A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDEX DECOMPOSITION METHODS Frédéric Granel A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2003 Acknowledgments Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Ang Beng Wah and Associate Professor Tan Kay Chuan my supervisors for their guidance and support throughout this research. Special gratitude also goes to all the members of the ISE department, from whom I have learnt through coursework, research and seminars. I would also like to thank my friends in Singapore with whom I shared this great experience. They played a great role in making this stay abroad unforgettable and their constant support and advices helped me a great deal with this project. Finally I am grateful to the National University of Singapore whose financial support was essential to the completion of this project I Table of contents Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I TABLE OF CONTENTS II SUMMARY . V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . VII LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF TABLES X CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research background 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 Thesis structure CHAPTER INDEX DECOMPOSITION METHODOLOGY 2.1 Introduction 2.2 IDA: Introduction and application areas .6 2.3 What is an aggregate indicator? .8 2.4 Two approaches: multiplicative or additive .10 2.5 Fixed or rolling base year? 12 2.6 Examples from the energy analysis field 13 2.6.1 The energy consumption indicator 14 2.6.2 The energy intensity indicator .15 2.6.3 The GHG emissions indicator .16 2.7 Decomposition methods .17 2.8 Conclusion .18 CHAPTER 3.1 REVIEW OF DECOMPOSITION METHODS .19 Introduction 19 3.2 Methods linked to the Laspeyres index 19 3.2.1 Principles .19 3.2.2 Pure price index .20 3.2.3 Laspeyres index and Paasche index .21 3.2.4 Mean of x2, x3, …, xn factors .22 3.2.5 Mean of Paasche and Laspeyres indexes .24 3.2.6 Refined Laspeyres index method 25 3.3 Methods linked to the Divisia index 28 3.3.1 Principles .28 3.3.2 Simple average Divisia (Tornquist) .30 3.3.3 Log Mean Divisia Index (Sato Vartia) .31 3.3.4 Log Mean Divisia Index (Vartia) .31 3.4 Other methods 32 3.4.1 Stuvel .32 3.4.2 Mean Rate of Change Index – MRCI 33 3.5 Conclusion .34 II Table of contents CHAPTER 4.1 CASE STUDIES .37 Introduction 37 4.2 An illustrative example 38 4.2.1 Results presentation .38 4.2.2 Results discussion 43 4.3 The Canadian industrial sector from 1990 to 2000 .44 4.3.1 Data and methodology .45 4.3.2 The Canadian industrial sector from 1990 to 2000 .47 4.3.3 Comparison of results obtained with different IDMs 54 4.4 Conclusion .59 CHAPTER METHODS 5.1 CRITERIA TO COMPARE INDEX DECOMPOSITION .61 Introduction 61 5.2 Theoretical foundation: the axiomatic approach 64 5.2.1 A tentative list and grouping of axioms and tests 65 5.2.2 Some considerations concerning the importance of tests 73 5.2.3 Test performance of indices 75 5.3 Application viewpoint 83 5.3.1 Applicability 83 5.3.2 Computational ease .84 5.3.3 Transparency .84 5.3.4 Adaptability .85 5.3.5 Ease of formulation .86 5.4 Conclusion .86 CHAPTER ANALYSIS 6.1 COMPARISON OF DECOMPOSITION METHODS: AN AHP .87 Introduction 87 6.2 Presentation of Analytical Hierarchy Process .88 6.2.1 Properties .88 6.2.2 Procedure .90 6.2.3 Limitations 92 6.3 Comparing decomposition methods .92 6.3.1 Hierarchy development .92 6.3.2 Subjective pairwise comparisons .95 6.3.3 Calculation of implied weights 97 6.3.4 Synthesis 107 6.4 Conclusion .110 CHAPTER ANALYSIS 7.1 COMPARISON OF DECOMPOSITION METHODS: A QFD .111 Introduction 111 7.2 Presentation 111 7.2.1 House of Quality .112 7.2.2 Benefits and limitations of QFD 115 7.3 House of Quality .116 7.3.1 Customer requirements 117 7.3.2 Technical attributes .119 7.3.3 Relationship between customer and technical requirements .120 7.4 Results presentation .121 7.4.1 Relative importance of each technical requirement .121 III Table of contents 7.4.2 7.5 Impact on the choice of a decomposition method .123 Conclusion .125 CHAPTER CONCLUSION .126 8.1 Summary of research .126 8.2 Possible future research .129 BIBLIOGRAPHY .130 APPENDIX A: SECTOR CLASSIFICATION IN THE CANADIAN INDUSTRY 135 APPENDIX B: RAW DATA FOR THE CANADIAN INDUSTRIAL SECTOR137 APPENDIX C1: RESULTS FOR THE CANADIAN INDUSTRY: IDA OF THE ENERGY INTENSITY 143 APPENDIX C2: RESULTS FOR THE CANADIAN INDUSTRY: IDA OF THE ENERGY-RELATED GHG EMISSIONS .146 IV Summary Summary Index Decomposition Analysis (IDA) has become of great interest for researchers who want to decompose aggregate indicators. For instance in the energy and environmental fields, IDA is widely used to disentangle and separate changes in energy consumption, energy intensity or greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Although a large number of IDA methods have been reported in the literature over the last decades, there is still no consensus as to which is the preferred one. We aim at developing a framework to determine which IDA method is the most suitable for a given situation. This scheme should avoid four main drawbacks that are frequently come across in the literature. First, such comparative study should integrate a wide range of methods, including the most recent ones. Second, it should be conducted according to a thorough and well-organized set of criteria. Third, since method selection can be problem specific, the characteristics of the situation should be considered and taken into account. Finally the collection of results and opinions should be synthesized using an elaborated and objective tool. After reviewing the literature on decomposition methodologies, we come up with a tree of alternatives that constitutes a scheme of investigation for the comparison of them and a guideline for this study. We also detail thirteen different formulae, classify them into three clusters and provide a table that summarizes the formulae. The research is performed through a three stage process. First two case studies test the impact of using different indicators and methodologies. This provides some useful insights on the behavior and on the ease of application of the decomposition methods. V Summary Second, we review the literature related to comparative studies, use the advancements made in economics and eventually come up with a set of criteria that integrates both methodological and empirical elements. It includes the size of the residual term if any (factor reversal test), the time reversal test, the proportionality property, the usability of both additive and multiplicative approaches, the existence of a direct and simple relation between both approaches, the applicability, computational ease, transparency, adaptability and ease of formulation of the method. Third, we propose a framework to deal with the complication induced by the trade-offs between criteria. We use a combination of both Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) that has some interesting properties. It appears that five methods seem to have better overall results than the others: Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) and LMDI 2, then Fisher, Mean Rate of Change Index (MRCI) and Marshall-Edgeworth. For a particular situation, the framework shall lead to the most suitable decomposition method, which should be one of the five above mentioned. As to time treatment, fixed base year decompositions lead to results that are not satisfying and should be avoided when possible. VI List of Abbreviations List of Abbreviations AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process AMDI Arithmetic Mean Divisia Index DM Decision Maker GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas HOQ House of Quality IDA Index Decomposition Analysis IDM Index Decomposition Method L method Laspeyres method LMDI Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index ME method Marshall-Edgeworth method MRCI Mean Rate of Change Index P method Paasche method QFD Quality Function Deployment VII List of Figures List of Figures Figure 1-1 Organization of the thesis Figure 2-1: Scheme of investigation for the comparison of methodologies . 18 Figure 3-1: Methods linked to Laspeyres index . 27 Figure 3-2: Methods linked to Divisia index 32 Figure 3-3: Existing decomposition methods . 34 Figure 4-1 Energy intensity: results for the illustrative example 40 Figure 4-2: GHG emissions: results for the illustrative example . 42 Figure 4-3 Energy consumption: annual contributions . 48 Figure 4-4 GHG emissions: annual contributions 49 Figure 4-5: Activity, energy use and intensity, GHG emissions 50 Figure 4-6: Energy consumption from 1990 to 2000: Effects contributions 52 Figure 4-7: GHG emissions from 1990 to 2000: Effects contributions 53 Figure 4-8: Cumulative effects over the decade . 54 Figure 4-9 Energy intensity: results for the Canadian case (1990-2000 55 Figure 4-10 GHG emissions: results for the Canadian case (1990-2000) . 56 Figure 4-11 GHG emissions: Sectoral energy intensities Effect over the decade 57 Figure 4-12 Rolling vs Fixed base-year - Canadian case study (1990-2000) 58 Figure 5-1: Properties of an index function 64 Figure 5-2: Uses of axioms . 74 Figure 6-1 AHP model for ranking decomposition methods . 93 Figure 6-2 Theoretical foundations: Local weights of sub criteria . 100 Figure 6-3 Application viewpoint: Local weights of sub criteria . 101 Figure 6-4 Overall weight depending on importance of theoretical criterion . 108 Figure 6-5 Overall weights for 12 decomposition methods 109 Figure 7-1 The House of Quality . 113 Figure 7-2 A simple house of quality for "web page" adapted from Shen (2000) 114 Figure 7-3 Classification of customer requirements 117 Figure 7-4 House of Quality for a decomposition method 121 Figure 7-5 Relative importance of criteria as computed with QFD or AHP . 122 Figure 7-6 Differences induced by the use of QFD . 125 VIII List of Tables List of Tables Table 3-1 Summary of formulae 35 Table 4-1 Data for the illustrative example 38 Table 4-2 Energy intensity: results for the illustrative example 39 Table 4-3 GHG emissions: data for the illustrative example . 41 Table 4-4 GHG emissions: results for the illustrative example . 41 Table 4-5 Canadian case study: raw aggregated data 45 Table 4-6 Emission factors in 1990 . 46 Table 4-7 Correspondences with Table 3.1 . 47 Table 5-1 Characteristics of some comparative studies . 62 Table 5-2 Axiomatic approach: grouping of tests . 71 Table 5-3 Indexes that satisfy the time reversal test . 77 Table 5-4 Indexes that satisfy the factor reversal test . 79 Table 5-5 Summary of properties 82 Table 6-1 The 9-point scale recommended by Saaty (1980) . 96 Table 6-2 Pairwise comparisons for the theoretical foundations criterion 97 Table 6-3 Factor weights obtained with each method . 99 Table 6-4 Consistency measures for methods 99 Table 6-5 Pairwise comparisons for the application viewpoint criterion 100 Table 6-6 Pairwise comparisons with respect to factor reversal test . 102 Table 6-7 Pairwise comparisons with respect to time reversal test 102 Table 6-8 Pairwise comparisons with respect to proportionality 103 Table 6-9 Pairwise comparisons with respect to add & mult usability . 103 Table 6-10 Pairwise comparisons with respect to relations between add. and mult. formulae 104 Table 6-11 Pairwise comparisons with respect to applicability 104 Table 6-12 Pairwise comparisons with respect to ease of computation 105 Table 6-13 Pairwise comparisons with respect to transparency 105 Table 6-14 Pairwise comparisons with respect to adaptability 106 Table 6-15 Pairwise comparisons with respect to ease of formulation . 106 Table 6-16 Summary of AHP results . 107 Table 6-17 Overall weight of methods 109 X Bibliography http://www.cieedac.sfu.ca/CIEEDACweb/pubarticles/Indicator%20Reports%20%20Intensity/EnergyIntensity00.pdf Olson, D.L. (1996). Decision aids for selection problems. Springer-Verlag Paasche, H. (1874). Über die Preisentwicklung der letzten Jahre nach den Hamburger Börsennotirungen.” Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik. 23: 168-178. Padfield, C.J. (2001). The Canadian decomposition experience: from 10 to 54 industries. Office of Energy Efficiency, Natural Resources Canada Park, S.H. (1992). Decomposition of Industrial Energy Consumption – An alternative method. Energy Economics 14(4): 843-858 Persons, W.M. (1928). The construction of Index Numbers. Boston , New York [etc.] Houghton Mifflin company. Raynor, M.E. (1994). The ABCs of QFD: Formalizing the quest for cost-effective customer delight. National Productivity Review 13: 351-357 Saaty, T.L. (1980). The Analytical Hierarchy Process. Mc Graw-Hill Sato, K. (1976). The ideal log-change index number. Review of Economics and Statistics 58: 223-8. Shen X.X. (2000). Advancements to the house of quality in quality function deployment. Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering. National University of Singapore. Shipper L., F. Unander, S. Murtishaw and M. Ting (2001). Indicators of energy use and carbon emissions: explaining the energy economy link. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 26: 49-81 Stuvel, G. (1989) The Index Number problem and its solution. MacMillan, Basingstoke, U.K. Sullivan, L.P. (1986). Quality function deployment. Quality Progress 19(6): 39-50 Sun, J.W. (1998). Changes in energy consumption and energy intensity: A complete decomposition model. Energy Economics 20:85-100 Sun, J.W., and Ang, B.W. (2000). Some Properties of an Extract Energy Decomposition Model. Energy - The International Journal. 25(12): 1177-1187. Törnqvist, L., P. Vartia and Y.O Vartia (1985). How should relative changes be measured? The American statistician 39(1): 43-46 Torvanger, A. (1991). Manufacturing sector carbon dioxide emissions in nine OECD countries: 1973-87. Energy Economics 13(3): 168-186. 