Grade 4 Grammar AND Writing Handbook Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121. Copyright © by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 079 11 10 09 08 07 A Contents Writing 7 Personal Narrative 8 Literature Models 10 Features of Personal Narrative 12 Writing Process 12 Prewrite 14 Research and Inquiry 16 Draft 18 Revise 22 Proofread/Edit 24 Publish 26 Writing Rubric 27 Persuasive Writing 28 Literature Models 30 Features of Persuasive Writing 32 Writing Process 32 Prewrite 34 Research and Inquiry 36 Draft 38 Revise 42 Proofread/Edit 44 Publish 46 Writing Rubric 47 Fictional Narrative: A Story 48 Literature Models 50 Features of a Story 52 Writing Process 52 Prewrite 54 Research and Inquiry 56 Draft 58 Revise 62 Proofread/Edit 64 Publish 66 Writing Rubric 3 Contents Writing 67 Expository Writing: A How-To 68 Literature Models 70 Features of How-to Writing 72 Writing Process 72 Prewrite 74 Research and Inquiry 76 Draft 78 Revise 82 Proofread/Edit 84 Publish 86 Writing Rubric 87 Expository Writing: Writing That Compares 88 Literature Models 90 Features of Writing That Compares 92 Writing Process 92 Prewrite 94 Research and Inquiry 96 Draft 98 Revise 102 Proofread/Edit 104 Publish 106 Writing Rubric 107 Expository Writing: Research Report 108 Literature Models 110 Features of Expository Writing: Research Report 112 Writing Process 112 Prewrite 114 Research and Inquiry 116 Draft 118 Revise 122 Proofread/Edit 124 Publish 126 Writing Rubric 4 Contents Writing 128 Composition 128 Main Idea and Supporting Details 129 Writing Descriptions 130 Leads and Endings 131 Organization 132 Writing Dialogue 133 Outlining 134 Writing Forms 134 Poem 135 Business Letter 136 Humorous Play 137 Editorial Grammar 138 Grammar and Usage 138 Sentences 142 Nouns 144 Verbs 148 Pronouns 150 Adjectives 152 Adverbs 153 Combining Sentences 154 Negatives 155 Prepositions 156 Mechanics 156 Abbreviations 159 Capitalization 164 Punctuation 169 Italics 170 Diagramming 170 Sentence Diagramming 176 Grammar Practice 5 Contents Build Skills 232 Study Skills 232 Note-Taking and Summarizing 233 Parts of a Book 234 Graphs 235 Library and Media Sources 236 Periodicals 237 Maps and Atlases 238 Dictionary 239 Thesaurus 240 Encyclopedia 241 Choosing Reference Sources for Research 242 Bibliography 243 Using the Internet 244 Vocabulary 250 Spelling Troubleshooter 254 Troubleshooter 254 Correcting Sentence Fragments 256 Correcting Run-on Sentences 258 Confusing Plurals and Possessives 260 Lack of Subject-Verb Agreement 262 Incorrect Verb Forms 264 Incorrect Use of Adjectives That Compare 266 Incorrect Use of Pronouns 268 Apostrophes 270 Incorrect Use of Adverbs 272 Commas 6 Literature Models 1 Unit Unit Personal Narrative 7 Literature Models Personal Narrative Have you ever told someone an interesting story about yourself? Your story was a personal narrative. A personal narrative brings to life a memorable event. It tells how the writer felt about the experience. Learning from Writers Read the following examples of personal narrative. What stories do the writers tell? Why do you think they wanted to share their experiences? As you read, look for phrases in each example that show the author’s feelings. A PLAY When I was in the fifth grade, I was famous for a whole day, and all because of a play. The teacher had given me a big part, and I didn’t want it. I liked to be in plays where I could be a part of a group, like being one of the talking trees, or dancing, or singing in the glee club. But having to talk by myself—uh uh! I used to slide down in my chair and stare at my desk while the teacher was giving out the parts, so she wouldn’t pay any attention to me, but this time it didn’t work. She called on me anyway. I told her I didn’t want to do it, but she said I had to. I guess she thought it would be good for me. On the day of the play, I didn’t make any mistakes. I remembered all of my lines. Only—nobody in the audience heard me. I couldn’t make my voice come out loud. For the rest of the day, I was famous. Children passing by my classroom door, children on the playground at lunch- time, kept pointing at me saying, “That’s that girl! That’s the one who didn’t talk loud enough!” —Eloise Greenfield, from Childtimes A ND WRITE T HNK Purpose Why do you think people write personal narratives? Write a brief explanation in your journal. Also tell why other people like to read them. 8 Literature Models Thinking Like a Reader 1. Name, in the order they happened to the author, three events in “A Play.” 2. How did the author of “Misty and Me” feel when he found that his cat was missing? Thinking Like a Writer 3. How did the author let you know in what order the events in “A Play” took place? 4. What words did the author of “Misty and Me” use that help you understand how he felt? PRACTICE AND APPLY Misty and Me I’ll never forget the day my cat Misty had kittens. Cats like to have a warm, private place to have their kittens. So my dad and I made a bed out of a large basket and an old baby blanket. We put it in my closet and left the door open a little. After that, we left to do an errand. When we got back, we couldn’t find Misty! I was very worried. I looked all over the house. Then I searched the garage, but she was nowhere to be found. I was in the yard when I spotted her. She just appeared from the woods behind our house. In her mouth she was carrying a tiny new kitten! She had had her kittens outside. When I thought more about it, I wasn’t too surprised. Misty had always been very independent! —Jeff Andrews 5. Reading Across Texts Compare the endings of the two literature models. Do they contain any surprises? 