Unix for mac your visual blueprint to maximizing the foundation of mac osx phần 9 potx

‹ Double-click the XInstall file. ■ The Authenticate dialog box appears. › Type your password. ˇ Click OK. ■ The language selection dialog box appears. Á Click the drop-down menu to select a language from the menu. ‡ Click OK. ■ Continue through the remainder of the installation. RUN THE X WINDOW SYSTEM 16 While the procedure described below installs basic X Windows, keep in mind that the version of XFree86 that you should install will change as time passes. Consult the XonX site and amend the filenames and your procedure according to the information available on this site. You can also install an X server using Apple's Get MacOS X Software link from your Apple menu. Apple's X server is called X11 for Mac OS and, at this writing, is a Public Beta release. Apple's implementation of X Windows is also based on XFree86. Files used in X Windows include .Xdefaults, which sets default preferences for windows services, and .xinitrc, which establishes your initial screen setup. A typical .xinitrc file might start several windows on your display. These will often include the more typical X clients, such as xterm — a terminal emulator; xlock — a simple analog clock; and xeyes — a pair of eyeballs that follow your cursor around the screen. 275 16 53730X Ch16.qxd 3/25/03 9:00 AM Page 275 ⁄ Double-click the ZIP file for your XFree86 upgrade. ■ The file unzips. ¤ Double-click the install file for your XFree86 upgrade. ■ The Authenticate dialog box appears. ‹ Type your password. › Click OK. ■ The Introduction page appears. ˇ Click Next to continue. Y ou can install XFree86 upgrades to bring your XFree86 installation up to the current release from the base release. Upgrades will usually bring bug fixes and performance improvements and are generally worth the time that it takes to install them. Because the ZIP files containing the modified files are generally small, the process of downloading and installing them takes little time and little effort. The upgrade installations complete the installation and assume that the two upgrade files have been downloaded as described in the "Get X Software for Mac OS X" section. While one specific upgrade is being installed in this section, this process is repeated for both of the upgrades downloaded in the previous section and for other upgrades that you may need to install in the future. XFree86 upgrades are distributed as ZIP files. The easiest way to install one of these files is to double-click the icon in the Finder. This will unzip the file and create an install file. When you double-click the install file, your upgrade installation will begin. As with most installations of this type, you will be required to authenticate yourself so that the system can verify that you are an administrator on the system and have the authority to install applications. The process will then run through a couple of additional steps. You will have to select the disk on which the software is to be installed. You should select your Mac OS X system disk to simplify administration. Click Next to proceed with the installation and click Install before the software starts to load onto your drive. The installation can be restarted if needed. Whenever you install more than one upgrade, be sure to install them in the order in which they were created. INSTALL XFREE86 UPGRADES UNIX FOR MAC 276 INSTALL XFREE86 UPGRADES 16 53730X Ch16.qxd 3/25/03 9:00 AM Page 276 ■ The Choose Install Folder page appears. Á Select your disk, if applicable, and click Next to continue. ■ The installation disk is identified. ■ A summary description of the software appears. ‡ Click install to complete the installation. ■ The installation completes. RUN THE X WINDOW SYSTEM 16 After XFree86 is installed on your system and you have verified that it works properly, you can remove the ZIP and install files for the upgrades along with the SIT file for the major release. If you do not need the space, keeping these files available in case a re-install is needed is probably a good idea. There is little reason to keep these files after you install and verify a new major release, like XFree86 4.3. While XFree86 is an extremely useful tool and enables you to run many applications previously not available on Mac OS X, the look and feel of your X environment depends on the window manager that you decide to use. For most X users, installing XFree86 is just the beginning of setting up a versatile X Windows environment. If you need help with XDarwin, you can take advantage of the discussion forum on the www.xdarwin.org site. You can also look for in-depth information on technical issues at the SourceForge/projects/XonX site. The XonX site provides a public discussion forum as well as several mailing lists that are devoted to such topics as porting Unix software to Mac OS X. 277 16 53730X Ch16.qxd 3/25/03 9:00 AM Page 277 ⁄ Double-click the XDarwin application icon. ■ The Welcome to XDarwin window appears. ¤ Click Rootless. Y ou can start up your X Windows server in rootless mode. This allows you to run X applications side-by-side with Mac OS X applications. Each time you start XDarwin, the system will ask whether you want to run in full-screen or rootless mode. If you will always be running in one mode or the other, you can select your mode and click the