133 Bibliography United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). The Convention and Kyoto protocol. See website http://unfccc.int/resource/convkp.html Vartia, Y.O. (1976). Ideal log-change index numbers. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics. 3:121-6. Viguier, L. (1999). Emissions of SO2, NOx and CO2 emissions in transition economies: emissions inventories and Divisia Index Analysis. Energy Journal 20(2): 59-87 Vogt, A. and J. Barta (1997). The making of tests for index numbers. Physica-Verlag Heidelberg. Walsh, C.M. (1921). The Problem of Estimation. London: P.S. King & Son. Zhang, F.Q. (1999). Index Decomposition Methodology with Application to Energy and Industrial Systems Studies. Master of Engineering thesis. Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering. National University of Singapore. Zhang, F.Q. and B.W. Ang (2001). Methodological issues in cross-country / region decomposition of energy and environment indicators. Energy Economics 23(2):179190 134 Appendix A Appendix A: Sector classification in the Canadian industry 135 Appendix A Metal Mining Gold Nickel – Copper – Zinc Silver – Lead – Zinc Uranium Iron Other Metals Non Metal Mining Asbestos Peat Gypsum Potash Salt Other non-metal Food Industry Meat and poultry Products Fruit & Vegetable Dairy Products Bakery Products Other Food Industries Beverage Industry Soft drink Brewery Products Tobacco Products Rubber Products Pulp, Paper and Allied Products Pulp Newsprint Paperboard Building Board Other Paper Prod Printing, Publishing and Allied Industries Primary metal Industry Iron and Steel Primary Production of Aluminum Other non-ferrous smelting & refining Fabricated Metal Products (excl machinery) Machinery Industries (excl electric machinery) Transportation Equipment Motor Vehicle Industry Motor Vehicle Parts & Accessories Electrical and Electronic Products Leather and Allied Products Non-metallic mineral products Cement Industry Glass & Glass Products Industries Lime Industry Primary Textile Industries Refined petroleum & Coal products Textile Products Chemical & chemical products Organic Chemical Inorganic Chemical Agricultural Fertilizers Plastic & Synthetic Resin Industry Plastic Products Clothing Industry Wood Industry Sawmill, Planing and Shingles Other wood industries Other manufacturing Industry Furniture and Fixture Industry 136 Appendix B Appendix B: Raw data for the Canadian industrial sector 137 Appendix B Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 1990 101,434 1,329 11,269 6,518 47,151 16,495 15,185 3,216 271 Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 1990 40,140 24,278 8,789 4,071 2,390 300 313 Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 8,018 4,255 1,518 762 1991 39,991 25,234 7,599 4,096 2,472 289 301 1,535 782 7,728 4,350 1992 37,100 23,181 7,698 3,787 1,728 333 373 7,114 4,012 1993 37,523 23,860 7,568 3,626 1,861 321 287 1994 84,113 10,435 4,275 38,537 11,727 15,570 2,930 636 6,841 3,816 1994 43,472 29,107 8,284 3,723 1,630 333 395 1990 1991 1992 1993 85,608 83,121 75,323 80,375 112 56 51,244 48,082 47,778 52,230 23,983 24,051 19,339 20,416 1,847 1,737 2,134 1,835 6,565 7,653 4,661 4,263 1,857 1,543 1,402 1,631 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values 1994 95,741 18 64,934 21,866 1,676 5,632 1,616 - 36,500 9,832 37,867 10,173 1990 1991 1992 1993 16,087 13,877 12,080 13,352 12,360 10,903 8,966 9,643 2,691 2,337 2,452 2,669 340 100 169 770 553 390 380 214 142 147 113 55 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values 1994 13,719 9,915 2,644 521 566 73 - 1996 92,076 33 12,359 4,535 40,298 16,221 14,187 3,959 485 - 1997 91,695 10 13,320 4,291 40,271 15,393 14,379 3,472 559 - 1998 85,895 12,317 3,904 37,275 13,495 15,584 2,819 495 - 1999 74,280 11,578 3,485 33,895 10,736 11,224 2,932 427 - 2000 79,080 12,305 3,407 36,356 11,465 11,893 3,581 70 - 7,394 4,128 7,660 4,305 7,427 4,172 7,269 4,065 6,638 3,741 6,791 3,792 Non-metal mining 1995 43,348 28,614 8,506 3,467 1,979 329 454 - 1996 41,980 27,968 8,397 3,397 1,742 322 154 - 1997 44,097 29,818 8,527 3,189 2,061 278 223 - 1998 41,811 28,684 7,825 3,373 1,505 229 198 - 1999 43,620 29,687 8,053 4,129 1,294 238 218 - 2000 39,736 26,528 7,508 4,135 1,107 264 192 - 1,701 879 1,755 856 1,821 910 1,800 887 1,905 966 2,065 980 1995 87,764 49 56,491 23,025 XX 4,373 XX 1,979 1,846 1996 94,533 39 57,420 26,594 XX 5,351 XX 1,808 3,321 1997 98,382 60,247 27,638 XX 5,581 XX 970 3,941 1998 91,801 57,028 25,421 XX 5,126 XX 959 3,267 1999 94,112 59,187 26,375 XX 4,637 XX 971 2,940 2000 98,884 57,092 31,297 38,352 10,228 39,322 10,560 38,991 10,434 40,309 10,779 40,861 10,943 41,707 11,216 Food Industry Beverage Industry 6,089 XX 1,124 3,279 1995 11,777 8,697 2,447 292 326 16 - 1996 11,580 8,150 2,444 413 551 20 - 1997 12,247 8,825 2,375 132 888 27 - 1998 12,772 8,994 2,515 219 1,006 39 - 1999 13,707 9,623 2,534 256 1,251 42 - 2000 13,071 9,020 2,508 288 1,210 43 - 5,611 2,505 5,506 2,454 5,668 2,515 5,919 2,621 6,121 2,699 6,211 2,741 1990 1991 1992 1993 1,289 1,226 1,166 814 727 669 465 487 489 4 7 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values 1994 1,255 717 525 - 1995 1,030 578 436 12 - 1996 1,244 649 571 10 14 - 1997 1,175 667 498 - 1998 1,100 578 508 - 1999 1,086 565 504 10 - 2000 1,051 552 472 19 - 1,618 626 1,501 581 1,479 572 1,447 560 1,491 577 1,430 553 1,388 537 1,455 592 5,324 2,359 1995 90,405 350 11,278 4,207 41,499 13,343 15,964 3,190 573 - 5,592 2,498 1,481 608 4,944 2,130 36,542 9,793 Metal mining 5,523 2,456 Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output 5,184 2,362 36,183 9,643 1,479 760 1993 80,885 227 9,535 4,123 38,674 11,686 13,839 2,675 125 1,663 862 Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 7,910 4,420 1992 86,234 1,211 8,702 4,643 40,849 13,481 14,416 2,716 216 1,471 760 Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output 36,187 GDP Output 9,422 Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 1991 95,212 1,196 9,711 5,081 44,604 16,283 15,194 3,005 138 1,393 539 1,407 544 Tobacco Products Industry 138 Appendix B Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 1990 1991 1992 1993 9,115 8,815 9,195 9,137 3,797 3,859 4,046 3,999 2,968 2,980 3,047 2,986 44 47 58 90 2,175 1,849 1,937 1,960 131 80 108 102 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values 1995 9,478 4,385 3,530 1,507 57 - 1996 11,489 5,738 3,891 132 1,672 55 - 1997 10,823 5,399 3,799 35 1,552 38 - 1998 11,602 5,726 4,133 19 1,696 29 - 1999 12,097 5,952 4,516 1,592 30 - 2000 12,316 5,974 4,651 48 1,614 27 - 3,262 1,373 3,522 1,482 3,598 1,514 3,563 1,499 3,757 1,599 4,023 1,700 4,320 1,818 4,745 1,997 1990 1991 1992 1993 12,019 11,234 12,764 13,612 16 5,518 4,801 4,970 5,359 6,064 6,033 7,362 7,904 147 133 167 174 139 104 94 24 136 164 171 150 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values 1994 15,224 6,241 