systems of production markets organisations and performance phần 5 ppt

Buenos Aires, Abril 2010 799 PRODUCTION SYSTEM Materials and Methods The present study was carried out in 27 villages of western Uttar Pradesh on 2160 respondent buffalo owners with 2701 observations characterized by several reproductive problems, such as anoestrus, repeat breeding, abortion, dystocia, pre-partum and post partum prolapse, retention of placenta and metritis during the years 2003-04. The data were collected and classified according to: 1) classes of parity: heifer, 1st calver, 2nd calver, 3rd calver and more than 3rd calver; 2) categories of farmers: landless, marginal, small and large; 3) seasons (the year was divided into five seasons based on climatologically conditions): winter (December to February), Spring (March to April), Summer (May to June), Rainy (July to September) and Autumn (October to November). Further more, it was found that buffalo owners were using cost effective and easily available resources to overcome this problem in the villages of study area. The most prevalent ITK(Indigenous Technical Knowledge) / herbal treatments relevant to retention of placenta disorders are collected and documented in the study. Results and Discussion The over all incidence of retention of placenta among the buffaloes under study was found to be 6.77 percent in 2701 observations (table -1). Almost equal incidence of retention of placenta was reported by 13, 15, 17 for Murrah buffaloes in NDRI herd, 4 for Surti buffaloes and 3 for buffaloes at Jabalpur farm. Lower incidence of retention of placenta compared to this study was reported by 5,8 for Murrah buffaloes at IVRI, Izzatnagar, 14at MDF, Ambala. 3,6 for buffaloes. However, comparatively higher incidence has been reported by 11,8 for Murrah buffaloes. Effect of season Subjecting the data to statistical analysis it was found that season had highly significant effect on the incidence of retention of placenta (table -2). Significantly lowest incidence (4.81 percent) was found in summer season calvers com- pared to other seasons. Whereas, highest incidence (10.06 percent) of retention of placenta was from in rainy season, these may be due to extreme hot and humidity in environment. 3,6 also reported significant effect of season on this abnormality. Whereas, non-significant effect of season on this trait had been reported by 7, 11,13,17 for Murrah buffaloes. Effect of parity order The incidence of retention of placenta was significantly higher in more than 3rd calver buffaloes compared to earlier parity (table no 2). This finding corroborated with the results of 5,11,13,16 reported similar trends that the incidence of retention of placenta increased with the advancement of number of parities of lactation. 4 also reported that retention of placenta disorder was significantly increased from the first parity to fourth parities for Surti buffaloes herd in Agricultural University, Dharwad. The highest incidence of retention of placenta in more than 3rd calver buffaloes may be due to more relaxation of genitalia and weak muscle tonicity which subsequently lead to buffaloes failed to expel it from genitalia. Effect of farmer's categories The incidence of retention of placenta was found to be lowest (5.89 percent) among the buffaloes of landless category farmers, the highest (8.29 percent) among the buffaloes kept by small farmers followed by marginal (6.14 percent) and large (7.58 percent) farmer categories buffaloes, respectively. However, the effect of farmer categories was found to be non-significant on the retention of placenta. 12 observed significant effect on the retention of placenta under the field conditions in Karnal district of Haryana state. Locally resources used in case of retention of placenta As depicted in table-3 that most of the common buffalo 89.81 percent owners provided, Kada (250 gm Gur + 10-15 gm. Ajwain + Ghee or mustard and 82.83 percent respondents were feeding Gur + mustards seeds + cotton seeds to dropout the retained placenta. The findings are inline with the 1,2,10. Feeding of mango leaves was practiced by 22.41 percent of respondents for the same purpose. It was found that Gur (Jaggery) with colostrums were feeding just after the calving of buffaloes practiced by the 43.37 percent respondents and only colostrums feeding also was practiced by 3.84 percent of respondents. Surprisingly it was found that 14.25 percent respondents were allowing their animals to walk along with Proceedings 9 th World Buffalo Congress 800 PRODUCTION SYSTEM the logic behind this thing, as they explained is that it produce heat inside the buffaloes and resulting dropping to the placenta. 