9 Literature Models Features of a Personal Narrative A personal narrative is a form of writing that shares your personal experiences, including what you did and how you felt about your experiences. A good personal narrative: ▶ Tells a story from personal experience. ▶ Expresses the writer’s feelings using the I point of view. ▶ Has an interesting beginning, middle, and end. ▶ Use time-order words to show sequence of events. DEFINITIONS AND FEATURES ▶ Personal Experience Reread “A Play” by Eloise Greenfield on page 8. Whom is the narrative about? For the rest of the day, I was famous. The story is about the author. In a personal narrative, you write about something that happened to you. ▶ I Point of View When you write about yourself, you tell a story from your point of view, using the word I. You share your thoughts and feelings with the audience. Notice the I point of view in the sentence below. How do you think the author felt? The teacher had given me a big part, and I didn’t want it. When the author says “I didn’t want it,” you know she was unhappy about getting the part. 10 [...]... PROOFREAD PUBLISH Handwriting PRACTICE AND APPLY Publish Your Own Personal Narrative 1 Check your revised draft one more time 2 Make a neat final copy 3 Add a border or decorative art 4 Place your narrative in a scrapbook 5 Add photos, drawings, or postcards to your scrapbook If you are not using a computer, take your time and use your best handwriting so that your final copy will be neat and legible for... events out of order and is confusing does not express feelings or connect with readers uses words not related to the purpose uses run-on sentences and sentence fragments makes serious and repeated errors Go to www.macmillanmh.com for a 6-Point Student Writing Rubric 26 Literature Models 2 Unit Persuasive Writing 27 Literature Models Persuasive Writing Have you ever read a piece of writing in which the... about PRACTICE AND APPLY Plan Your Own Persuasive Writing 1 Think about your purpose and audience 2 Choose a book your audience would enjoy reading 3 List convincing facts and opinions on a chart 4 Leave out ideas that do not support your purpose how you would convince others to read it? ■ Are your ideas organized in a chart? ■ Should you do any research? 33 Persuasive Writing • Research and Inquiry Writer’s... ideas and details that might be missing from your writing When you revise your personal narrative, you may need to tell more about your feelings The details that the writer added let the reader know how she feels was afraid and qickly I thought it was a shark I backed out of the water The writer added the fact that she was with her grandmother at the beach to help the reader better understand her writing. .. information that will make your writing clearer and more interesting 3 Tell more about your feelings 4 Take out information that isn’t necessary 5 Grammar Should you combine any sentences in your personal narrative? TECHNOLOGY When you are making revisions, do a “save as” and add the date to your document name so that you can easily tell which is the most recent version of your writing 19 Personal Narrative... that way anymore While I was visiting my grandmother in Florida, something amazing finally happened I will never forget that amazing vacation My grandmother and I It was the second day of our vacation We got bag and towel to the beach early I dropped my stuff and ran into huge At first, Suddenly the water I noticed something moving toward me I was afraid and qickly thought it was a shark I backed out... clearly understand your experience, you need to tell about events in a logical sequence, or order Use time-order words and phrases, such as first, the following day, and finally On the day of the play, I didn’t make any mistakes What time-order phrase did the author use? PRACTICE AND APPLY Create a Features Chart 1 List the features of a good personal narrative 2 Reread “Misty and Me” by Jeff Andrews on... Jeff’s writing 4 Write what you liked about Jeff’s personal narrative 11 Personal Narrative PROCESS Prewrite TH NK AND WRITE Audience How will your audience affect the way you plan and write your personal narrative? Write your ideas in your journal A personal narrative is a true story about yourself Writing a personal narrative gives you a good chance to share a story about your own experience Purpose and. .. reader about using solar energy? 4 What reasons does Mark Harmond give to support his opinion? 5 Reading Across Texts Read both literature models again List specific words and phrases the authors use to convince readers to agree with them 29 Literature Models Features of Persuasive Writing DEFINITIONS AND FEATURES Persuasive writing gives the opinions of the writer and encourages the audience to share... purpose and audience? ■ Have you chosen a It wasn’t afraid of swimmers and kept returning topic and explored ideas about it? ■ Are your ideas A reporter interviewed me organized into a chart? ■ Have you checked the order of events? PRACTICE AND APPLY ■ Do you need to do any research? Plan Your Own Personal Narrative 1 Think about your purpose and audience 2 Brainstorm ideas for a topic 3 Choose a topic and . Revise 42 Proofread/Edit 44 Publish 46 Writing Rubric 47 Fictional Narrative: A Story 48 Literature Models 50 Features of a Story 52 Writing Process 52 Prewrite 54 Research and Inquiry 56 Draft 58. Leads and Endings 131 Organization 132 Writing Dialogue 133 Outlining 1 34 Writing Forms 1 34 Poem 135 Business Letter 136 Humorous Play 137 Editorial Grammar 138 Grammar and Usage 138 Sentences 142 . Proofread/Edit 64 Publish 66 Writing Rubric 3 Contents Writing 67 Expository Writing: A How-To 68 Literature Models 70 Features of How-to Writing 72 Writing Process 72 Prewrite 74 Research and Inquiry 76