check box so that the application stops asking you this question. Both modes have their advantages, however. To start in rootless mode, click the Rootless button after double-clicking the icon for your XFree86 application or after starting it from the Dock. The X Windows that launch when you do this depend on the contents of your system's .xinitrc file or on your personal .xinitrc file if you have one. For example, the following lines from an .xinitrc file would start up several xterm windows and a clock: xclock -geometry 50x50-1+1 & xterm -geometry 80x50+0+0 & xterm -geometry 80x20+400-0 & exec xterm -geometry 80x66+0+0 -name login You will notice these windows when you start your X session. The numbers associated with the xterm command define the number of columns, the number of rows, and the screen location. For example, the first xterm defined in the lines above will have 80 columns and 50 rows; 80 columns wide is equivalent to the width of 80 mono-spaced characters side-by-side. Its upper-left corner will be placed in the upper-left corner of the screen. The most convenient way to start X Windows is to elect to keep it in the Dock after you first bring it up. You can then customize the windows that start by making a copy of the system-wide .xinitrc file and installing that copy as .xinitrc in your home directory. When you first install XFree86, you will be using the default window manager. It is called twm and, while it adds some window controls to your windows, it is a dull window manager. START XFREE86 IN ROOTLESS MODE UNIX FOR MAC 278 START X86FREE IN ROOTLESS MODE 16 53730X Ch16.qxd 3/25/03 9:00 AM Page 278 ■ X clients launch on your Aqua desktop, displaying three screens by default. ‹ Type xeyes in an xterm window and press Return. ■ The xeyes tool opens on your desktop. RUN THE X WINDOW SYSTEM 16 You can update your search path to include X Windows tools. This will allow you to start X tools by entering their names without a full pathname. X tools will usually install in the directory /usr/X11R6/bin. By including this path in your PATH variable, you instruct your shell to look in that directory when you enter a simple name such as xeyes. Your search path, defined in your .tcshrc file, will look something like this: Example: setenv PATH /usr/bin:/bin:/sbin:/ sw/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin You can change the colors used on a xterm window by modifying the parameters used in your .xinitrc file. The command "xterm -n xterm- blahblahblah -bg black -fg white - geometry 80x25+0+0 &", for example, generates a window named "xterm-blahblahblah" with a black background and white letters. The Terminal window would be 80 columns wide (standard width) and 25 lines long beginning in the upper-left corner of the screen. 279 16 53730X Ch16.qxd 3/25/03 9:00 AM Page 279 ⁄ Click XDarwin in the Dock. ■ The XDarwin welcome screen appears. ¤ Click Full screen. Y ou can install the GNOME desktop on your Mac OS X system if you have first installed an X server such as XFree86. GNOME is one of the most popular X Window System desktops. Developed for the Linux community, GNOME now runs on Solaris and Mac OS X systems as well. Because this porting effort is recent, installing Gnome can be a slow and somewhat problematic installation – especially on a slow dial-up connection. You can also acquire binaries on CD-ROM. The following sites provide information on X Windows for Mac OS X. http://sourceforge.net/projects/xonx http://www.xdarwin.org After GNOME is installed on your system, you can use it as your X Windows desktop. To use GNOME, you should edit your .xinitrc file and add the line exec gnome-session to the bottom of the file. Be sure to comment out the line that starts the default window manager, twm. The bottom of your .xinitrc file, after editing, might look like this: gnome-wm & exec gnome-session The next time you start X Windows after making these changes, your desktop will start running with GNOME. As with XFree86 out of the box, you can run GNOME in rootless or full-screen mode. When you run rootless, your X Windows will take on the appearance of GNOME windows, using the GNOME window dressings. The rest of your windows will retain their Aqua look. You will be able to start additional X tools from your xterm windows. For example, you can start the xeyes tool by typing /usr/X11R6/bin/xeyes in an xterm window and pressing Return. When you start GNOME in full screen mode, as is generally the case, GNOME will take over your desktop. All vestiges of your Aqua tools and menus will disappear from view. GNOME menus will be available on your desktop for starting any of a number of X applications. RUN THE GNOME DESKTOP UNIX FOR MAC 280 RUN THE GNOME DESKTOP 16 53730X Ch16.qxd 3/25/03 9:00 AM Page 280 ■ A window appears, stating that full-screen mode will take over your screen, and telling you how to return to the Mac OS X desktop. ‹ Click Show X11. ■ XDarwin launches in full-screen mode. ■ The GNOME desktop appears. RUN THE X WINDOW SYSTEM 16 Many of the applications available through the GNOME desktop are traditional X tools such as xterm, a terminal emulator, and xcalc, a simple calculator. Other applications, such as xv and the GIMP are quite sophisticated tools for manipulating images. GNOME supports the concept of virtual desktops. The small object in the bottom left hand corner of the screen represents each of four virtual desktops. You can move from one desktop to the next by clicking any of the four rectangles. The upper left rectangle represents your default screen. If you do not like working with a cluttered desktop, you can start different applications on each of the four virtual desktops and move from one to the other as needed. To exit the GNOME desktop, click Desktop ➪ Log Out. You can also start other X applications, those not included in the GNOME menus but installed on your system, by typing their names in an xterm window. 