H7CC7H H?J?D=Ã Þ 7D:8EEA 'RADE Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121. Copyright © by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 079 11 10 09 08 07 A Contents Writing 7 Personal Narrative 8 Literature Models 10 Features of a Personal Narrative 12 Writing Process 12 Prewrite 14 Research and Inquiry 16 Draft 18 Revise 22 Proofread/Edit 24 Publish 26 Writing Rubric 27 Persuasive Writing 28 Literature Models 30 Features of Persuasive Writing 32 Writing Process 32 Prewrite 34 Research and Inquiry 36 Draft 38 Revise 42 Proofread/Edit 44 Publish 46 Writing Rubric 47 Fictional Narrative: A Story 48 Literature Models 50 Features of a Story 52 Writing Process 52 Prewrite 54 Research and Inquiry 56 Draft 58 Revise 62 Proofread/Edit 64 Publish 66 Writing Rubric 3 Contents Writing 67 Expository Writing: Research Report 68 Literature Models 70 Features of Expository Writing: Research Report 72 Writing Process 72 Prewrite 74 Research and Inquiry 76 Draft 78 Revise 82 Proofread/Edit 84 Publish 86 Writing Rubric 87 Expository Writing: Writing That Compares 88 Literature Models 90 Features of Writing That Compares 92 Writing Process 92 Prewrite 94 Research and Inquiry 96 Draft 98 Revise 102 Proofread/Edit 104 Publish 106 Writing Rubric 107 Expository Writing: A How-To 108 Literature Models 110 Features of How-To Writing 112 Writing Process 112 Prewrite 114 Research and Inquiry 116 Draft 118 Revise 122 Proofread/Edit 124 Publish 126 Writing Rubric 4 Contents Writing 128 Composition 128 Main Idea and Details 129 Leads and Endings 130 Organization 131 Outlining 132 Writing Description 133 Dialogue 134 Writing Forms 134 Poem 135 Humorous Play 136 Friendly Letter 137 Editorial Grammar 138 Grammar and Usage 138 Sentences 142 Nouns 144 Verbs 148 Pronouns 150 Adjectives 152 Adverbs and Negatives 154 Interjections and Prepositions 156 Mechanics 156 Abbreviations 159 Capitalization 164 Punctuation 170 Diagramming 170 Sentence Diagramming 176 Grammar Practice 5 Contents Build Skills 232 Study Skills 232 Note-Taking and Summarizing 233 Choosing Reference Sources for Research 234 Parts of a Book 235 Encyclopedia 236 Time Lines and Historical Maps 237 Graphs 238 Dictionary 239 Thesaurus 240 Card Catalog 241 Library or Media Center 242 Using the Internet 243 Periodicals and Media Resources 244 Vocabulary 250 Spelling Troubleshooter 254 Troubleshooter 254 Correcting Sentence Fragments 256 Correcting Run-on Sentences 258 Confusing Plurals and Possessives 260 Lack of Subject-Verb Agreement 262 Incorrect Verb Forms 264 Incorrect Use of Adjectives That Compare 266 Incorrect Use of Pronouns 268 Apostrophes 270 Incorrect Use of Adverbs 272 Commas 6 Literature Models 1 Unit Unit Personal Narrative 7 Literature Models Can you think of an interesting story to tell someone about yourself? A story that tells about a personal experience is called a personal narrative. A personal narrative brings to life a memorable event. It tells what happened and how the writer felt about the experience. Learning from Writers Read the following examples of a personal narrative. What stories do the writers share? Think about the words the writers use to tell the sequence of events. What did they say to show how they felt about the experience? Saying Good-Bye The night before Aunt Waka left, Mrs. Sugar invited us all to her house for dinner. It was the first time we all got invited together, and Mrs. Sugar used her best china and her plated silverware and baked a big ham. She gave Aunt Waka a beaded coin purse and several hugs and said she might even go to Japan someday to visit her. And Aunt Waka said, “I’ll be waiting for you,” just the way she said she’d wait for me. The next morning, Mama, Papa, Joji, and I took Aunt Waka to San Francisco to the same pier where we’d gone to meet her. Another big ship was berthed there, waiting to take her back to Japan. —Yoshiko Uchida, from A Jar of Dreams AND WRITE TH NK Purpose Why do people like to write personal narratives? Why do other people like to read them? Jot down your thoughts in your journal. Personal Narrative 8 Literature Models Thinking Like a Reader 1. In the correct order, name the sequence of events from “Saying Good-Bye.” 2. Summarize “Starting the Week” by telling its beginning, middle, and end. Thinking Like a Writer 3. What time-order words did the author use to tell you the order of events in “Saying Good-Bye”? 4. How did the author of “Starting the Week” use paragraphs to organize his personal narrative? PRACTICE AND APPLY Starting the Week I’m a pretty easygoing sort of person, and it takes a lot to get me upset. When I woke up yesterday, I had no idea of what was in store. There was a huge amount of math homework due, but I had done the work in no time. I was looking forward to the play rehearsal, too. At school, the math teacher collected our homework. No wonder it had seemed so easy—I had done the wrong pages! The rest of the morning was fine, except I nearly sprained my jaw trying to eat the snack I had packed in my backpack. It turned out to be a rubber cookie that Wendy had slipped in. At last it was time for our play rehearsal. “Break a leg,” said Denise. The doctor laughed so hard when I told him the story that I almost kicked him with the plaster cast he had just put on my left foot. —Markus Baker 5. Reading Across Texts Compare the personal experiences of the two writers. Write about how their feelings might have been alike or different. 