Ultimate strength behaviour of steel concrete steel sandwich composite beams and shells

ULTIMATE STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF STEELCONCRETE-STEEL SANDWICH COMPOSITE BEAMS AND SHELLS YAN JIABAO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2012 ULTIMATE STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF STEELCONCRETE-STEEL SANDWICH COMPOSITE BEAMS AND SHELLS YAN JIABAO (B.Eng., Central South University; M.Eng., Xi’an Jiaotong University) A THEIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2012 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis. This thesis has also not been submitted for any degree in any university previously. Yan Jiabao 24 May 2012 Acknowledgements  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would express my sincerest appreciation and gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. Liew Jat Yuen, Richard and Prof. Choo Yoo Sang for their full support, supervision, encouragements, constructive advices, generous guidance on my research work, paper writing and presentation skills during the PhD study. I would also like to thank Prof. Zhang Min-Hong, Prof. Marshall Peter William, and Assistant Prof. Qian Xudong for their helpful suggestions and valuable discussions. My sincere appreciation is dedicated to Dr. Kazi Md Abu Sohel, Dr. Chia Kok Seng, Dr. Liu Xuemei, Dr. Lee Siew Chin, Mr. Xiong Dexin, Mr. Xiong Mingxiang, Mr. Li Ya and Mr. Wang Tongyun for their continuous supports on research works and discussions. My thanks also extend to all staff members at Concrete and Structural Engineering Laboratory. Special thanks go to Mr. Koh Yian Kheng, Mr. Ang Beng Oon, Mr. Ishak Bin A Rahman, Mr. Choo Peng Kin and Ms. Annie Tan for their generous, patient and continuous help during the experiments. I would thank all the friends and colleagues at my office during the year 2008 to 2012 and friends at the Centre for Offshore Research & Engineering (CORE), NUS for every happy moment we have shared during those years. Finally, I would thank my wife (Ms. Chen Guiling), my parents, and my brother for their moral supports, continuous love, understanding and encouragements. This thesis is   I  Acknowledgements  dedicated to my family. II     Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………… I TABLE OF CONTENT……………………………………………………………… .III SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………….… IX List of Tables………………………………………………………………………… XIII List of Figures……………………………………………………………………… …XV List of Symbols and Anronyms……………………………………………………… .XXI CHAPTER Introduction………………………………………………………… .- 1.1 Overview……………………………………………………………………… - 1.2 Research Background……………………………………………………… …- 1.3 Research Objectives and scopes……………………………………………… - 1.4 Thesis organization…………………………………………………………… - CHAPTER Literature Review………………………………………………….…- 15 2.1 General……………………………………………………………………… .- 15 2.2 SCS sandwich composite structure……………………………………………- 15 2.2.1 SCS sandwich composite structure without shear connector………… .- 16 2.2.2 SCS sandwich structure with shear connector………………………… - 17 2.3 Curved SCS sandwich composite structure and curved reinforced concrete structure……………………………………………………………………….- 22 2.3.1 Curved reinforced concrete (RC) structure or RC shell structure………- 22 2.3.2 SCS sandwich shell structure……………………………………………- 25 2.4 Strength of SCS sandwich composite beam and plate structure………………- 26 2.4.1 Shear strength of the mechanical shear connectors…………………… - 26 2.4.2 Description on shear load-slip curves………………………………… .- 30 2.4.3 Tensile capacity of the mechanical shear connectors (or pull-out   III  Table of Contents  strength)……… ……………………………………………………… .- 33 2.4.4 Strength of the SCS sandwich composite beams……………………… - 39 2.4.5 Strength of SCS sandwich composite plates……………………………- 42 2.4.6 Punching shear strength of concrete shell………………………………- 49 2.4.7 Strength of SCS sandwich shell without shear connectors…………… .- 51 2.5 Finite element (FE) analysis on SCS sandwich structure…………………… - 52 2.6 Summary of observations from the literature review…………………………- 53 CHAPTER Novel shear connectors for SCS sandwich Composite structures ………………………………………………………………………………- 63 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………- 63 3.2 Types of connectors………………………………………………………… .