281 16 53730X Ch16.qxd 3/25/03 9:00 AM Page 281 ⁄ Click Programs ➪ Applications. ■ The set of applications available on the GNOME desktop appears. ¤ Click Programs ➪ Utilities ➪ Simple Calculator. Programs Applications Programs Utilities Simple Calculator Y ou can take advantage of an impressive collection of useful tools and applications when you run the GNOME desktop. The GNOME desktop includes a number of utilities and applications that are built into the desktop. That is, you can start up these tools by selecting them from the menus available to you on your GNOME desktop. Some of these tools are simple applications that can make your system a little nicer to use. Others will make a tremendous difference in what you are able to accomplish on your system. The GNOME Programs menu contains a number of sub- menus, each with a variety of tools. The Applications menu includes tools such as emacs — a highly configurable editor, and Gnumeric — a spreadsheet program. The Utilities menu provides access to a simple calculator, a color browser, and other tools. The graphics menu provides access to GNOME Ghostview, a tool for viewing PostScript files; the GIMP, an image editing program; and xv, a program for viewing and modifying image files. Each of these tools can be an extremely useful addition to your desktop. The look of your GNOME desktop will vary quite a bit depending on the window manager that you decide to use. Several are available to you and others can be obtained. Enlightenment and Window Maker are used in screenshots in this book. These two window managers have extremely different appearances, but will, of course, run the same applications. The third choice, twm, is also available. To alter your window manager, click Settings ➪ Desktop ➪ Window Manager. When you change your window manager, you will have an opportunity to save your new settings. Xterm windows are similar in character and to Terminal windows; therefore, you should be able to use these windows in the same manner that you would use the Terminal application when you are running in Aqua. EXPLORE GNOME APPLICATIONS UNIX FOR MAC 282 EXPLORE GNOME APPLICATIONS 16 53730X Ch16.qxd 3/25/03 9:00 AM Page 282 ■ The GNOME Calculator tool opens. ‹ Click X to close the calculator. › Click Programs ➪ Graphics. ■ The menu shows Ghostview, the GIMP, and xv. Programs Graphics RUN THE X WINDOW SYSTEM 16 If your GNOME desktop opens without the panels at the top and bottom of the screen, type panel –no-xshm in an xterm window. Clicking the globe in the bottom panel will open Mozilla, the Web browser. With this tool, you can browse the Web the same as you would using Internet Explorer or Safari on your Mac OS X desktop. You can make the bottom panel slide over to the edge of your screen by clicking either end where the small arrow is displayed. The Window Maker window manager gives your GNOME desktop an entirely different look and feel. If you selected this desktop by clicking Settings ➪ Desktop ➪ Window Manager, your desktop will change character. You can start up additional virtual desktops or workspaces by right-clicking in the background and clicking Workspaces ➪ New. You will then be able to navigate between these workspaces by clicking the backward and forward buttons on the icon in the upper-left corner of your screen. Within each workspace, you can then start different tools as if you had a number of work surfaces for working on different projects. 283 16 53730X Ch16.qxd 3/25/03 9:00 AM Page 283 ⁄ Double-click the icon for the most recent version of OroborOSX. ■ A TAR file and a folder appear. ¤ Double-click the OroborOSX-Folder icon. Y ou can install the OroborOSX desktop to take advantage of X tools on your Aqua desktop. OroborOSX allows you to run X applications while maintaining the look and feel of your normal Mac OS X desktop. The OroborOSX window manager actually provides several graphical themes. One of these mimics the look of your Aqua desktop and gives your Mac OS X and your X applications a seamless appearance. OroborOSX also provides a drop-down menu of applications that can be launched from your desktop when you are running OroborOSX. This menu appears at the top of your OroborOSX screen and is titled Launch. One of these tools is the GIMP, the impressive open source image-editing tool that rivals the capabilities of PhotoShop. Installing OroborOSX is a smooth process after XFree86 has been installed. The OroborOSX application can be retrieved from any of several places – http://oroborosx.sourceforge. net/download.html and both binary and source distributions are available. This section outlines the process of installing the binary file, which is downloaded as a gzipped TAR file. When you double-click this file, you will walk through the installation process. OroborOSX will be installed in a matter of minutes and will be ready for use. You might want to keep OroborOSX in the Dock to facilitate its use. You will then be able to start X applications by first clicking on OroborOSX in the Dock and then starting your X application through the Launch menu or by entering the pathnames for the binaries in an xterm window. When you launch OrorborOSX, it will in turn launch XDarwin. OroborOSX is a good choice for anyone who wants to work in their normal Mac OS X desktop while adding some applications that only run in X Windows. Installation is trouble-free and extremely quick. INSTALL OROBOROSX UNIX FOR MAC 284 INSTALL OROBOROSX 16 53730X Ch16.qxd 3/25/03 9:00 AM Page 284 [...]