9 also reported allowing animals to walk for treatment of retained placenta, whereas, 1.89 percent of the respon- dents tying small pieces of bricks with placenta so that retained placenta could easily be removed. As per discussion with buffalo owners, the above said practices give positive response. Therefore for multi-disciplinary research activities on ethno-veterinary medicines, for scientific evaluation and validation of such practices are suggested to overcome the reproductive problems in buffaloes so that the farmers can use these easily available and cost effective resources. Table 1: Average incidence of Retention of Placenta in buffaloes in relation to different factors: Table 2: ANOVA showing the effects of different factors on Retention of placenta disorder (M.S. Value): Table 3: Locally resources/ITK used in case of retention of placenta Buenos Aires, Abril 2010 801 PRODUCTION SYSTEM REFERENCES: 1. Jha, P.K. 1998. A comprehensive study on crop and dairy farming practices in north Bihar. Ph D. thesis (unpublished) NDRI, Karnal. 2. Mohanty, M. 1999. Study of the livestock feeding and health management system in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa. M.Sc. thesis, NDRI (Deemed University), Karnal, India. 3. Mishra, U.K., Agarwal, R.G. and Pandit, R.K. 1998. Incidence of prolapse of genitalia in Murrah buffaloes in relation to season, pregnancy, parity and management. Indian Vet. Journal. 75 (3) : 254-255 4. Murugeppa, A. and Dubey, B.M. 1997. Puerperal period reproductive disorders in Surti buffaloes during different parity. Indian J. Anim, Reprod. 81(1) : 48-50 5. Murugeppa, A. 1998. Studies on pathological termination of pregnancies in Surti buffaloes. Buffalo Bulletin. 17(3) : 51-52 6. Prasad, S. and Prasad, R.B. 1998. Measures of reproductive estimates in rural buffalo herds of Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh (Indian). Buffalo- Bulletin. 17 (2) : 27-29 7. Rawal, C.V.S. and Singh, R. 1991. Incidence of retention of placenta in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 61 (8) : 841-842 8. Singh Jaspreet, Verma H.K., Gandotra V.K. and Singh K.B. 2005. Impact of management practices on reproductive disorders of dairy animals. The Indain Journal of Animal Reproduction: 26(2): 153-158 Dec. 2005 9. Sah, A. K. 1996. Descriptive study of existing dairy framing practices and constraints in adoption of improved dairy practices among dairy farmers in Bihar. M.Sc. thesis (unpublished) NDRI, Karnal. 10. Sah, U. 1999. An analysis of dairy animal breeding and management practices in hill zone of U.P. A gender prospective. Ph.D thesis (unpublished), NDRI, Karnal. 11. Taraphder, S., Tomar, S.S. and Gupta, A.K. 2004. Incidence and inheritance of utero-veginal disorders in a herd of Murrah buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Health. 43 (1); 67-71. 12. Tomar, K.P.S. 1998. Reproductive problems in buffaloes under field management conditions. M.V.Sc. Thesis. CCSHAU, Hisar. 13. Tomar, S.S. and Tripathi, V.N. 1983. Inheritance of calving problems in Murrah buffaloes. 15th inter. Cong. Genet. (Dec. 12-22) held at New Delhi. 14. Tomar, S.S. and Tripathi, V,N. 1991. Genetics of utero-vaginal disorders in Murrah Buffaloes. Proceedings, Third World Buffalo Congress, Verna, Bulgaria, May 1991, Vol. II., 1991, 506-511 15. Tomar, S.S. and Tripathi, V.N. 1992. Estimates of heritability of utero-vaginal disorders in a herd of Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 62(7) 663-664. 16. Tomar, S.S. and Ram, R.C. 1993. Factors affecting replacement rate and its components in a herd of Murrah buffaloes. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 48: 340-342. 17. Tomar, S.S. and Trpathi V.N. 1994. Incidence and association among certain reproductive problems in Murrah buffaloes. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 47(12) 1050-1052. Proceedings 9 th World Buffalo Congress 802 PRODUCTION SYSTEM Supplemental feeding for buffaloes with agroindustry by-products on silvopastoral system in brazilian eastern amazon Oliveira, K.C.C.1; Faturi, C.2; Garcia, A.R.3; Nahúm, B.S.4; Lourenço Júnior, J.B.5; Joele, M.R.S.P.6 1MSc. Student in Animal Science, Federal University of Pará State-UFPA. Scholarship of CAPES. Av. Augusto Corrêa, nº1. 2Adjunct Professor, Federal Rural University of Amazônia-UFRA. Av. Tancredo Neves, s/n. 3Researcher Embrapa Eastern Amazon. Tv. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n. Belém, Pará State, Brazil. 4Researcher Embrapa Eastern Amazon. Tv. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n. Belém, Pará State, Brazil. 