- 64 3.3 Prototype testing program…………………………………………………… - 66 3.3.1 Specimens for the test…………………………………….………… - 67 3.3.2 Material property……………………………………………………… - 68 3.3.3 Test setup……………………………………………………………… - 69 3.4 Test results…………………………………………………………………….- 70 3.4.1 Failure modes and ultimate loads……………………………………….- 70 3.4.2 Load-deflection behaviors………………………………………………- 71 3.5 Analysis and discussion of test results……………………………………… - 72 3.5.1 Analysis on strength of SCS sandwich beams with UCU connectors… - 73 3.5.2 Comparisons between UCU connectors and J-hook connectors……… - 76 3.5.3 Comparison between J-hook connectors and headed shear studs………- 77 3.6 Summary………………………………………………………………………- 78 CHAPTER Behaviour and strength of shear connectors in steel-concrete-steel sandwich structures………………………………………………………………….- 89 4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………- 89 4.2 Shear strength of J-hook connectors………………………………………… - 91 4.2.1 Experimental program………………………………………………… - 92 4.2.2 Test results………………………………………………………………- 96 4.2.3 Discussion on test results……………………………………………… - 98 4.2.4 Shear strength of J-hook connectors………………………………… .- 100 4.2.5 Load-slip behaviors of J-hook connectors…………………………… - 103 IV     Table of Contents 4.3 Tensile strength of J-hook connectors embedded in concrete……………….- 119 4.3.1 Experimental program…………………………………………………- 120 4.3.2 Test results of tensile test………………………………………………- 122 4.3.3 Discussions on test results…………………………………………… - 123 4.3.4 Analytical model on tensile (Pull-out) strength of J-hook connectors .- 127 4.4 Strength of J-hook connectors subjected to combined shear and tension loads ……………………………………………………………………………….- 156 4.4.1 Push-out test results……………………………………………………- 156 4.4.2 Tensile test results…………………………………………………… .- 157 4.4.3 FE model……………………………………………………………….- 157 4.4.4 FE verifications against test results……………………………………- 162 4.4.5 FE analysis of J-hook connectors subjected to combination of tension and shear forces…………………………………………………………….- 163 4.4.6 Analytical method on strength of J-hook connectors subjected to combination of shear and tension loads………………… .………… .- 164 4.4.7 Strength of J-hook connectors subjected to combined tension and shear loads……………………………………………………………………- 166 4.5 Summary…………………………………………………………………… - 176 CHAPTER Strength of steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite beams with ultra lightweight cementitious composite (ULCC)……………………………………- 179 5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… - 179 5.2 Experimental Investigation………………………………………………… - 180 5.2.1 In-filled core material………………………………………………….- 180 5.2.2 SCS sandwich composite beams and test setup ……………………….- 181 5.2.3 Strength of mechanical shear connector………………………………- 181 5.3 Analytical analysis on strength of SCS sandwich composite structure…… - 182 5.3.1 Key concept……………………………………………………………- 182 5.3.2 Strength of mechanical connectors…………………………………….- 183 5.3.3 Moment resistance of sandwich beam…………………………………- 185 5.3.4 Transverse shear resistance of sandwich beam……………………… - 189 5.3.5 Deflection…………………………………………………………… .- 190 5.3.6 Strength of beam under combined bending moment and transverse shear ………… ………………………………………………………… .- 193   V  Table of Contents  5.4 Push out test and tensile test results…………………………………………- 193 5.4.1 Push out test results……………………………………………………- 193 5.4.2 Pull out test results…………………………………………………….- 194 5.5 Beam test results and discussion…………………………………………….- 195 5.5.1 Load deflection behavior………………………………………………- 195 5.5.2 Failure modes & maximum loads…………………………………… .- 195 5.5.3 Effect of shear span-to-beam thickness ratio………………………….- 196 5.5.4 Effect of thickness of the steel face plate…………………………… .- 197 5.5.5 Effect of core material strength ……………………………………….- 197 5.5.6 Effect of spacing of the shear connectors…………………………… - 199 5.6 Finite element analysis on SCS sandwich composite beams with J-hook shear connectors……………………………………………………………………- 199 5.6.1 General…………………………………………………………………- 199 5.6.2 Material model…………………………………………………………- 200 5.6.3 Element type and geometry of the model…………………………… .