8,441 169 81 291 - 1995 14,312 5,088 8,219 XX XX XX 1,004 1996 15,913 5,460 9,763 XX XX XX 690 1997 16,823 6,077 10,335 XX XX XX 411 1998 18,171 6,630 11,145 XX XX XX 397 1999 16,377 5,977 10,206 XX XX XX 194 2000 17,688 6,439 11,105 XX XX XX XX 144 6,273 2,204 6,244 2,194 6,801 2,390 7,306 2,567 7,655 2,690 8,710 3,060 8,788 3,088 Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 5,287 1,871 2,451 951 5,035 1,778 2,822 1,187 5,263 1,849 5,672 1,993 Plastic Products Industry Leather and Allied Products Industry 1994 1,394 759 558 29 16 32 - 1995 1,023 575 441 XX XX XX 1996 1,159 588 562 XX XX XX 1997 1,238 706 523 XX XX XX 1998 1,236 700 530 XX XX XX 1999 1,204 718 477 XX XX XX 2000 1,167 732 410 XX XX XX 24 836 315 862 330 850 325 752 287 753 285 689 261 618 235 506 192 1990 1991 1992 1993 14,293 15,546 15,693 14,766 9,175 10,551 10,383 9,738 4,026 4,135 4,671 4,328 202 200 135 211 802 576 379 334 88 85 125 155 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values 1994 22,934 17,178 4,807 227 549 173 - 1995 19,335 12,369 5,058 XX 362 XX 1,537 1996 13,829 6,537 5,131 20 559 13 1,569 - 1997 14,765 6,750 5,255 15 541 78 2,127 - 1998 13,842 5,819 5,193 24 708 64 2,035 - 1999 14,535 6,229 5,581 19 706 85 1,912 - 2000 14,429 6,823 5,223 28 467 32 1,854 2,596 952 2,884 1,055 2,835 1,039 2,959 1,083 3,227 1,182 3,243 1,197 3,215 1,184 3,181 1,177 1990 1991 1992 1993 6,742 8,671 8,527 8,898 4,322 5,678 5,606 5,724 1,794 2,169 2,370 2,479 67 66 65 56 414 572 320 470 145 185 167 168 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values 1994 9,303 6,079 2,395 64 510 251 - 1995 9,969 6,425 2,651 98 354 60 381 1996 9,999 6,530 2,745 XX 446 63 38 177 1997 9,577 6,041 2,782 XX 515 64 38 136 1998 8,567 4,740 3,188 XX 412 65 49 114 1999 8,558 4,987 3,005 XX 270 87 11 196 2000 9,389 5,850 3,092 XX 352 73 20 2,891 953 2,962 983 2,847 948 3,101 1,042 3,136 1,055 3,173 1,057 3,174 1,050 Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 2,667 1,058 1990 1991 1992 1993 1,238 1,123 1,186 1,336 683 639 629 718 458 427 503 552 80 44 38 36 17 10 14 24 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) Rubber Products Industry 1994 8,168 4,102 3,105 537 297 127 - Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output 1,030 399 2,620 975 3,112 1,016 836 315 2,511 941 2,758 923 800 308 2,523 938 2,589 860 2,656 882 Primary Textile Industry Textile Products Industry 139 Appendix B Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 1990 1991 1992 1993 5,156 4,790 5,523 5,434 2,664 2,194 2,515 2,410 2,103 2,250 2,672 2,713 120 104 93 101 191 160 179 120 78 82 64 86 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Wood Waste Confidential (estimated) 6,238 2,478 5,571 2,245 5,331 2,146 5,355 2,156 5,469 2,201 1990 37,357 26 16,898 17,192 1,037 1,410 793 - 1991 34,468 47 15,045 16,444 688 1,489 755 - 1992 38,229 79 17,254 18,276 760 855 1,004 - 1993 46,903 22,950 20,553 842 1,136 1,422 - 1994 57,629 31,021 22,313 981 1,442 1,872 - 1996 5,090 2,651 2,287 XX XX 10 15 126 1997 5,344 2,611 2,569 XX XX 16 15 132 1998 5,615 2,734 2,751 XX XX 14 23 94 1999 5,218 2,373 2,724 XX XX 10 28 81 2000 5,732 2,823 2,763 XX XX 34 25 85 5,523 2,223 5,170 2,081 5,576 2,245 5,556 2,237 5,410 2,177 5,459 2,199 Wood Industry 1995 110,808 29,466 23,689 4,433 1,536 XX 50,245 1996 139,516 30,744 26,686 5,100 1,801 1,825 37 73,323 1,438 1997 130,521 32,838 27,434 XX 1,440 XX 74 59,573 - 1998 131,907 32,454 29,655 7,415 1,248 1,587 58 59,491 9,161 1999 127,787 31,687 30,991 7,167 1,161 1,892 98 54,789 - 2000 140,851 33,273 32,423 4,086 1,561 1,595 251 67,659 - 14,463 5,140 15,143 5,377 16,328 5,788 16,588 5,876 17,949 6,358 18,626 6,591 14,692 5,221 1990 1991 1992 1993 5,203 4,220 5,520 6,054 15 3,107 2,251 2,947 3,379 1,779 1,690 2,284 2,373 84 85 81 64 42 18 19 35 178 176 187 203 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values 1994 6,505 3,662 2,542 53 32 217 - 1995 6,843 3,204 2,442 XX XX 350 847 1996 6,536 3,078 2,518 XX XX 348 591 1997 6,876 3,150 2,294 XX XX XX 1,433 1998 6,261 2,926 2,543 XX XX XX 792 1999 6,596 3,043 2,687 XX XX XX 866 2000 7,242 3,394 3,142 XX XX XX 705 3,894 1,513 4,245 1,652 4,558 1,775 5,275 2,060 6,263 2,447 6,815 2,660 7,537 2,947 4,018 1,565 12,526 4,384 3,390 1,291 13,295 4,731 3,321 1,289 3,458 1,341 1990 1991 1992 1993 753,644 764,345 768,176 768,042 4,093 4,289 2,193 1,930 123,467 132,632 142,789 149,547 151,726 148,494 155,772 150,664 1,354 1,273 1,063 1,058 100,537 90,258 68,197 66,113 1,465 1,424 2,428 2,897 3,088 3,110 1,394 2,746 98,802 99,922 111,070 115,148 269,112 282,943 283,270 277,939 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output 20,786 GDP Output 7,484 Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 1995 5,629 2,848 2,601 XX 74 XX 106 14,112 5,016 Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Wood Waste Pulping Liquor Confidential (estimated) Clothing Industry "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output 13,974 GDP Output 4,898 Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 1994 5,641 2,664 2,690 92 116 79 - 20,169 7,167 20,389 7,199 21,054 7,432 1990 1991 1992 1993 8,593 8,458 10,087 10,572 11 149 15 21 4,338 3,942 4,576 5,040 3,869 4,032 5,167 5,203 95 122 103 92 43 32 40 25 237 180 186 191 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output 11,418 GDP Output 5,764 10,461 5,151 9,955 4,804 9,561 4,612 Furniture and Fixture Industry Paper and Allied Products Industry 1994 860,165 3,647 146,409 182,814 1,990 69,488 1,664 4,529 128,930 320,694 1995 900,336 1,618 158,123 194,701 3,213 64,281 1,410 5,584 127,831 343,575 1996 851,217 2,191 153,174 197,038 3,209 63,213 1,318 9,717 123,829 297,529 - 1997 856,159 2,404 152,650 199,087 3,224 62,980 1,313 10,318 121,318 302,864 - 1998 840,058 2,551 140,231 204,059 2,265 58,737 1,418 10,327 121,369 299,101 - 1999 899,419 1,948 146,668 217,930 2,409 58,188 1,402 14,742 126,263 329,863 - 2000 891,116 2,440 135,308 221,767 2,837 60,477 1,496 15,358 129,980 321,448 - 22,041 7,776 22,244 7,840 22,036 7,755 22,156 7,794 21,798 7,667 23,343 8,213 24,048 8,456 Printing, Publishing and Allied Industry 1994 11,488 18 5,690 5,483 95 14 189 - 1995 11,239 5,423 5,725 XX XX 91 1996 9,034 4,260 4,698 XX XX 75 1997 10,035 4,846 5,109 XX XX 80 1998 11,127 5,434 5,632 62 - 1999 11,655 5,652 5,761 69 172 - 2000 12,302 6,096 6,102 48 54 - 9,481 4,573 8,970 4,326 8,895 4,289 9,094 4,385 9,137 4,405 8,802 4,250 9,072 4,387 140 Appendix B Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 1990 1991 1992 1993 426,058 466,971 487,357 503,000 13,727 11,397 14,813 11,444 90,045 105,833 108,605 105,028 31,877 31,300 30,035 27,089 940 751 1,360 1,214 104,838 116,479 123,284 127,372 167,024 179,546 188,298 208,160 3,390 3,364 4,081 2,920 12,986 17,287 15,795 18,337 1,231 1,014 1,087 1,437 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output 20,805 GDP Output 6,438 Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 