5 Postgraduate degree of Federal University of Pará State-UFPA and Federal Rural University of Amazônia- UFRA. Tv. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n. Belém, Pará State, Brazil. Professor Graduate in Animal Science and Agricultural Sciences. 6DSc. Student in Agricultural Sciences, Federal Rural University of Amazônia-UFRA. Scholarship of FAPESPA kellyconor@hotmail.com. ABSTRACT This paper aims to suggest alternatives for sustainable food production of buffalo meat in silvopastoral system-SPS, with African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) and neem (Azadirachta indica) and Panicum maximum grass, in Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Belém, Pará State, Brazil (1º 28 'S 48º 27' W), Afi climate, with rainy season, from December to May, and less rainy season from June to November. The experimental area has five paddocks in duration grazing, with six days of occupation and 24 days of rest. Fifteen male buffaloes, Murrah and Mediterranean race, were managed in a single group, with mineralization ad libitum and food supplementation scheme, every morning, in individual stalls to control consumption by weighing the feed offered and remains at the rate of 1% of body weight, with diet containing 19% crude protein (CP) in three treatments: Treatment A (Control) = Pasture with diet supplement with 63% ground corn, 25% soybean meal and 12% wheat bran; Treatment B = Pasture with diet supplement with 70% of coconut cake, 11% bran wheat and 19% ground corn, and treatment C = Pasture with diet supplement with 70% palm dendê cake, 15% soybean meal, 13% wheat bran and 2% ground corn. The weight of experimental animals were made at the end of each grazing cycle, fasted for 14 hours and water diet. A completely randomized design with three treatments and five replications was used. The average of daily gain achieved 1.007 kilograms. At the end of the fattening period, the experimental animals were slaughtered to evaluate the characteristics and carcass composition, obtaining an average of carcass yield of 58%. Keywords: Buffalo, food supplementation, silvopastoral system INTRODUCTION Currently, the increased demand for quality protein derived from an animal reared on pasture and the requirements for more ecological production systems have presented a challenge to Brazilian beef and milk production. The country is going to have great market to conquer, in order to obtain more precocious and quality animals through new technologies for the viability of a modern animal husbandry. The development of a sustainable farming buffalo in the Amazon faces multiple challenges, which require to be listed: a) the need to increase technical and economic productivity, b) promote technical training and management c) promote programs for the dissemination and technology transfer. The buffaloes are rustic animals, for this reason better digest food in low quality. Thus, when given a diet with adequate levels of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins, they can better express their genetic potential for growth, reproduction and lactation. Buenos Aires, Abril 2010 803 PRODUCTION SYSTEM MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted at the Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Belém, Pará State, Brazil (1º28'S e 48º27'W), in the Afi climatic type, with constant raining throughout the year, especially during the months of May to December, and less rainy from June to November, pluviometric precipitation 3000.1 mm/year, annual temperature rate 26ºC/year, relative air humidity of 85% and insulation 2.400 hour/year (BASTOS et. al., 2002). The research method system used was the silvopastoral system - SPS, in which the experimental area is of 5.4 ha, divided in five paddocks, containing zootechnical facility consists of the arena, with waterfountain and trough covered for mineral supplementation and double electric fences (by perimeter and thick partition walls), where are planted African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) and Indian neem (Azadirachta indica), intercalated by four meters, intending to improve the animal environment and add value to the property. The SPS was composed by Panicum maximum grass, managed in intensive rotation, with grazing cycle of 30 days, divided into six days of occupation and 24 days of rest (Figure 1A). The experiment used 15 male buffaloes, Murrah and Mediterranian races, with an average of 450 kg, that came from Embrapa's herd. The animals were managed in the pasture, in a single group, from May to October 2009, with mineralization ad libitum and food supplementation scheme, every