- 200 5.6.4 Contact and restraint conditions……………………………………….- 201 5.6.5 Loading and boundary conditions…………………………………….- 201 5.6.6 Verifications of FE model…………………………………………… - 202 5.7 Verifications of the Analytical Model……………………………………….- 202 5.8 Comparisons between beams with J-hook connectors and headed studs……- 204 5.9 Summary…………………………………………………………………… - 204 CHAPTER Experimetnal study on steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite shell under point load…………………………………………………………………….- 229 6.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… - 229 6.2 Development of SCS sandwich composite shell structure………………… - 231 6.2.1 Concept of using mechanical shear connectors ……………………….- 231 6.2.2 Concept of using ULCC……………………………………………….- 232 6.3 Static tests on SCS sandwich composite shells…………………………… .- 233 6.3.1 Test program………………………………………………………… .- 233 6.3.2 Preparation of the specimens………………………………………….- 235 6.3.3 Test setup and instrumentation……………………………………… .- 237 6.4 Test results and discussions…………………………………………………- 240 6.4.1 General behavior……………………………………………………….- 241 VI     Table of Contents 6.4.2 Ultimate strength and failure mode……………………………………- 242 6.4.3 Measured deflections of the shell…………………………………… .- 246 6.4.4 Strain distribution…………………………………………………… .- 249 6.4.5 Load-transfer mechanism of the SCS sandwich shell under point load.- 250 6.4.6 Effect of variables on the punching shear strength of the shell ……….- 251 6.5 Summary…………………………………………………………………… - 256 CHAPTER analysis on Punching shear strength of steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite shell structure………………………………………………………… .- 297 7.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… - 297 7.2 Applications and considerations…………………………………………… - 298 7.3 Analysis on punching shear strength of SCS sandwich shell ……………….- 302 7.3.1 Modified controlled perimeter for SCS sandwich composite shell……- 302 7.3.2 Punching shear strength of the core material………………………… - 304 7.3.3 Punching shear strength of the steel face shell……………………… .- 306 7.4 Comparisons between the test results and predictions………………………- 307 7.5 Comparisons between the test results and the ice-pressure………………….- 311 7.6 Design recommendations…………………………………………………….- 311 7.6.1 Calculating punching shear strength of the SCS sandwich composite shell (calculate the first peak strength of the structure)…………………… - 311 7.6.2 Calculating punching shear strength of the surface skin steel shell (for second peak strength of the structure)…………………………………- 312 7.6.3 Determine the ice-contact pressure from ISO 19906 and compare the determined strength with the calculated punching shear resistance of the shell…………………………………………………………………….- 312 7.7 Summary…………………………………………………………………… - 312 CHAPTER Conclusions and recommendations……………………………… - 321 8.1 Review of completed research work…………………………………………- 321 8.2 Conclusions………………………………………………………………… - 323 8.3 Recommendations for future works………………………………………….- 328 References………………………………………………………………………… - 331 Publications…………………………………………………………………………- 343   VII  Chapter Conclusions and Recommendations  future research should focus on predicting the global behavior of ice-resistant structure.      ‐ 329 - Chapter Conclusions and Recommendations  ‐ 330     References  REFERENCE AASHTO. 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Proceedings of 22nd KKCNN Symposium on Civil Engineering, Chiang Mai, Thailand: 83-86, 2009. Zahran M, Ueda T, and Kakuta Y. A study on fatigue strength of steel-concrete sandwich beams without shear reinforcement. J. Materials, Conc. Struct., Pavements, JSCE, No.585, Feb, 1998, Vol. 38, pp 205-216. Zamora NA, Cook RA, Konz RC, and Consolazio GR. Behavior and design of single, headed and unheaded, grouted anchors under tensile load. ACI Structural Journal, MarchApril, 2003, Vol. 100, No. 2, pp 222-230. ‐ 342 -   Publications  PUBLICATIONS Journal Papers K.M.A. Sohel*, J.Y. Richard Liew, Jia-baoYan, M.H. Zhang and