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NG DNG CP S TRONG CÁC BÀI TOÁN VỀ DÃY S.  1. Dãy tuyến tính cấp một ( hay là cấp số ‘ cộng – nhân”): a.Kiến thức cơ bản:               + ì Î ï ï í ï = + ³ ï î ¡  !"#$ % ≠  &'()  *+"#,! /!"0 &'()%  *+"#1 '/!,-/!23!4-55670   89!08:;!<+==:<>=? &'( %@ % ≠ ≠ 50A                     + + = + Û + = + - - BC        = + − 0A   'D=AA-55670   -EFG2=CH700!AG=:0I*+"#,!J 1 b. Các bài toán áp dụng: BT1-9     K L L   M L            + ì ï ï = ï ï í ï ï = + + ³ ï ï î 5N3!.) L       =    ÷   ∑  &       L   M L  L  L   L L                    + + + + = + + Û - = - Û = +  L       = -     '  )  L /!,4)  L    L L L             = ⇒ = +  ÷  ÷      &.) L L        O  L O L L  L O M MO                    + = = = =       = + = + + = − + −  ÷  ÷  ÷       ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑  BT2:-9      L         + ì = ï ï í ï = ³ ï î 5PQ-556705N!R &      L  S L  S L               + + + = Û = Û = -   S      = -     '  )/!,4)  L    L    −   =  ÷   T   S L     − − =  &50A   S LMO L   L LLLLLL O        − − − − − = = ≥  M ≥ U  Q O  − = +∞  Q   = +∞  BT3:-9      L           + ì = ï ï í ï = + ³ ï î  !"#V%5PQ-55670PQ=G        + = ,W X     L  L  L                        + + + + = + Û = + Û = +        =  )L     )  L /!"0)  L      L L L    = + − =  T    L             + + + = = = ,W=(  L   % L< ≠     L   L  L L L                   + + + æ ö ÷ ç = + Û + = + Û = ÷ ç ÷ ç è ø - -    L      = + − 50A    L  L  L          − −      = = +  ÷  ÷ ÷ −        L L  L  L L         −   + −   = −  ÷  ÷ − −      T L  L L   L  L   L L                +   + − −  ÷   = =   + − −  ÷    '( % L< <  Q % Q L L       = ⇒ =  ÷   '( L <  Q Q L        = +∞ ⇒ =  ÷    2. Dãy tuyến tính cấp hai: a. Kiến thức cơ bản:     L L              + + ì Î ï ï í ï = + ³ ï î ¡  !"#$ -5PQ-556;+:Y!8P=C8:!QZP[/!,+RQ70 ( -L\]!*+"#50PQ !"#4"099 L  L                    + + + + + = + Û - = - 2         + =  ⇔  = −  0!HQ70+:Y! 8P L %  − − =  L O ∆ = + 8:;!<+ & L % O L = = = = T L L L L L L L L - + + + + ổử ữ ỗ - = - ị = + - ữ ỗ ữ ỗ ố ứ L L L + + - - ị = + ị = + ổử ổử ữ ữ ỗ ỗ ữ ữ ỗ ỗ ữ ữ ỗ ỗ ố ứ ố ứ L L = ữ /!"0) L L - T L L L = + = + ữ "80 L = + ữ & L % O > > A0!HQ+1H L ^=A + = - '/!,4) 9C L 0A L L L L L - + - + ỡ ù - = - ù ớ ù - = - ù ợ .80 L L L L L L L = = + BCH[AQ,!HQ !0_)!HQ[0J0A L L L % - - + = - = - - ị = + - - ồ & L % O > < A0!HQ+2 L 9" " L = = ^=A ( ) ( ) ( ) L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L " " L 9" " " " = = = = + &B# L L + + ỡ ẻ ù ù ớ ù = + + ù ợ Ă 50(=3 L L + + + + = + + + = + + + + ` = + A L + + = + PQ :8"80 + = L L + + + + + + = + + - = - + = + *+"# ,!1 b. Bi toỏn ỏp dng: -940=((N*+08*=0R!9[/[370 (ARaQ,"#9=CH"0 BT4-90> :Y!9XQ> > _ T+*+"#,! > _ _ T+*+"#1b(> ) )O5PQ-55670> .80"# R!!:Y!70> &5D!X(0A L L L + + + + + + + = + = = = &T L + + = /!"0) L c M L L L = = .80 L M M  M  L   L L L        + +   = + − = ⇒ =  ÷    M M L O     + − =  &)O[_)O[_L>  !:Y! BT5: -9"#>    L L  %  L            + + ì = = ï ï í ï = - + ³ ï î  -2!Q8 ! L O       + + "#N+:Y! & L  L        + + = - + A0_)0(=3:"0 L  L    L                      + + + + + + = - + Û - = - + Û = + T        = + − = .80       L              − + = − − = ⇒ = + = ∑  & L L L O     L               + + = − + + + = + −  BT6: 5PQ -55670"#>    L  L  M L   L              + + + ì = = ï ï ï ï í ï = ³ ï - ï ï î  BT7: -9"#>    L M L L L  M   L LO d e                     + + + + + ì = = = ï ï ï ï - í ï = ³ ï ï ï î  -2!Q8 !   M Q` 3.Dãy phân tuyến tính: a. Bài toán mở đầu:-9>  >=?f 1 n n 1 n x 2 x x ,n 1 1 x + = −    = ≥  −  =C n n n 1 x y x + = 2! Q  *+"#,!"80/!23!470>  g &X 5D/!28h70>  0A n 1 n 1 1 1 x x + = −   n n 1 n n n 1 n 1 1 1 y 1 y y 1 x x x + + = + ⇒ − = − = −  T  *+"#,!  )i/!"0)j  n n n 3 1 2 y n x 2 y 1 1 2 n = − + ⇒ = = − −  b. Bài toán tổng quát: >                      + ∈   +  = = ≥  +  ¡ & 609Qf=kA80AG=:080(=3&l9Q,3!4: "0 =I[H&[/!"( ad bc & c 0≠ ≠ 50k>=? !"# ,α β mb"09 9          α β α β + = + + +           + + = + P                   α β α β α β α β + + + ⇔ = + + + +                       β α β α β α α β β α β α + + + + + ⇔ = + + + + .80 L L    %              α β α β α β β βα α −  = =  + +   + − − =  L ':T+&9X=I[H+:Y!8P 2 2 c (a d) b 0β + − βα − α = A!HQ ,α β  2  2 c 0,ad bc 0 &(a d) 4bc 0≠ − ≠ − + ≥ M0AG=:0&I*+"#n,!1g  _ )m  _b n n 1 y x = α +β  &-EF=I[H0J L _O 2 0 (a d) 4(ad bc)≥ ⇔ + ≥ − 9XQ+Ao>  !? ( &U,"#8:;!<+=CH  : p)%M ⇔ 0 ≠ %[=A&/=:0I=:<*+"#  d c 0, 1,A ,B a a β = α = = =  ⇒   ) n 1 x  n 1 n d c y y a a + = +  b9Qf=kf8,8:;!<+ Lp0)%M ⇔  2 bc 0 & d 4bc 0≠ + ≥  _+9X L _O)% ⇒ ` 1 2c, d,A 1,B d α = β = = =  ⇒   ) n 1 2cx d+  n 1 n 1 y y d + = + _53!4` 2 2c, d d 4bc,A ,B α = β = ± + = = Mp)%M ⇔  2 bc 0 & a 4bc 0≠ + ≥ :Y!$8:;!<+OL Op0)M ⇔  2 0 bc a ,c 0≤ ≠ ≠  -` b 1, c α = β = ±  c.Bài toán áp dụng : &BT 8       L       + =   −  = ≥  +   !"