14,440 5,703 13,810 5,395 13,942 5,456 1996 521,290 11,519 99,950 30,836 2,137 137,936 217,915 2,510 16,749 865 872 - 1997 527,841 10,340 97,221 30,866 1,617 142,819 223,373 2,618 15,143 864 2,982 - 1998 530,743 11,614 99,227 26,534 1,827 136,420 232,476 2,450 16,196 916 3,091 - 1999 546,833 11,013 101,764 26,859 1,711 140,792 242,317 2,445 16,088 965 2,875 - 2000 524,306 11,343 101,842 27,120 1,763 130,403 234,055 2,533 11,631 1,287 2,325 - 23,864 7,518 24,313 7,616 25,495 7,911 26,691 8,342 27,116 8,431 27,502 8,575 28,091 8,737 1994 36,459 88 24,603 10,510 288 194 777 - 1995 38,860 27,661 10,282 XX XX 16 901 1996 40,764 27,648 12,025 XX XX 13 1,078 1997 43,547 28,792 12,744 XX XX XX 22 1,989 1998 40,654 26,179 12,609 XX XX XX 19 1,847 1999 35,562 22,788 11,857 XX XX XX 21 894 2000 40,338 24,255 12,639 XX XX XX 23 3,420 15,563 6,128 15,944 6,316 16,268 6,467 16,933 6,854 17,445 7,190 18,508 7,514 19,034 7,768 Machinery Industry (ex. electric machinery) 1990 1991 1992 1993 12,640 11,629 13,637 12,136 8,262 7,154 7,121 7,553 3,683 3,559 5,674 3,938 190 331 299 121 138 219 175 145 360 360 368 371 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values 9,352 3,621 7,808 2,920 7,470 2,727 8,439 3,080 1990 52,584 1,224 170 30,301 17,978 624 1,277 1,009 - 1991 50,541 903 199 29,697 17,293 382 1,187 881 - 1992 52,150 638 236 31,300 17,758 396 928 893 - 1993 58,091 650 288 34,935 19,807 321 979 1,112 - 1994 12,795 7,972 4,244 123 19 437 - 1995 12,707 7,960 4,362 XX XX 385 1996 14,494 9,237 4,922 146 189 - 1997 15,736 10,771 4,645 164 156 - 1998 15,200 9,589 5,272 166 174 - 1999 13,752 8,441 5,051 140 156 - 2000 13,692 8,052 5,183 146 308 - 9,528 3,478 10,452 3,816 10,416 3,804 11,466 4,181 11,115 4,070 10,296 3,789 10,677 3,928 Transportation Equipment Industry 1994 60,443 692 288 36,900 20,304 275 794 1,189 - "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output 52,705 GDP Output 13,372 Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 23,782 7,394 1995 507,753 10,021 102,086 27,435 2,183 130,284 214,751 2,751 16,742 1,007 493 Fabricated Metal Prod (excluding machinery) Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Wood Waste Confidential (estimated) 21,455 6,659 1990 1991 1992 1993 27,549 24,978 29,056 31,798 67 79 18,069 16,036 18,137 20,963 7,802 7,578 9,428 9,516 305 285 289 245 537 255 212 170 832 816 922 825 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output 16,169 GDP Output 6,482 Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 20,900 6,459 Primary Metal Industry 1994 478,949 11,191 96,067 23,404 2,690 120,299 203,935 3,646 16,628 1,089 - 48,518 12,031 50,634 12,277 58,300 13,670 1990 1991 1992 1993 18,326 15,556 18,035 16,853 14 26 9,980 8,046 8,095 8,564 7,659 7,034 9,504 7,838 159 100 84 57 251 140 87 120 264 228 266 248 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output 22,164 GDP Output 8,192 22,497 8,003 24,198 8,506 24,908 8,766 63,699 15,074 1995 61,245 745 183 34,884 21,141 XX 1,393 1,153 - 1,746 1996 68,226 786 178 39,279 22,123 XX XX 1,999 748 167 2,944 1997 67,510 829 156 38,518 22,644 788 1,197 2,080 1,213 84 - 1998 60,548 688 177 34,258 21,131 544 972 1,464 1,236 89 - 1999 68,999 678 174 38,811 25,189 399 849 1,454 1,364 78 - 2000 72,290 876 183 40,009 26,049 528 809 1,672 2,153 - 66,660 15,832 66,931 16,184 72,503 17,588 75,572 18,406 89,387 21,140 90,140 21,688 Electrical & Electronic Products Industry 1994 17,242 8,801 7,924 97 146 268 - 1995 15,880 7,595 8,181 XX XX 104 1996 18,168 7,957 9,004 XX 95 XX 1,112 1997 16,847 7,717 7,754 XX 67 XX 1,309 1998 16,167 7,860 8,051 XX 41 XX 215 1999 18,569 9,328 9,004 XX 49 XX 187 2000 19,106 9,301 9,479 XX 37 XX 287 30,950 10,793 37,292 12,955 36,083 12,584 41,928 14,231 52,176 16,192 62,415 19,421 91,794 26,124 141 Appendix B Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Wood Waste Waste Fuels Confidential (estimated) 1990 116,990 26,720 574 10,838 53,707 17,399 939 4,376 874 - 1994 115,639 25,620 272 10,872 53,525 16,423 807 3,109 569 - 1,563 731 1,168 2,185 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Still Gas Confidential (estimated) 6,880 2,896 5,858 2,462 4,442 1995 121,912 26,491 872 12,933 54,509 17,756 1,224 3,811 271 138 142 3,764 1996 124,729 25,849 785 13,496 55,312 18,387 2,910 3,727 268 124 103 3,767 1997 125,573 29,091 646 11,160 57,163 18,107 3,423 3,445 435 113 94 1,895 1998 127,782 27,747 528 12,886 54,771 17,445 3,630 4,279 348 125 93 5,932 1999 131,849 30,762 800 14,431 52,750 17,168 4,044 5,274 406 136 71 6,003 2000 133,536 33,978 1,335 12,419 53,454 18,978 2,894 3,580 744 111 35 6,003 6,042 2,542 5,966 2,507 6,165 2,593 6,733 2,839 7,305 3,091 7,856 3,326 7,879 3,332 Refined Petroleum and Coal Prod. 1994 307,684 41,676 42,158 21,367 5,559 35,944 3,066 157913 1995 311,348 47,266 51,014 17,422 5,136 40,030 5,278 639 144,562 1996 323,318 47,786 52,781 18,496 4,879 41,525 3,440 793 153,619 - 1997 319,518 1,966 47,375 48,698 18,243 4,150 42,522 3,101 974 152,488 - 1998 324,073 1,501 51,495 48,642 18,475 3,920 41,535 3,561 769 154,204 - 1999 313,060 630 51,828 45,505 18,577 2,002 44,054 3,461 1,062 145,937 - 2000 327,219 1,221 52,946 51,484 19,895 3,250 42,986 1,335 921 153,178 - 16,439 2,059 16,769 2,100 16,917 2,119 17,834 2,234 17,716 2,219 17,616 2,206 18,119 2,269 18,353 2,298 1990 1991 1992 1993 247,761 254,401 242,382 240,931 1,349 1,390 1,346 2,182 397 404 556 475 150,502 157,600 150,581 158,703 67,264 63,967 69,412 63,654 625 435 329 397 5,784 5,218 2,950 5,397 2,881 2,380 1,747 660 18,959 23,007 15,461 9,463 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values 1994 256,859 1,639 534 176,794 61,209 371 8,588 699 7,026 1995 285,443 1,793 705 177,369 72,795 1,157 4,330 286 23,204 3,804 1996 283,173 1,989 716 186,557 73,168 XX 8,139 XX 12,376 227 1997 298,393 798 198,647 77,306 XX 8,546 XX 11,718 1,379 1998 307,345 771 201,080 82,703 552 9,285 962 12,001 - 1999 310,538 782 205,006 83,544 344 7,448 1,016 12,397 - 2000 298,653 751 196,100 79,971 756 7,020 900 13,152 - 20,998 7,526 22,131 7,884 22,788 8,092 22,912 8,159 24,041 8,439 25,207 8,913 25,608 9,052 26,072 9,214 1990 1991 1992 1993 7,464 6,530 7,396 7,264 38 23 1,611 1,204 1,209 614 3,481 2,784 3,121 3,527 2,055 2,257 2,729 2,800 88 92 77 84 63 39 52 74 166 115 184 157 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values 1994 7,291 18 3,739 3,209 82 64 179 - 1995 6,870 3,780 2,853 31 XX XX 206 1996 7,312 4,286 2,622 XX XX 65 339 1997 7,293 4,109 2,871 XX XX 76 236 1998 7,103 3,799 3,042 XX XX 71 191 1999 8,109 4,563 3,403 XX XX 67 74 2000 8,767 4,909 3,719 XX XX 61 77 6,082 2,475 6,278 2,552 6,523 2,662 6,851 2,753 6,880 2,837 7,157 2,971 7,172 2,908 Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output 21,168 GDP Output 7,581 Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 5,688 2,388 1990 1991 1992 1993 329,244 302,394 311,759 315,153 44,611 41,310 45,004 48,706 48,766 