K.S. Chia. Behavior of steel-concrete-steel sandwich structures with lightweight cement composite and novel shear connectors. Composite structures, Elsevier, Available online. Yan Jia-bao, Liew J.Y.Richard*, Sohel K.M.A., Zhang Min-hong, Choo Y.S Push out tests on J-hook shear connectors. Journal Materials and Structures, under review . Yan Jia-bao, Liew J.Y.Richard*, Sohel K.M.A., Zhang Min-hong, Choo Y.S Tension capacity of J-hook connectors in SCS sandwich composite structure. Journal of constructional steel research, to be submitted. Yan Jia-bao, Liew J.Y.Richard*, Sohel K.M.A., Zhang Min-hong, Choo Y.S., Chia K.S Strength of J-hook connector under combined shear and tension loads. Steel-concrete composite structure, manuscript in preparation. Yan Jia-bao, Liew J.Y.Richard*, Sohel K.M.A., Zhang Min-hong, Choo Y.S Strength of steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite structure with ultra lightweight cementitious composite. Journal of constructional steel research, manuscript in preparation. Yan Jia-bao, Liew J.Y.Richard*, Sohel K.M.A., Zhang Min-hong, Choo Y.S Punching shear strength of steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite shell structure. Engineering structure, manuscript in preparation. Conference Papers P.W. Marshall, K.M.A. Sohel, J.Y. Richard Liew, JiabaoYan, A. Palmer,Y.S. Choo.    ‐ 343 -  Publications  Development of SCS Sandwich Composite Shell for Arctic Caissons. Offshore Technology Conference, paper no. 23818, Houston, Texas, USA, 3-5 December 2012. KMA Sohel, JY Richard Liew, Jiabao Yan and M.H. Zhang. Development of Composite Sandwich Structures for Arctic Region. ICETECH12, International conference and exhibition on performance of ships and structures in ICE, Paper No. ICETECH12-117RF , September, 2012, Banff, Alberta. Jia-bao Yan, JYRichard Liew. Shear strength of J-hook shear connectors in steelconcrete-steel sandwich composite structures with ultra lightweight. 10th International Conference on Advances in Steel Concrete Composite and Hybrid Structures, pp.791-799, – 4July 2012, Singapore. K. M. A. Sohel, J. Y. R. Liew, M. H. Zhang, Jia-Bao Yan and K. S. Chia. Investigation of Longitudinal shear resistance of steel-ultra-lightweight cementitious composite slabs with profiled sheeting. 10th International Conference on Advances in Steel Concrete Composite and Hybrid Structures, pp.445-453, – 4July 2012, Singapore. Jia-bao Yan, J.Y. Richard Liew, K.M.A. Sohel, Min-Hong Zhang, Y.S. Choo, and K.S Chia. Strength of J-hook connectors subjected to combination of tensile and shear loads. The 2011 International Conference on Steel and Composite structures under ASEM, Seoul, Korea, paper no 238. KMA Sohel, JYR Liew, Jia-baoYan, MH Zhang, and KS Chia. Behavior of steelconcrete-steel sandwich structures with lightweight cement composite and novel shear connectors. 16th International Conference on Composite structures, ed. Antonio J.M. Ferreia, Porto, Portugal, 28-30 June, 2011, paper no. 728. Jia-bao Yan, K.M.A. Sohel, J.Y. Richard Liew and Y.S. Choo. Novel shear connectors for composite sandwich structures. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third KKCNN Symposium on Civil Engineering, ed. L.J. Leu and C.T.Chen, Taipei, Taiwan, Nov. 13-15, 2010, paper no. 77. Jia-bao Yan, J.Y. Richard Liew and T.Y. Wang. Ultimate strength of curved sandwich structures. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second KKCNN Symposium on Civil Engineering, Chiangmai, Thailand, Oct. 31-Nov2, 2009, paper no. 83. ‐ 344 -   [...]