#$%&'( Xq+W!8:;!<+LBC n n 1 y 2x 2 = + 0A n 1 n 1 y y 2 + = +   )  O   ⇒ n n 1 1 2n 1 3 2n y (n 1) x 4 2 4 2n 1 − − = + − = ⇒ = − 50AQ>  )jT,W & BT 9    L           + = ≠ −    = ≥  +    !")*+,%&'(- X &'(0)jL ⇒ >  )jL n 1∀ ≥  ⇒ Q>  )jL &'(0) ⇒ >  ) n 1∀ ≥  ⇒ Q>  ) &'( a 1, 1, 2≠ − − A0=:0I*+"#:"0 0pBC n n 1 y 2x 4 = +  ⇒  n 1 n 1 1 y y 2 4 + = − +    ⇒  n 1 n n 1 n n 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a 1 1 y (y ) y y y 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 3(a 2) 2 − + −       − = − − ⇒ − = − − ⇒ = + −  ÷  ÷  ÷ +        T n n 1 x 2 2y = − )r\9Q  ) n 1 limx 1 6 ⇒ =  pBC n 3 n n 1 n n n 1 1 1 a 2 y y 2y y ( 2) 4x 4 4 12 3(a 1) − + + = ⇒ = − + ⇒ = + − − + −  50!A/!2:Y!$>  ) n n n 1 1 1 ,lim 0 limx 1 4y y − = = ⇒ =  & BT 10:   L L    L         + = −   −  = ≥  − +   .*//01  2234%567- Xq+W!8:;!<+O=C + = ⇒ = − ⇒ = − − n n 1 n n n n 1 1 1 1 1 y y y y x 1 3 3 2 2.3  T + + = = − n n n n n y 1 1 3 x y 1 3 .80 ( )    ÷   + = = = −   −  ÷   n n n n n 2 2n 3 lim n( x 1) lim lim 0 1 3 1 1 3  &5D-55670>  0A K  L O   − ≤ < − ∀ ≥ T>  "#R!!* * BT 11-9"#        O           + ì = ï ï ï ï + í ï = ³ ï + ï ï î  5sl9!8?70  N L  L Q     +  &'(  O  = − [/!>=? &'(  L  =    L   = ∀  L  L Q     + )(  L  = −    L   = − ∀  L  L Q      + =  &'(    L O  ≠ ± − \9))+W!8:;!<+OBC    M L M O L  L L  L K L             − + −   = ⇒ = − − ⇒ = −  ÷ −   −  50A L L   L     = +  L L  Q Q L    = ∞ ⇒ =  L  L    L     + + = +  L  L   Q Q L     + + = ∞ ⇒ =  T L  L Q      + =  &BT 12: 5PQ/!23!470"#    L  L    L M      O               + + + + ì = = ï ï ï ï æ ö í ÷ ç ï ÷ = + - ³ ç ÷ ï ç ÷ ç ï + + è ø ï î \BC         + = + 0A  9X       O          + ì = ï ï ï ï + í ï = ³ ï + ï ï î  & BT 13: 8/9:;<=5>??@2 /  2A  L     L L9" L  9" L L9"L  L 9" L         α α α α + =   ≥ + +  =  − + −   α 9B   L        = = + ∑ CD6E6.*   /!%2A α 9B F G>??F . CP S TRONG CÁC BÀI TOÁN VỀ DÃY S.  1. Dãy tuyến tính cấp một ( hay là cấp số ‘ cộng – nhân”): a.Kiến thức cơ bản:               + ì Î ï ï í ï =. 'D=AA-55670   -EFG2=CH700!AG=:0I*+"#,!J 1 b. Các bài toán áp dụng: BT1-9     K L L   M L            + ì ï ï = ï ï í ï ï =. ≥ :Y!$8:;!<+OL Op0)M ⇔  2 0 bc a ,c 0≤ ≠ ≠  -` b 1, c α = β = ±  c.Bài toán áp dụng : &BT 8       L       + =   −  = ≥  +   !"#$%&'( Xq+W!8:;!<+LBC n n 1 y 2x

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