www.crcpress.com Biotechnology The need for sustainability and for reducing the environmental impact of power-generating fuels has increased the demand for alternative energy sources. Biomass is positioned as one of the most promising alternative energy sources, because it is a carbon-based renewable fuel that can be used in current fossil fuel–based technologies. Generally low in sulphur and ash, it also has low to zero net atmospheric greenhouse gas contributions when used for energy and can be used to replace liquid transportation fossil fuels. Biomass Processing Technologies provides an overview of the technologies that can be ap- plied for processing biomass into fuels. These include classical methods such as digestion and fermentation as well as new technologies specically designed for biomass fuels. The book begins by discussing the properties of biomass fuels and offers a new approach to biomass fuel quality assessment. It addresses sustainability considerations for thermal-based conversion of biomass into electricity. The book also covers combustion, gasication, pyrolysis, hydrothermal processing and ester- ication technologies. In addition, it examines production of second generation biofuels using Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, and explores pro- cessing of and applications for bio-oils. ISBN: 978-1-4665-6616-3 9 781466 566163 90000 K16138 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 2 Park Square, Milton Park Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK an informa business www.crcpress.com Biomass Processing Technologies Edited by Vladimir Strezov Tim J. 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Evans CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20140114 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-6616-3 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Biomass processing technologies / [edited by] Vladimir Strezov and Tim J. Evans. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4665-6616-3 (alk. paper) 1. Biomass conversion. 2. Plant biomass. 3. Plant products Biotechnology. 4. Biomass energy. I. Strezov, Vladimir. II. Evans, Tim J. TP248.27.M53B563 2014 662’.88 dc23 2014000454 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com v Contents Preface vii Editors ix Contributors xi 1. Properties of Biomass Fuels 1 Vladimir Strezov 2. Sustainability Considerations for Electricity Generation from Biomass 33 Annette Evans, Vladimir Strezov and Tim J. Evans 3. Combustion of Biomass 53 Tao Kan and Vladimir Strezov 4. Gasication of Biomass 81 Tao Kan and Vladimir Strezov 5. Pyrolysis of Biomass 123 Cara J. Mulligan, Les Strezov and Vladimir Strezov 6. Hydrothermal Processing of Biomass 155 Tao Kan and Vladimir Strezov 7. Anaerobic Digestion 177 Annette Evans, Vladimir Strezov and Tim J. Evans 8. Esterication 213 Gary Leung and Vladimir Strezov 9. Fermentation of Biomass 257 Katrin Thommes and Vladimir Strezov 10. Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis from Biosyngas 309 Katrin Thommes and Vladimir Strezov 11. Bio-Oil Applications and Processing 357 Annette Evans, Vladimir Strezov and Tim J. Evans vii Preface Most of the environmental and sustainability challenges of modern life are associated with energy generation. These challenges are largely related to the use of fossil fuels for providing human society’s energy needs. Fossil fuels are natural products that are readily available for use with minor prep- aration requirements, and that are high in energy and mass density. Fossil fuel–based technologies are well-developed and mature. They are the main drivers of the global economy, with the central economical parameters being based on the price of fossil fuels or their derivatives. Although fossil fuels are products with amazing properties, their large and widespread use over the past centuries has left a legacy to the environment that now needs to be addressed. The main environmental consideration of our current civilisation is the challenge we face with the ever-growing greenhouse gas emissions. The scientic community provides stronger connections among the use of fossil fuels, atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and their effect on the climate. Fossil fuels are also associated with emissions of priority pollut- ants to the atmosphere, the acidic gases of SO x and NO x , particulate matter (both ne and coarse particles), CO and heavy metals. These pollutants then contribute to regional air quality through photochemical reactions or acidic deposition. Emissions of trace metals from coal-red power stations, particu- larly mercury, are now being recognised as another emerging environmen- tal challenge that has global environmental considerations due to the long atmospheric lifetime of elemental mercury. Management of power station and coal mine wastes poses additional risks due to the potential leaching of toxic metals from ash dams. Fossil fuels, as amazing or as troublesome as they are, have limited sup- plies. They are being depleted and, eventually, humanity will reach a gen- eration that will not have the same opportunity of our current luxury to comfortably spend these natural products at rates set to satisfy the needs of the present generation. A question of philosophical interest to the editors of this book is ‘Are the sustainability and environmental problems that we are facing today from power generation due to the intrinsic nature of the fossil fuels, or are they because of the rates of their use?’ It is inevitable that we need to use alternative energy sources that will reduce the current rates of use of fossil fuels and further contribute to meeting the increase in demand for energy in the future. Biomass is positioned as one of the most promising alternative energy sources because it is a carbon-based renewable fuel that can be utilised in current fossil fuel–based technologies either directly or through primary processing. Biomass is generally low in sulphur and ash, and when used for energy, has low to zero net atmospheric greenhouse gas contributions on a [...]... 10 Biomass Processing Technologies Terrestrial biomass is based on woody biomass, nonwoody biomass and fruits Aquatic biomass is generally composed of microalgae and macroalgae species from fresh or saltwater environments The biomass production route determines the sustainability of biomass utilisation and will affect the full life-cycle analysis of the environmental and greenhouse gas effects of biomass. .. standard classification of biomass, and the classification does not discriminate between the properties of the biomass and the way the biomass was produced Therefore, twodimensional classification of the biomass fuels is essential, accounting for the biological origin of the biomass and the biomass production conditions, as shown in Table 1.4 TABLE 1.3 Summary of Classifications of Biomass Categories Woody... Cultivation Soil Biomass cultivated on conditions agricultural soils Biomass cultivated on marginal soils and degraded land Water Freshwater Natural Photobio(creeks, reactor Saltwater rivers, lakes, sea, ocean) Edible Edible (food crops) properties Nonedible Biomass Short regrowth rates replanted Long regrowth rates after harvesting Biomass not Biomass regenerated naturally replaced Biomass regeneration... Fowler et al 2009 Biomass Energy Centre 2011 9 Properties of Biomass Fuels The biological origin (plant, animal or human origin) essentially determines the physicochemical properties of the biomass Although traditionally the biomass is considered to consist of various plant materials, animal waste (tallow and manure) and human sewage are now emerging as sources of biomass fuels Plant biomass can be divided... Geography Graduate School of the Environment Macquarie University New South Wales, Australia xi 1 Properties of Biomass Fuels Vladimir Strezov CONTENTS 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Current Biomass Applications and Trends .3 1.3 Classification of Biomass 8 1.4 Quality of the Biomass Fuels 11 1.4.1 Woody Biochemical Compounds 11 1.4.2 Non-Woody Biochemical Compounds... to grow to the point at which their photosynthetic activity reaches the same levels Natural biomass has a very low sulphur content, hence very low SO2 emissions when utilised for energy However, the nitrogen content in biomass 3 Properties of Biomass Fuels is large, and nitrogen needs to be monitored closely Biomass utilisation also produces waste; but in most processing technologies, this waste is... geographically suitable and processspecific, biomass may play a major role in enhancing the energy security of individual countries 1.2 Current Biomass Applications and Trends Currently, biomass constitutes 10% of the worldwide primary energy pro duction, as shown in Figure 1.1, equating to 1.277 Gt oil equivalent (Gtoe) (53.47 EJ) of primary energy consumption of total biomass in 2012 (International Energy... trends in investments in (a) renewable energy and (b) biomass and biofuels (From McCrone, A et al., Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011: Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy United Nations Environment Programme, 2011.) 8 Biomass Processing Technologies 1.3 Classification of Biomass Table 1.3 lists various biomass classifications derived from the literature... (C, H, N, S, O) 5 Physical properties a Density b Grindability 11 Properties of Biomass Fuels The biomass should have a high organic fraction, should be low in ash, moisture, O and S and should have high density and favourable grinding properties 1.4 Quality of the Biomass Fuels 1.4.1 Woody Biochemical Compounds Woody biomass is composed of the three main constituents: cellulose, hemicellulose and... Microalgae TABLE 1.9 (Continued) 20 Biomass Processing Technologies Properties of Biomass Fuels 21 processing technology The biochemical processing technologies (fermentation and digestion) typically favour high-moisture saturated biomass feedstocks, whereas the thermal processing technologies, such as combustion, gasification and pyrolysis, can only accept low-moisture content biomass fuels of less than 40% . replace liquid transportation fossil fuels. Biomass Processing Technologies provides an overview of the technologies that can be ap- plied for processing biomass into fuels. These include classical. OX14 4RN, UK an informa business www.crcpress.com Biomass Processing Technologies Edited by Vladimir Strezov Tim J. Evans Biomass Processing Technologies Strezov Evans K16138 cvr mech.indd 1. If you like this Book, than support the author and BuY it >> Biomass Processing Technologies Biomass Processing Technologies Edited by Vladimir Strezov Tim J. Evans CRC Press Taylor