morning, in individual stalls to control consumption by measuring the feed offered and remains in stable located next to the pasture (Figure 1B), at the proportion of 1% of body weight, with ration containing 19% of crude protein (CP). The animals were submitted to three different treatments: Treatment A (Control) = Pasture + Diet supplement with 63% ground corn, 25% of soybean and 12% of wheat bran; Treatment B = Pasture + Diet supplement with 70% of coconut cake, 11% of wheat bran and 19% of ground corn; and Treatment C = Pasture + Diet supplement 70% of palm dendê cake, 15% of soybean, 13% of wheat bran and 2% of ground corn. The weight of experimental animals are made at the end of each grazing cycle, fasted for 14 hours and water diet. Figure 1A: Murrah and Mediterranean buffaloes in silvopastoral system, with African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis), neem (Azadirachta indica) and Panicum maximum grass. Figure 1B: Stable, for supplementary feeding in individual pens. At the end of the fattening period, the males were slaughtered to determine the characteristics and carcass composition. The experimental design was completely randomized design with three treatments and five repetitions. Data were submit- ted to analysis of variance and rate comparisons, using the "T" test, at 5% probability rate, utilizing the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 1993). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the averages of consumption of the diet supplement and daily weight gain of experimental animals during the period May to July 2009, in Belém, Pará, Brazil. It was observed that the control diet, despite being the most consumed did not provide greater weight gain compared to diets containing palm dendê cake or coconut cake, probably related to the replacement effect of diet on the grass. Proceedings 9 th World Buffalo Congress 804 PRODUCTION SYSTEM Lower consumption was observed in buffaloes treated with diet containing coconut cake, which may be related to lower palatability of this ingredient, probably due to its susceptibility to rancidity. The daily weight gain of animals, an average of 1.007 kg, was considered exceptional and highlights the potential of buffalo for meat production. Since animals were raised in SPS, the availability of shade between 20% and 25% consisted in an important factor to physical environment management in tropical conditions, specially for buffaloes created in the Eastern Amazon, which can avoid wasting energy to animal thermoregulation. Experimental animals were slaughtered, with an average of 650 kg, and presented an average carcass yield of 58%. Franzolin and Silva (2001) found a rate of carcass yield from 50.88 to 51.57% for the animals supplemented with different levels of energy. Acknowledgements. Authors thank to Embrapa Eastern Amazon (Animal Biotec Network; code 01.07.01.02.09.05), Federal Rural University of Amazônia-UFRA; Federal University of Pará-UFPA; and Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; process 481837/2007-8) for financial support. REFERENCES 1. Bastos, T. X.; Pacheco, N. A.; Nechet, D.; Sá, T. D. A. 2002. Aspectos climáticos de Belém no últimos cem anos. Belém: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, 31 p. (Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Documentos, 128). 2. Franzolin, R; Silva, J.R. 2001. Níveis de energia na dieta para bubalinos em crescimento alimentados em confinamento. Características de carcaça. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.30, n.6, p.1880-1885. 3. SAS Institute. 1993. Language reference: Version 6.09. Cary, USA. 243 p. Table 1: Mean values of consumption of supplemental feed and daily weight gain of experimental animals during the period May to July 2009, in Belém, Pará State, Brazil. Treatment A - Control = Pasture with diet supple- ment with 63% ground corn, 25% soybean meal and 12% wheat bran; Treatment B = Pasture with diet supplement with 70% of coconut cake, 11% bran wheat and 19% ground corn, and treatment C = Pasture + 70% palm dendê cake 15% soybean meal, 13% wheat bran and 2% ground corn. Buenos Aires, Abril 2010 805 PRODUCTION SYSTEM Thermoregulatory answers in buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) created on the shading and sun, in the climatic conditions of the brazilian eastern amazon Silva, J.A.R.1,2; Santos, N.F.A.3; Araújo, A.A.4; Lourenço Júnior, J.B.5; Viana, R.B. 2; Garcia, A.R.6; Nahúm, B.S.6. 1Graduate degree of Rural Federal University of Amazonia - UFRA - Tv. Tancredo Neves, s/n. Belém, Para State, Brazil. 