this book: 1. Time is money. We save time. We can spare 5 minutes. We can run out of time. 2. Business is war. Advertising is a minefield in which you have targets and keep your sights on what your competitors are doing. 3. Life is a journey. You can be on the road to recovery. You might be at a crossroads in your life because you are in a dead-end job. 6 3: Why are idioms and metaphors so important? Firstly, they are important because they are very common. It is impossible to speak, read, or listen to English without meeting idiomatic language. This is not something you can leave until you reach an advanced level. All native speaker English is idiomatic. Every newspaper is full of metaphorical language. You cannot avoid it or leave it till later. The second reason is that very often the metaphorical use of a word is more common today than its literal use. For example, we know that farmers plough their fields, but you can plough through a long novel or report; you can plough on with your work; you can plough money into a business; profits can be ploughed back into a company; a lorry can plough into a row of parked cars. Using plough in its literal farming meaning is now much rarer than all its other non-literal uses. But it is important for you to know the literal meaning. Often the literal meaning creates a picture in your mind and this picture makes the other meanings easier to understand. The third reason that this kind of language is important is because it is fun to learn and to use. Because there is so much to learn, anything which helps you to remember things is important and if the language you are learning is more colourful and interesting, there is more chance that you will remember it. You will also sound more natural if your English contains more idioms. 9 [...]... Idioms 38 15 Bird Idioms 40 16 Body Idioms 42 17 Breaking Idioms 44 18 Building Idioms 46 19 Cat Idioms 48 20 Clothes Idioms 50 21 Colour Idioms: Black/White 52 22 Colour Idioms: Red/Blue 54 23 Driving Idioms 56 24 Eating Idioms 58 25 Eye Idioms 60 26 Face Idioms 62 27 Fingers and Thumbs Idioms 64 25 Fire Idioms 66 29 Fishing Idioms 68 30 Food Idioms 70 31 Foot Idioms 72 32 Hand Idioms. .. chest! What sort of things get on your nerves? 43 35 Horse Idioms 80 36 House and Home Idioms 82 37 Life and Death Idioms 84 38 Metal Idioms 86 39 Mind Idioms 88 40 Number Idioms 90 41 Sports Idioms 92 42 Swimming Idioms 94 43 Temperature Idioms 96 44 Train Idioms 98 45 Water Idioms 100 46 Review Unit 102 Section 3: Topics 47 Advice 106 48 Agreeing and Disagreeing 108 49 Annoyance and... going to take a back seat from now on. 37 Idioms Organiser Organised by metaphor, topic and key word Jon Wright Publisher/Global ELT: Christopher Wenger Executive Marketing Manager, Global ELT/ESL: Amy Mabtey Cover design: Anna Macleod Cartoons: Bill Scott Copyright © 2002 by Heinle, a part of the Thomson Corporation. Heinle. Thomson and the Thomson logo are trademarks used herein under... of a word are often more common than the literal ones. Idioms have grammar Some idiomatic expressions are fixed and cannot change: Two heads are better than one. Very often you can change the tense and the pronoun: I'm/She's/We were all at sixes and sevens. How is Idioms Organiser organised? This book organises the most important idioms in English in four sections: 1. Areas of metaphor... -56789 10 06 05 04 03 02 For more information contact Heinle, 25 Thomson Place, Boston, MA 02210 USA, or you can visit our Internet site at http://www .heinle. com All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means — graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information... communications. 8. Because we had to lay off 500 people, we've in the press. 9. We need a more aggressive marketing policy if we want to a bigger share of the market. Look at Nike. They're everywhere! 10. Small businesses are always the first in a recession. 4: Revision Fill in the missing verbs to complete these idioms: 1 ground 2 targets 3 market share 4 your sights on 5 up without... Dear Student Words don't come singly You have probably spent a long time learning new words. Words, however, do not just come individually, they also come in expressions - in groups. Idioms are among the most common of these expressions. There are thousands of them in English: I could eat a horse. Money doesn't grow on trees. It's not up to scratch. I got there in the nick of time.... these expressions: 1. I'd my right arm for it. 6. Power's to his head. 2.1 my foot in it. 7. It an arm and a leg. 3. I'm only your leg. 8. I'm still my feet. 4. I can't my finger on it. 9. He just his head in the sand. 5. The situation to a head. 10. Come on, it off your chest! What sort of things get on your nerves? 43 35 Horse Idioms 80 36 House and Home Idioms 82... and expressions in the sentences below: a. minefield f. taken a lot of flak b. capture g. casualties c. targets h. own worst enemy d. marching orders i. set our sights on e. keep your head down j. battle 1.I think the boss is in a bad mood. Just get on with your work and 2. We have a 10% increase in turnover this year. 3. Promotions and Marketing are having their usual with the Finance Director... German and Italian equivalents also speak of sleeping dogs, but not the French or Spanish. It is important that you are very careful if you have to translate idioms. Never translate an idiom word for word. You must translate the whole expression. Sometimes you will be able to translate the English idiom into an idiom in your own language. However, there may be no idiom and you may just have to . Animal Idioms 38 15 Bird Idioms 40 16 Body Idioms 42 17 Breaking Idioms 44 18 Building Idioms 46 19 Cat Idioms 48 20 Clothes Idioms 50 21 Colour Idioms: . Fishing Idioms 68 30 Food Idioms 70 31 Foot Idioms 72 32 Hand Idioms 74 33 Head Idioms 76 14 Heart Idioms 78 - 35 Horse Idioms 80 36 House and Home Idioms