9 Literature Models Personal Narrative ▶ A Personal Experience Reread “Saying Good-Bye” by Yoshiko Uchida on page 8. Who is the narrative about? How do you think the writer felt? And Aunt Waka said, “I’ll be waiting for you,” just the way she said she’d wait for me. The word me refers to the author, who is also the narrator. Aunt Waka refers to the author’s aunt. These clues tell you that the narrative is about these two people. ▶ First-Person Point of View Yoshiko Uchida’s personal narrative uses this sentence to tell what happened during a family dinner. How do you know that the account is based on the author’s personal experience? From whose point of view is the story being told? It was the first time we all got invited together, and Mrs. Sugar used her best china and her plated silverware and baked a big ham. The word we indicates that the author was part of the action and is describing her personal observations. A personal narrative is a form of writing that tells what hap- pened to you, including what you did and how you felt about the experience. A good personal narrative: ▶ tells a story from personal experience. ▶ expresses the writer’s feelings by using the first-person point of view. ▶ has an interesting beginning, middle, and end. ▶ shares events in a sequence that makes sense. ▶ uses time-order words to connect ideas and show the sequence of events. GUIDELINES 10 [...]... other people Purpose and Audience The purpose of writing a personal narrative is to express your thoughts and feelings about an experience It is also to interest and entertain your readers, or audience Before writing, you need to think about your audience Who will be reading your personal narrative? How will you speak to your audience through your writing? How will you order your events and present your... lake It wasn’t easy, but I made it PRACTICE AND APPLY Revise Your Own Personal Narrative 1 Use time-order words to show the sequence of events 2 Use vivid and exact words to create a clear image in the reader’s mind 3 Add important details that will make your writing clearer and more accurate 5 Grammar Did you use different types of sentences to make your writing more interesting? TECHNOLOGY Review... Internet 25 Writing Rubric Personal Narrative Score Description ■ 4 ■ Excellent ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 3 ■ Good ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 2 ■ Fair ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 ■ Unsatisfactory ■ ■ ■ ■ tells an entertaining story about a personal experience and includes thoughts and feelings presents details in an easy-to-follow sequence always uses the first person and clearly expresses feelings includes a strong beginning, middle, and end uses... Mr Cisneros to speak at her school? Why? 5 Reading Across Texts Compare the two literature models Which one is more convincing? Why? 29 Literature Models Features of Persuasive Writing GUIDELINES Persuasive writing states the opinion of the writer and attempts to influence an audience to agree with that opinion Persuasive writing: ▶ ▶ uses convincing reasons and arguments ▶ organizes reasons in a logical... of a personal narrative 31 Persuasive Writing PROCESS Prewrite TH NK AND WRITE Audience How will your audience's opinion about your topic influence the way you plan and write your persuasive letter? Write your ideas in your journal Persuasive writing presents a writer’s opinion about a topic and tries to persuade an audience to agree with that opinion Persuasive writing may also influence an audience... opinion ■ Did you think about opinion your purpose and audience? ■ Did you choose an opinion issue and decide on your position? not sure ■ Did you list reasons opinion and explanations that support your opinion? ■ Did you organize your reasons in a chart? ■ Did you arrange PRACTICE AND APPLY Plan Your Own Persuasive Writing 1 Think about your purpose and audience your reasons in a logical order? ■ Do... beginning, middle, and end uses a variety of time-order words varies types and lengths of sentences is free or almost free of errors tells about a personal experience and includes some thoughts and feelings presents details in the correct order mostly uses the first person and expresses feelings uses some time-order words uses both simple and compound sentences has minor errors that do not confuse the reader... first person and expresses few feelings lacks time-order words uses only simple sentences makes frequent errors that confuse the reader does not share a personal experience and is not focused or entertaining tells events out of order and is confusing does not use first person and does not express feelings does not use time-order words sentences are choppy or run together makes serious and repeated... for a 6-Point Student Writing Rubric 26 Literature Models 2 Unit Persuasive Writing 27 Literature Models Persuasive Writing When you try to get people to agree with your point of view, you are trying to persuade them Persuasive writing tries to persuade an audience to adopt the writer’s opinion Sometimes it even tries to persuade people to take action Learning from Writers TH NK AND WRITE Read the following... years, the average temperature rose 1° F, and even that is considered to be a big change Even a small rise in the earth’s temperature could have a big impact The U.N scientists predict that over the next century, polar ice caps and glaciers could melt, raising ocean levels as much as three feet Low-lying land along seacoasts and in river basins could flood Entire islands in the Pacific could be under water . Proofread/Edit 44 Publish 46 Writing Rubric 47 Fictional Narrative: A Story 48 Literature Models 50 Features of a Story 52 Writing Process 52 Prewrite 54 Research and Inquiry 56 Draft 58 Revise 62 Proofread/Edit 64. Poem 1 35 Humorous Play 136 Friendly Letter 137 Editorial Grammar 138 Grammar and Usage 138 Sentences 142 Nouns 144 Verbs 148 Pronouns 150 Adjectives 152 Adverbs and Negatives 154 Interjections and. Proofread/Edit 84 Publish 86 Writing Rubric 87 Expository Writing: Writing That Compares 88 Literature Models 90 Features of Writing That Compares 92 Writing Process 92 Prewrite 94 Research and Inquiry 96