2 DSc. Student in Zootecnic, Federal University of Ceara - UFC. 3 DSc. Student in Agricultural Sciences, Rural Federal University of Amazonia - UFRA. Tv. Tancredo Neves, s/n. Belém, Para State, Brazil. CEP 66.095-100. 4 Postgraduate degree of Federal University of Ceara - UFC. Av. Paranjana, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, Ceara State, Brazil. 5 Postgraduate degree of Federal University of Para State - UFPA and Federal Rural University of Amazonia - UFRA - Tv. Dr. Eneas Pinheiro s/n. Belem, Para State, Brazil - CEP 66.095- 260. 6 Researcher Embrapa Eastern Amazon. Tv. Dr. Eneas Pinheiro s/n. Belem, Para State, Brazil - CEP 66.095-100. e-mail: jamileandrea@yahoo.com.br ABSTRACT To evaluate the thermoregulatory answers of 20 females buffaloes, Murrah race, created on the sun and on the shading in the Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Belem, Para state, Brazil. Were used in completely randomized design, two experimental groups (group on shading - S and group without shading - WS). The buffalos of Group S (n=10) had remained in rotation grazing, in silvopastoral system, shadings for the leguminous Acacia mangium, while of Group WS (n=10) was managed in poles without access to the shade, in rotation grazing. In both groups the animals use Brachiaria humidicola with access to water for drink and mineral salt "add libitum". The physiological variable studied were: rectal temperature (RT), respiratory frequency (RF), cardiac frequency (CF) and temperature of the corporal surface (TCS) and were surveyed in the turns in the morning (7:00 a.m.) and in the afternoon (13:00 p.m.). The results of the variance analysis had disclosed differences significant (P<0.05) between the turns, for the two treatments, sun and shading, being the RT, of the turn in the afternoon, 38.6 and 38.8ºC, respectively of Groups S and WS, superior to the morning, 38.4 and 38.4ºC. The RF, in Group WS, the turn of the afternoon, was different (P<0.05) between the months, with bigger values in May (38 movement/minute) and less in June (31 movement/minute). The CF, also, had significant difference (P<0.05) between the turns, for the two treatments, being the CF, of the turn of afternoon, 65 and 71 beat/minute, significantly superior to the morning, 59 and 65 beat/minute, respectively of Groups S and WS. The variance analyses showed differences (P<0.05) of the TCS between treatments and turns in the months of January, April, May and June. The months of February and March had differences between turns to TSC. Enters the months of the experimental period, had differences of the TSC, with bigger values in January, the turn of the afternoon, of 34 and 36ºC, and less in May, the turn of the morning, of 27 and 28ºC, respectively for group S and WS. Keywords: Silvopastoral system, ambience, physiological variables, Brachiaria humidicola, intensive rotation grazing. INTRODUCTION The homoeothermic animals, as the buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), get to keep constant its body temperature, inside of narrow limits, although the variations in the ambient temperature. Under thermoneutral ambient conditions, has ability to keep the balance between production and loss of heat. On the other hand, in conditions of raised ambient tempera- tures, show intensification of mannering and physiological answers. Although the adaptability to the most varied ambient conditions, the buffalos possess specific structural and functional particularitities, as high concentration of melanin in the skin and the hair, low amount of sweat glands, low density of hair and the dark skin, being, therefore, very sensible when displayed to the direct solar radiation. However, in shade conditions, the buffalo acts as a typical "black body" heat radiator, therefore it recoups its thermal balance quickly 8. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the thermoregulatory answers of buffaloes submitted to the sun and the shade of trees of the leguminous Acacia mangium, in two periods of the day (7:00 A.M and 13:00 P.M.), in the climatic conditions of the Eastern Amazon Region. Proceedings 9 th World Buffalo Congress 806 PRODUCTION SYSTEM MATERIALS AND METHODS This Work was lead in the Unit of Research "Senator Alvaro Adolpho" (01°.26'.03" S and 48°.26'.03" W), Belem, Para State, Brazil, pertaining to the Embrapa Eastern Amazon, of January to June 2009. The local climatic type is the Afi, according to Köppen. The pluvial precipitation annual average is 3,001 mm, annual average relative humidity of air 85%, annual average temperature 27ºC and 2,400 hours of annual insolation 2.Were used 20 Murrah buffaloes, between four and five years old, average weight 