... Ultimate strength behavior of the SCS sandwich beams with shear connectors and ULCC were evaluated through one- or two- point loading tests on 18 sandwich beams Through the experimental investigation, it reveals that shear span significantly influence the failure modes and ultimate strength Thickness of the steel plates, core material strength, and spacing of the connectors influence the strength of. .. the SCS sandwich composite shell structure with shear connectors In this thesis, the ultimate strength performances of the SCS sandwich composite shells were investigated to fill the missing information Nine SCS sandwich shells were tested under patch loading The test results revealed that curvature of the shell, thickness of the steel face shell, strength of the core material, and spacing of the connectors... reinforcements d Diameter of the headed shear stud connector f cu Compressive strength of the concrete cube ' f cu Concrete compression strength measured on cubes with side length equal to 200 m f ck Compressive strength of the concrete cylinders (Ø100x200 mm) f sp Tensile strength of the concrete through splitting test fu Ultimate strength of the steel material fut Ultimate strength of the steel anchors hef... 6.1 Details of the SCS sandwich composite shells …………………………- 259 Table 6.2(a) Property of the core material of the SCS sandwich composite shell… - 259 Table 6.2(b) Property of the surface skin and shear connector………………….… - 260 Table 6.3(a) Ultimate strength of the composite shells and corresponding strains at the five critical locations……………………………………………………………- 261 Table 6.3(b) Strains of ε1~ ε5 relate...Table of Contents  VIII     Summary  SUMMARY The aim of this research is to develop a type of steel- concrete -steel (SCS) sandwich shell structure to be used as ice-resistant walls for Arctic offshore structure The main concern is the ultimate strength of the sandwich shell under localized ice contact pressure Ultra lightweight cementitious composite (ULCC) with a density of 1450 kg/m3 and compressive strength. .. Figures Fig 6.1(a) Dimension of the SA1………………………………………………… - 265 Fig 6.1(b) Dimension of the SA2……… ……………………………………… - 265 Fig 6.2 (a) Dimension of SCS sandwich composite shell SB1~SB3……………….- 266 Fig 6.2 (b) Dimension of SCS sandwich composite shell SB4…………………….- 267 Fig 6.2 (c) Dimension of SCS sandwich composite shell SB6…………………….- 268 Fig 6.2 (d) Dimension of SCS sandwich composite shell SB7… ……………….-... connector The analysis model and numerical model developed in this thesis will be useful to predict the ultimate strength of the connector, sandwich beams and shells The experimental and analytical investigations on the SCS sandwich shell fill up the missing information on the SCS sandwich composite shells with shear connectors   XI  Summary  XII     List of Tables LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 General comparisons... these strengths 3) To experimentally investigate the ultimate strength behavior of the proposed ‐ 6 -     Chapter 1 Introduction  sandwich beams with the newly developed mixture ULCC To develop FE and analytical models to predict the strength of these SCS sandwich beams with the mechanical connectors and ULCC 4) To carry out experimental study on the SCS sandwich shells with mechanical connectors and. .. test of J-hook connectors…………….- 146 Fig 4.22 Effect of concrete strength on tensile strength of J-hook connector…… - 147 Fig 4.23 Effect of diameter of connector on tensile strength of connector…………- 147 Fig 4.24 Effect of embedment depth on tensile strength of J-hook connector…… - 148 Fig 4.25 Effect of D/d ratio Fig 4.26 Effect of fiber content……………………- 148 Fig 4.27 Principles of calculating concrete. .. strength of the sandwich beams Through the comparisons between the strengths of the beams with the J-hook connectors and headed shear studs, it revealed that the J-hook shear connectors provided equivalent ultimate strength, ductility and stiffness to the beams with headed studs Theoretical model was developed to predict the strength of the SCS sandwich beams under combined shear force and bending moment . ULTIMATE STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF STEEL- CONCRETE -STEEL SANDWICH COMPOSITE BEAMS AND SHELLS YAN JIABAO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2012 ULTIMATE STRENGTH. beams …………………… 39 - 2.4.5 Strength of SCS sandwich composite plates……………………………- 42 - 2.4.6 Punching shear strength of concrete shell………………………………- 49 - 2.4.7 Strength of SCS sandwich shell without. 5.2.2 SCS sandwich composite beams and test setup ……………………… 181 - 5.2.3 Strength of mechanical shear connector………………………………- 181 - 5.3 Analytical analysis on strength of SCS sandwich composite