... Most of the items in the toolbar along the top and down the left side of the Writer's window will look familiar to you if you have used Microsoft Word or another word processor If you are unsure of the meaning of any of the icons, position and hold your cursor over them and a short description appears VIEW OFFICE DOCUMENTS WITH OPEN OFFICE File Open ⁄ Click the Open Office icon in the Dock 296 ■ Writer... description to appear If you want to draw on top of an image, you can use the pencil tool The Tool Options window for this tool allows you to modify the opacity of your pencil stroke and to select a color for your pencil strokes The magnifying glass tool allows you to quickly zoom in on an image so that you can see more detail and have a finer degree of control over your work To zoom back out, double-click the. .. Zoom out in the Tool Options Then click the image again The effect of the magnifying glass will then cause you to zoom out You can toggle between zooming in and zooming out as needed The icon in the middle of the toolbox that looks like an eyedropper allows you to pick colors from your image This allows you to work with colors that match the colors in your image instead of trying to match the colors... click the Load button This will open a file browse window that allows you to select the image that you want to load The image will load on your screen after you click OK You can use the options under the Image Size button to control the size of the image on your screen The algorithms included in the Algorithms menu include a number of image manipulation routines that you can apply to the image These... save it using the Save button The Format menu in the upper-right corner allows you to select the format for your saved image and, depending on the image type you select, asks if you want to use compression You can load a number of images and flip through them using the Next and Prev buttons You can crop an image by first selecting the area you want to retain using your left mouse button and then pressing... GIMP's xcf format Background oldhouse.jpg ■ The Load Image window ■ A thumbnail of the ■ The image file opens and ‹ Select the name of a file › Double-click the name of ˇ In the Layers, Channels & the image file you want to edit Paths window, click the New Layer button in the lower-left corner opens selected image appears appears as a layer Á Click the Text Tool in your toolbox and then click the image... · Click OK 290 ■ The new text floats over your image ‚ In the Layers, Channels & Paths window, click the Floating Selection — Click the Anchor Layer icon to anchor your text 17 53730X Ch17.qxd 3/25/03 9: 00 AM Page 291 INSTALL X WINDOW SYSTEM SOFTWARE 17 The 5 x 5 element toolbox allows you to easily access the tools available for use within the GIMP Pausing your cursor over any of the icons will cause... program for X Windows, to display, crop, stretch, and dither images of many different types To start xv, type xv in an xterm window If you are using GNOME, you will find the program in the Graphics menu A colorful fishout -of -the- water banner will greet you Near the bottom of the page, you will see the message Press mouse button for menu To view the control panel for xv, press Control + click To. .. Windows OroborOSX does not make use of your xinitrc file However, you can get it to read and execute the commands in this file if you click Launch ➪ xinitrc ■ The folder opens, revealing the new OroborOSX application ‹ Double-click the OroborOSX icon 16 When you are running OroborOSX, all of the windows that you have open will be listed at the bottom of your Windows menu To move from one to the next, you... Type =sum( in the cell 17 The undo operation is available both as Edit ➪ Undo and through use of the curved arrow in the toolbar Anytime you make a mistake, you can quickly reverse your most recent operation You can add arrows and other annotations to your spreadsheet by selecting these tools from your toolbar Icons in the toolbar allow you to change the justification of data in cells to right, left, . on top of an image, you can use the pencil tool. The Tool Options window for this tool allows you to modify the opacity of your pencil stroke and to select a color for your pencil strokes. The. running OroborOSX. This menu appears at the top of your OroborOSX screen and is titled Launch. One of these tools is the GIMP, the impressive open source image-editing tool that rivals the capabilities of. fish- out -of -the- water banner will greet you. Near the bottom of the page, you will see the message Press <right> mouse button for menu. To view the control panel for xv, press Control + click. To