47,178 45,308 44,502 20,377 20,680 21,519 21,558 382 442 379 664 40,884 42,608 38,401 41,832 7,053 1,985 3,632 4,594 167169 148192 157516 153298 "XX" indicates hidden or confidential values Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output 16,660 GDP Output 2,075 Consumption in Terajoules Total Energy Coal Coke Ck. Oven Gas Petroleum Ck. Natural Gas Electricity Middle Dist. Heavy Fuel Oil Liq. Pet. Gases Steam Confidential (estimated) 5,881 2,412 1992 105,595 23,567 159 9,870 48,858 16,159 1,024 3,982 809 - Non-Metallic Mineral Prod 1993 107,538 24,238 294 11,655 48,980 15,531 691 2,968 997 - Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output 1991 101,584 22,970 2,234 7,714 47,371 15,587 674 3,611 693 - Economic Output (1986 $ millions) Gross Output GDP Output 5,804 2,299 16,168 2,046 19,509 6,902 5,698 2,299 15,920 1,994 20,203 7,213 5,480 2,263 5,506 2,268 Chemical and Chemical Prod. Other Manufacturing Industry 142 Appendix C1 Appendix C1: Results for the Canadian industry: IDA of the Energy Intensity 143 Appendix C1 Multiplicative Decomposition: D Total 1991 1.066 1992 1.000 1993 0.975 1994 0.987 1995 1.021 1996 0.994 1997 0.955 1998 0.953 1999 0.959 2000 0.933 D Intensity Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Fisher Drobish AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 Stuvel 1991 1.039 1.037 1.038 1.038 1.038 1.038 1.024 1.038 1.038 1.038 1992 1.002 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.015 1.001 1.001 1.001 1993 0.971 0.970 0.971 0.971 0.971 0.971 0.971 0.971 0.971 0.971 1994 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1995 1.047 1.046 1.046 1.046 1.046 1.046 1.047 1.046 1.046 1.046 1996 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 1997 0.982 0.980 0.981 0.981 0.981 0.981 0.981 0.981 0.981 0.981 1998 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 1999 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 2000 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 D Structure Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Fisher Drobish AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 Stuvel 1991 1.028 1.026 1.027 1.027 1.027 1.027 1.027 1.027 1.027 1.027 1992 0.999 0.998 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 1993 1.005 1.004 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1994 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 1995 0.976 0.975 0.976 0.976 0.976 0.976 0.976 0.976 0.976 0.976 1996 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1997 0.974 0.973 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 1998 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 1999 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 2000 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 D Residual Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Fisher Drobish AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 Stuvel 1991 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.014 1.000 1.000 1.000 1992 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.987 1.000 1.000 1.000 1993 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1994 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1995 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.999 1.000 1.000 1.000 1996 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1997 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1998 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1999 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 2000 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 144 Appendix C1 Additive Decomposition Itotal 1991 1.578 1992 -0.009 1993 -0.630 1994 -0.313 1995 0.513 1996 -0.141 1997 -1.111 1998 -1.127 1999 -0.928 2000 -1.449 Iintensity Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Sun / Shapley AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 Stuvel MRCI 1991 0.929 0.918 0.923 0.923 0.923 0.588 0.924 0.924 0.923 0.923 1992 0.043 0.014 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.367 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 1993 -0.736 -0.766 -0.751 -0.751 -0.751 -0.750 -0.750 -0.750 -0.751 -0.751 1994 0.463 0.451 0.457 0.457 0.457 0.457 0.456 0.456 0.457 0.457 1995 1.146 1.094 1.120 1.120 1.120 1.134 1.118 1.118 1.120 1.120 1996 -0.250 -0.240 -0.245 -0.245 -0.245 -0.244 -0.245 -0.245 -0.245 -0.245 1997 -0.458 -0.475 -0.466 -0.466 -0.466 -0.467 -0.466 -0.466 -0.466 -0.466 1998 -0.420 -0.426 -0.423 -0.423 -0.423 -0.424 -0.423 -0.423 -0.423 -0.423 1999 -0.413 -0.409 -0.411 -0.411 -0.411 -0.412 -0.411 -0.411 -0.411 -0.411 2000 -0.469 -0.459 -0.464 -0.464 -0.464 -0.464 -0.464 -0.464 -0.464 -0.464 Istructure Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Sun / Shapley AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 Stuvel MRCI 1991 0.660 0.649 0.654 0.654 0.654 0.655 0.654 0.654 0.654 0.654 1992 -0.023 -0.052 -0.038 -0.037 -0.038 -0.037 -0.037 -0.037 -0.038 -0.038 1993 0.136 0.106 0.121 0.121 0.121 0.121 0.121 0.121 0.121 0.121 1994 -0.764 -0.776 -0.770 -0.770 -0.770 -0.770 -0.770 -0.770 -0.770 -0.770 1995 -0.581 -0.633 -0.607 -0.605 -0.607 -0.607 -0.605 -0.605 -0.607 -0.607 1996 0.099 0.109 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 1997 -0.636 -0.653 -0.645 -0.645 -0.645 -0.645 -0.645 -0.645 -0.645 -0.645 1998 -0.701 -0.707 -0.704 -0.704 -0.704 -0.704 -0.704 -0.704 -0.704 -0.704 1999 -0.519 -0.515 -0.517 -0.517 -0.517 -0.518 -0.517 -0.517 -0.517 -0.517 2000 -0.991 -0.980 -0.985 -0.985 -0.985 -0.986 -0.986 -0.986 -0.985 -0.985 Iresidual 1991 Laspeyres -0.011 Paasche 0.011 Marshall-E. Walsh 0.001 Sun / Shapley AMDI 0.334 LMDI1 LMDI2 Stuvel MRCI - 1992 -0.029 0.029 -0.001 -0.339 - 1993 -0.030 0.030 0.000 0.000 - 1994 -0.012 0.012 -0.000 -0.000 - 1995 -0.052 0.052 -0.002 -0.014 - 1996 0.010 -0.010 0.000 -0.000 - 1997 -0.017 0.017 0.000 0.000 - 1998 -0.006 0.006 0.000 0.001 - 1999 0.005 -0.005 -0.000 0.001 - 2000 0.010 -0.010 -0.000 0.001 - 145 Appendix C2 Appendix C2: Results for the Canadian industry: IDA of the Energy-related GHG emissions 146 Appendix C2 Multiplicative Decomposition D Total 1991 0.994 1992 0.984 1993 1.030 1994 1.017 1995 1.021 1996 1.020 1997 1.008 1998 0.986 1999 1.012 2000 0.988 D Fuel Mix Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Fisher Fisher modified Drobish AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 1991 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 1992 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.973 0.974 0.974 1993 1.015 1.015 1.015 1.015 1.015 1.015 1.015 1.015 1.015 1.015 1994 0.961 0.961 0.961 0.961 0.961 0.961 0.961 0.961 0.961 0.961 1995 0.962 0.962 0.962 0.962 0.962 0.962 0.962 0.962 0.963 0.962 1996 1.012 1.012 1.012 1.012 1.012 1.012 1.012 1.012 1.012 1.012 1997 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 1998 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.993 0.994 0.993 0.993 1999 0.988 0.988 0.988 0.988 0.988 0.988 0.988 0.988 0.988 0.988 