359kg, cyclical, non-lactating. The animals were distributed, randomized, in two experimental groups (Group S - with shade and Group WS - without shade). The period of adaptation was of 14 days. Group S (n=10) remained in rotation pasture, in poles with shade of trees of the leguminous Acacia mangium, in silvopastoral system, while Group WS (n=10) was kept without access to the shade, also, in rotation pasture. The feeding was exclusively the grass of the grassy "quicuio-da-Amazônia" (humidicola Brachiaria), with access the water to drink and mineral salt ad libitum. Were determined rectal temperature (RT), respiratory frequency (RF), cardiac fre- quency (CF) and temperature of corporal surface (TCS), surveyed two times per week, to 7:00 A.M. and 13:00 P.M. For attainment of the RT veterinarian clinical thermometer was used, with scale until 44ºC. The RF was gotten by inspection and counting of the thorax-abdominal movements, during one minute. The CF was measured for auscultation of the beatings, with a veterinarian stethoscope, per one minute. The TCS was gotten with a laser thermometer, defendant in maximum distance of 1 meter of the points of measure in the animal: front, right side of the thorax and left side, in the direction of rumen, getting averages of these values. The referring climatic variable to the temperature of air (AT) and relative humidity of air (RHA) was gotten in the Meteoro- logical Station of the INMET- 2º DISME, located the 500 meters of the experimental area. From them the Index of Tempera- ture and Humidity - ITH 10 was calculated: [0.8 x T + (RHA/100) x (T-14.4) + 46.4], where: T = temperature (ºC) and RHA = relative humidity of air (%).Was made descriptive and variance analyses, 0.05% of significance, in the SYSTAT, version 12. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The averages of climatic variable and the index of temperature and humidity, in the experimental period, per the morning and to the afternoon, are in Table 1. Table 1: Average values of the relative humidity of air (HRA), temperature of air (AT) and index of temperature and humidity (ITH), of January to June of 2009, in Belem/Para State, Brazil. The averages of the RT, in the experimental period, are illustrated in Figure 1. It had significant differences (P<0.05), between turns and treatments, per the afternoon (38.6 and 38.8ºC), significantly superior to the observed per the morning (38.4 and 38.4ºC), for groups S and WS, respectively. Similar results were observed in Rondônia State, Brazil, in buffaloes created in silvopastoral system, where the RT was of 38.7ºC and 39.2ºC, per the morning and afternoon, respectively 6, what it demonstrates the influence of the ambient temperature, on this physiological variable. Had significant differences (P<0.05) between Groups WS and S and turns, in every month of the experimental period. In Group WS, in both the turns, had significant difference (P<0.05) between the months, with lesser values in June (38.55ºC). This fact can have occurred due to adaptation acquired for the animals, in elapsing of the collection of data, when they presented differentiated behavior, when using mud puddles formed by the water of rain. In them, the animals lay down, in order to keep the body temperature in normal levels, therefore in this group it did not have shade availability, similar behavior to the observed one in other localities, where the buffalos look water for bath, aiming at its thermoregulation 1. Buenos Aires, Abril 2010 807 PRODUCTION SYSTEM In Figure 2 was observed variation of the RF, during the experimental period. In the months of March and April, had significant differences (P<0.05) between Groups WS and S and turns. In the others months the differences (P<0.05) was only between the turns. In Group WS, to the afternoon, the difference (P<0.05) occurred between the months, with bigger value in March (38 mov./min.) and minors in June (31 mov./min.). In pasture, without shade, the buffaloes present significant rise in the RT, of 38.3 for 39.1ºC, and in the RF, of 22.6 for 48.4 mov./min., as form to waste the excess of corporal heat, in result of thermal stress, that harms productive performance 9. Are illustrated in the Figure 3 the averages of the CF, in the experimental period. It had significant differences (P<0.05) between Groups WS and S and turns, in all months of the experimental period. The averages observed in Groups WS and S were, respectively, 65 and 71 beat/min., per the afternoon, superiors to averages in the morning, 59 and 65 beat/min. When are considered the systems of creation, independent of period, the cardiac frequency