2000 0.986 0.986 0.986 0.986 0.986 0.986 0.986 0.986 0.986 0.986 D Em coeff Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Fisher Fisher modified Drobish AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 1991 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1992 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1993 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1994 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1995 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1996 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1997 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1998 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1999 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 2000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 D Intensity Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Fisher Fisher modified Drobish AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 1991 1.039 1.037 1.038 1.038 1.038 1.038 1.038 1.024 1.038 1.038 1992 1.002 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.015 1.001 1.001 1993 0.971 0.970 0.971 0.971 0.971 0.971 0.971 0.971 0.971 0.971 1994 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1995 1.047 1.046 1.046 1.046 1.046 1.046 1.046 1.047 1.046 1.046 1996 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 1997 0.982 0.980 0.981 0.981 0.981 0.981 0.981 0.981 0.981 0.981 1998 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 1999 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 0.982 2000 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.978 D Structure Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Fisher Fisher modified Drobish AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 1991 1.028 1.026 1.027 1.027 1.027 1.027 1.027 1.027 1.027 1.027 1992 0.999 0.998 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 1993 1.005 1.004 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1994 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 1995 0.976 0.975 0.976 0.976 0.976 0.976 0.976 0.976 0.976 0.976 1996 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1997 0.974 0.973 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974 1998 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.970 1999 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.977 2000 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 D Activity Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Fisher Fisher modified Drobish AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 1991 0.935 0.935 0.935 0.935 0.935 0.935 0.935 0.935 0.935 0.935 1992 1.011 1.011 1.011 1.011 1.011 1.011 1.011 1.011 1.011 1.011 1993 1.041 1.041 1.041 1.041 1.041 1.041 1.041 1.041 1.041 1.041 1994 1.072 1.072 1.072 1.072 1.072 1.072 1.072 1.072 1.072 1.072 1995 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040 1996 1.014 1.014 1.014 1.014 1.014 1.014 1.014 1.014 1.014 1.014 1997 1.057 1.057 1.057 1.057 1.057 1.057 1.057 1.057 1.057 1.057 1998 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1999 1.068 1.068 1.068 1.068 1.068 1.068 1.068 1.068 1.068 1.068 2000 1.073 1.073 1.073 1.073 1.073 1.073 1.073 1.073 1.073 1.073 D Residual Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Fisher Fisher modified Drobish AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 1991 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.014 1.000 1.000 1992 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.987 1.000 1.000 1993 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1994 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1995 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1996 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1997 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1998 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1999 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 2000 0.999 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 147 Appendix C2 Additive Decomposition C Total 1991 -467,695 1992 1993 -1,123,557 2,135,602 1994 1,246,068 1995 1,588,260 1996 1,528,040 1997 634,050 1998 -1,104,745 1999 908,966 2000 -957,216 C Fuel Mix Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Sun / Shapley AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 MRCI 1991 -219,129 -218,371 -219,010 -218,555 -218,923 -225,744 -218,738 -218,738 -217,955 1992 -1,895,593 -1,916,577 -1,906,630 -1,904,889 -1,906,448 -1,913,539 -1,904,514 -1,904,514 -1,905,539 1993 1,023,745 1,039,655 1,032,267 1,031,455 1,032,078 1,034,917 1,031,817 1,031,817 1,032,628 1994 -2,822,302 -2,986,734 -2,905,517 -2,900,963 -2,905,184 -2,895,902 -2,899,280 -2,899,280 -2,903,419 1995 -2,774,571 -2,944,768 -2,860,595 -2,853,610 -2,860,287 -2,858,854 -2,853,714 -2,853,714 -2,849,341 1996 920,417 927,736 924,005 923,423 924,029 924,492 923,673 923,673 923,994 1997 -86,322 -87,130 -86,796 -86,716 -86,772 -93,565 -86,563 -86,563 -96,917 1998 -522,211 -518,266 -520,531 -520,162 -520,434 -483,698 -520,548 -520,548 -520,106 1999 -935,429 -958,249 -947,444 -946,416 -947,243 -946,771 -946,491 -946,491 -946,956 2000 -1,079,275 -1,080,999 -1,081,323 -1,079,870 -1,080,927 -1,079,881 -1,079,948 -1,079,948 -1,068,179 C Em Coeff Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Sun / Shapley AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 MRCI 1991 - 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 1999 - 2000 - C Intensity Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Sun / Shapley AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 MRCI 1991 2,805,131 2,584,317 2,694,041 2,689,471 2,694,269 1,673,258 2,688,842 2,688,842 2,704,963 1992 120,638 38,405 79,215 79,167 79,317 1,017,274 76,611 76,611 78,301 1993 -2,039,527 -2,241,637 -2,139,108 -2,137,286 -2,139,600 -2,136,730 -2,136,847 -2,136,847 -2,137,195 1994 1,354,971 1,358,973 1,358,174 1,355,967 1,357,774 1,361,032 1,356,683 1,356,683 1,359,207 1995 3,456,804 3,301,821 3,380,589 3,377,357 3,380,163 3,422,361 3,373,323 3,373,323 3,371,914 1996 -753,140 -743,005 -748,230 -748,126 -748,177 -745,209 -747,151 -747,151 -748,103 1997 -1,417,679 -1,551,379 -1,483,828 -1,482,749 -1,484,062 -1,482,726 -1,482,184 -1,482,184 -1,451,090 1998 -1,373,994 -1,442,146 -1,407,997 -1,406,094 -1,408,021 -1,407,580 -1,406,061 -1,406,061 -1,407,460 1999 -1,398,257 -1,459,105 -1,429,183 -1,427,801 -1,429,016 -1,428,465 -1,427,474 -1,427,474 -1,428,668 2000 -1,674,279 -1,732,510 -1,704,360 -1,701,806 -1,704,038 -1,701,674 -1,701,349 -1,701,349 -1,597,033 C Structure Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Sun / Shapley AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 MRCI 1991 1,992,578 1,827,081 1,909,187 1,904,123 1,909,401 1,906,892 1,904,642 1,904,642 1,901,423 1992 -64,758 -144,149 -104,774 -102,432 -104,667 -104,633 -102,655 -102,655 -104,560 1993 376,609 310,847 344,840 343,768 344,469 344,301 343,943 343,943 342,143 1994 -2,236,581 -2,340,899 -2,290,042 -2,285,316 -2,289,608 -2,288,209 -2,286,097 -2,286,097 -2,288,603 1995 -1,752,663 -1,910,470 -1,832,225 -1,823,587 -1,832,006 -1,830,819 -1,825,962 -1,825,962 -1,830,427 1996 298,830 336,341 317,384 316,929 317,451 317,926 317,248 317,248 317,473 1997 -1,969,937 -2,134,217 -2,051,385 -2,050,401 -2,051,616 -2,050,789 -2,050,329 -2,050,329 -2,059,088 1998 -2,290,836 -2,390,964 -2,340,892 -2,338,601 -2,340,895 -2,340,733 -2,339,132 -2,339,132 -2,340,731 1999 -1,756,489 -1,837,094 -1,797,368 -1,796,096 -1,797,176 -1,796,591 -1,795,940 -1,795,940 -1,796,703 2000 -3,534,898 -3,701,623 -3,619,701 -3,616,844 -3,619,221 -3,618,039 -3,617,112 -3,617,112 -3,708,205 C Activity Laspeyres Paasche Marshall-E. Walsh Sun / Shapley AMDI LMDI1 LMDI2 MRCI 1991 -4,704,106 -4,999,768 -4,852,695 -4,840,783 -4,852,442 -4,848,790 -4,842,442 -4,842,442 -4,856,126 1992 819,069 797,110 808,318 806,580 808,242 808,036 807,001 807,001 808,241 1993 2,913,337 2,882,481 2,899,028 2,896,236 2,898,655 2,897,992 2,896,689 2,896,689 2,898,027 1994 5,216,061 4,950,126 5,083,084 5,072,904 5,083,087 5,080,520 5,074,763 5,074,763 5,078,883 1995 2,924,424 2,873,560 2,901,088 2,892,679 2,900,390 2,898,862 2,894,614 2,894,614 2,896,114 1996 1,031,444 1,038,138 1,034,709 1,033,998 1,034,737 1,034,830 1,034,270 1,034,270 1,034,675 1997 4,355,651 4,156,437 4,256,729 4,253,039 4,256,500 4,254,377 4,253,126 4,253,126 4,241,146 1998 3,252,218 3,077,066 3,164,587 3,160,083 3,164,605 3,163,289 3,160,997 3,160,997 3,163,553 1999 5,220,662 4,945,359 5,082,095 5,079,070 5,082,400 5,080,313 5,078,870 5,078,870 5,081,293 2000 5,674,664 5,221,939 5,446,304 5,441,638 5,446,970 5,442,568 5,441,193 5,441,193 5,416,202 C Residual 1991 Laspeyres -342,170 Paasche 339,045 Marshall-E. 781 Walsh -1,950 Sun / Shapley AMDI 1,026,689 LMDI1 LMDI2 MRCI - 1992 -102,913 101,654 315 -1,982 -930,695 - 1993 -138,562 144,257 -1,424 1,430 -4,878 - 1994 -266,081 264,601 370 3,477 -11,372 - 1995 -265,734 268,118 -596 -4,579 -43,289 - 1996 30,488 -31,171 171 1,815 -3,999 - 1997 -247,662 250,340 -670 877 6,753 - 1998 -169,922 169,566 89 30 -36,024 - 1999 -221,521 218,054 867 210 479 - 2000 -343,428 335,977 1,863 -334 -190 - 148 [...]... developments are calculated with data for the initial and final years only This means that all the years between the base and final year are ignored in the decomposition analysis (Greening et al 1997; Ang and Lee 1994) Thus, an implicit assumption in this type of analysis, is that both the base year and the comparison year are representative averages of the trend between the two years (Nanduri 1996) The main advantage... the individual fuel level in this application area, the data set may contain a lot of zero values This has to be taken into account in the choice of a decomposition method for some methods do not handle zero values • Material flows and dematerialization Ang (2004) reports that in some countries metals and non-metallic minerals, oil, coal and natural coal are treated as materials rather than energy sources... created the need for efficient and environmental energy management tools As a response, Index Decomposition Analysis (IDA) has been developed and a large number of IDA studies have been reported in the last 25 years (Ang and Zhang 2000) IDA is now broadly acknowledged as an analytical tool for policymaking to deal with energy and environmental issues Though, many decomposition methods are available... strong points As an example, relative changes are concise while on the contrary absolute changes may be more easily understandable from a user viewpoint Both options are mathematically efficient and the choice may depend on the aggregate indicator studied An aggregate given as a ratio should therefore be decomposed through a multiplicative approach whereas an absolute change of an aggregate, usually given... change and therefore make comparison studies practical (Zhang 1999) Aggregate indicators may be defined as indicators at aggregate levels In theory, indicators at the lowest level should be adopted because they are more detailed and precise However in practice, analysts tend to design indicators at aggregate levels for three main reasons: • disaggregated data are too numerous to be manageable, • disaggregated... developments are calculated in steps of one year, which are subsequently added for the whole period The weights used in these methods are based on changes in the variables between the current year (year t) and the previous year (year t-1) The main advantage of chaining basis decomposition is that patterns can be tracked from year to year, and more information may be extracted from the analysis On the other hand... mean function m include the mean of order r: m (a, b ) = r ar + br for r ≠ 0 2 23 Chapter 3 Review of decomposition methods These methods generally induce a residual which should not be neglected 3.2.5 Mean of Paasche and Laspeyres indexes An alternative for averaging the x2, x3 … xn factors is taking a weighted average of the Paasche and Laspeyres measures of x1 change, to come up with a single measure... the previous studies that have been done in the aggregate decomposition field This analysis shall enable us to establish the state of the art of the areas concerned We also use the advancements made in economics to come up with a set of criteria that covers both theoretical and application aspects Second, we suggest the use of tools such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Quality Function Deployment... Although its area of application has been widened to other areas for policymaking such as energy-related gas emissions, material flows and dematerialization, national energy 13 Chapter 2 Index decomposition methodology efficiency trend monitoring or cross country comparisons (Ang 2004), energy demand and supply analysis accounts for most of the publications Three aggregate indicators are now presented,... consumption of sector i This sum is therefore considered over all sectors and over all types of fuel 2.7 Decomposition methods In the process of elaborating an index decomposition methodology, the last choice to be made is to specify an Index Decomposition Method (IDM) Many alternatives are available to analysts who want to decompose an aggregate indicator V into several components Basically, these methods can . usability of both additive and multiplicative approaches, the existence of a direct and simple relation between both approaches, the applicability, computational ease, transparency, adaptability. disaggregated data are too numerous to be manageable, • disaggregated indicators are so detailed that they are not easy to interpret, • data required for disaggregated indicators may be not available. Material flows and dematerialization Ang (2004) reports that in some countries metals and non-metallic minerals, oil, coal and natural coal are treated as materials rather than energy sources.