are significantly lower in the animals created in Silvopastoral System. The availability of shade in this system protects the animals of the direct incidence of the solar radiation, what confers thermal sensation of lesser temperature and, consequently, propitiates greater thermal comfort 7. Under temperatures of air lesser, the cardiac frequency of the buffaloes is less intense, between 60 and 61 beatings/minute. However, from the moment where the average temperature of air exceeds 26.5°C, this physiolog- ical variable, also, increases and reaches 66 beatings/minute, when the temperature of air reaches 29°C 5. In Group WS, in both the turns, had significant difference (P<0.05) between the months, with lesser values in June (56 beat/min.). The averages of the TCS, in the experimental period, are illustrated in Figure 4. Differences (P<0.05) between treatments and turns had been observed, in January, April, May and June. In February and March only had differences between turns. In all the experimental period, superiority (P<0.05) in the averages of the turn of the afternoon is observed (33.1 and 34.1), respectively, in Groups WS and S. In the same way, in the wasteland of Pernambuco State, Brazil 3, the temperature of the corporal surface of heifers buffaloes and buffaloes in gestation were bigger (P<0.05) to the afternoon, in compar- ison with the morning. This effect can have the peripheral vasodilatation, as reply to the rise of the ambient temperature and consequent increase of the sanguine flow for the surface of skin 4. When the buffalos are created in systems without access to the shade or water, its thermoregulatory system immediately are activated, in order to keep the thermal balance, deviating energies that could be being used to get bigger produc- tivity. Thus, the systems that allow access to the shade, as the Silvopastoral System, better promotes tolerance of the buffalos to the tropical heat. Acknowledgements: To the Supervision of Development of Amazônia - SUDAM, for the financial resources. To the Embra- pa Eastern Amazon, for the availability of the area and experimental animals. To the National Institute of Meteorology - INMET/2º District of Meteorology, for the supply of the climatic data. Figure 1. Variation of rectal temperature of buffaloes created without shade (WS) and shade (S), of morning (7:00 A.M.) and to the after- noon (1:00 P.M.), in Eastern Amazon. Figure 2. Variation of respiratory frequency of buffaloes created without shade (WS) and shade (S), of morning (7:00 A.M.) and to the afternoon (1:00 P.M.), in Eastern Amazon. Proceedings 9 th World Buffalo Congress 808 PRODUCTION SYSTEM REFERENCES 1. Ablas, D.S.; Titto, E.A.L.; Pereira, A.M.F.; Titto, C.G.; Leme, T.M.C. 2007. Comportamento de bubalinos a pasto frente a disponibilidade de sombra e água para imersão. Ciência Animal Brasileira (UFG), Goiânia, v. 8, n. 2, p. 167-176. 2. Bastos, T.X.; Pacheco, N.A.; Nechet, D.; Sá, T.D.A. 2002. Aspectos climáticos de Belém no últimos cem anos. Belém: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. 31 p. (Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Documentos, 128). 3. Costa, L.A.B. 2007. Índices de conforto térmico e adaptabilidade de fêmeas bubalinas em pastejo no agreste de Pernambuco. Dissertação (Mestrado), UFRPE, Recife, 52p. 4. Koga, A.; Kurata, K.; Furukawa, R.; Nakajima, M.; Kanai, Y; Chikamune, T. 1999. Thermoregulatory responses of swamp buffaloes and friesian cows to diurnal changes in temperature. Institute of Agriculture and Forestry. University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan. p.1273-1276. 5. Lourenço Júnior, J.B.; Castro, A.C; Dantas, J.A.S; Santos, N.F.A.; Alves, O.S.; Monteiro, E.M.M. 2006. 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Bioclimatologia aplicada aos animais domésticos. 3. ed. rev. e atual. Porto Alegre: Sulina. 262 p. 9. Paranhos Da Costa, M.J.R. 2000. Ambiência na produção de bubalinos destinados ao abate. In: Encontro Anual de Etologia, 2000, Florianóp- olis, SC. Anais. Florianópolis: Sociedade Brasileira de Etologia. v.18, p.26-42. 10. Thom, E. C. 1959. The disconfort index. Weatherwise. v. 12, p. 57-59. Figure 3. Variation of cardiac frequency of buffaloes created with- out shade (WS) and shade (S), of morning (7:00 A.M.) and to the afternoon (1:00 P.M.), in Eastern Amazon. Figure 4. Variation of temperature of corporal surface of buffaloes created without shade (WS) and shade (S), of morning (7:00 A.M.) and to the afternoon (1:00 P.M.), in Eastern Amazon. [...]... quality of land and pastures and the annual variation in the length of hours light according to the station in the center and southern area of Brazil The aim of this study was to determine productive, reproductive and population parameters in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) at Buffalo Farm Called La Suiza located at the Magdalena Medio in Colombia and make the analysis and interpretation of the indicators and. .. total of 1200 hectares with a population of 1 250 animals and Puerto Alicia farm with 150 0 hectares and 1100 animals, there are female buffaloes approaching to labor and growing group There are 1001 female buffaloes in dairy production, of the total´s population, which are divided into six milking parlours, this group was subject to analysis The reproductive, productive and population information of the... from notebooks, annotations They were built each one of the stories of individual animals, entered to TaurusWebs software, generated listings for the control by subsystems: inventory of animals, the stories of each one of these, heifers and buffalo cows current information, the inputs and outputs of animals was recorded in the population subsystem The production subsystem recorded the following information:... was performed a DOFA matrix for each subsystem It made possible to determine age buffalo heifers conception average of 32 .5 months (9 75 days), age at first calving averaged 44 months (1320 days), calving interval of 406 days, 2 05 days weight to 42.1 kilograms Average production of buffalo milk per day is 3.3 liters, length of lactations averaging 284 days, dry period average length of 128 days Keywords:... historical data of population, reproductive and productive, and results from TaurusWebs Software Total population analyzed was 3 350 animals, divided into five age groups (infants 0-9 m, Growth I 9-12m, Growth II 12-18m, ending 18-24m and adults) Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics for subsystems and for this purpose was generated productivity trees time series for evaluation and assessment of delivery... distribution of the rainy period: March-May, September-November and the dry period: December-February and June-August The buffaloes population in this farm is comprise by four thousand eight hundred animals, distributed so: La Espiga Farm has a total of 2300 hectares with a population of 1400 animals, where there are pregnant females, female in the dry period and calving, males and females without calving and. .. The parameters generated by subsystems include: population: an inventory of animals on the farm, annual rate of replacement subsystem reproduction: conception buffalo heifers age, age at first calving, calving interval conception, calving interval In the production subsystem: days in milk production, average production buffalo / day, milk production per day, total milk production, lactation duration,... interactions by subsystems to build a comprehensive understanding of the target farm and perform a control of buffaloes farm operating processes At the same time indicators about the reproductive, productive and population behavior were establish Strategic planning was finally used for decision-making and actions by the buffalo company Buenos Aires, Abril 2010 809 PRODUCTION SYSTEM MATERIALS AND METHODS This... January of 2006 until December of 2007 This farm is located at the end of La Sierra, Vereda la Mina, municipalities of Puerto Nare and Puerto Berrío, Antioquia´s Department, is composed by 3 farms called: Puerto Alicia, La Espiga and Corinto The average temperature is 28 ° - 29.3 ° c 16, the annual average of reported precipitation is 1424 m.m.s to Puerto Berrío, annual relative humidity is 76 % 15, with... Corresponding autor: Marcela García Cortés, Calle 152 # 55 a 10, Bogotá, Colombia, Phone: +57 31 256 26933 -Email: marcelitagc24@gmail.com ABSTRACT This research was conducted in the Hacienda Bufalera la Suiza, located in the Middle of the Magdalena River, Colombia; from January 2006 to December 2007 The aim of this study was to determine productive, reproductive and population parameters in buffaloes (Bubalus . average of 650 kg, and presented an average carcass yield of 58 %. Franzolin and Silva (2001) found a rate of carcass yield from 50 .88 to 51 .57 % for the animals supplemented with different levels of. Verma H.K., Gandotra V.K. and Singh K.B. 20 05. Impact of management practices on reproductive disorders of dairy animals. The Indain Journal of Animal Reproduction: 26(2): 153 - 158 Dec. 20 05 9. Sah,. supplement 70% of palm dendê cake, 15% of soybean, 13% of wheat bran and 2% of ground corn. The weight of experimental animals are made at the end of each grazing cycle, fasted for 14 hours and water