Notes 151 16. Bookchin, M. Our Synthetic Environment, rev. ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. 17. Fitchen, J. M., Heath, J. S., and Fessenden - Raden, J. Risk perception in comm- unity context. In B. B. Johnson and V. T. Covello, eds., The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk: Essays on Risk Selection and Perception, pp. 31 – 54. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel, 1987. 18. Crawford, R. You are dangerous to your health: The ideology and politics of victim blaming. International Journal of Health Services, 7 (1977): 663 – 680. 19. Rose, N. E. Scapegoating poor women: An analysis of welfare reform. Journal of Economic Issues, 34, no. 1 (2000): 143 – 159. 20. Tesh, S. N. Hidden Arguments. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988. 21. Link, B. G., and Phelan, J. C. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behaviors, 36 (1995): 80 – 94. 22. Link, B. G., and Phelan, J. C. Understanding sociodemographic differences in health: The role of fundamental social causes. American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 471 – 473. 23. Saegert, S. C., Klitzman, S., Freudenberg, N., Cooperman - Mroczek, J., and Nassar, S. Healthy housing: A structured review of published evaluations of U. S. interventions to improve health by modifying housing in the United States, 1990 – 2001. American Journal of Public Health, 93, no. 9 (2002): 1471. 24. Berzonsky, M. D. Theories of adolescent development. In G. Adams, ed., Adole - s cent Development: The Essential Readings, pp. 7 – 8. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. 25. Muuss, R. E. Friendship patterns and peer group infl uences: An ecological per- spective based on Bronfenbrenner, Kandel, and Dunphy. In R. E. Muuss, ed., Theories of Adolescence, 5th ed., pp. 300 – 319. New York: McGraw - Hill, 1988. 26. Muuss, R. E. Theories of Adolescence, 6th ed. New York: McGraw - Hill, 1996. 27. Patterson, S. J., Sochting, I., and Marcia, J. E. The inner space and beyond: Women and identity. In G. R. Adams, T. P. Gullotta, and R. Montemayor, eds., Adolescent Identity Formation, pp. 9 – 24. Newbury Park, Cal.: Sage, 1992. 28. Steinberg, L. Adolescence, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw - Hill, 1993. 29. Burt, M. R. Reasons to invest in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31 (2002): 136 – 152. 30. Brown, J. D., and Witherspoon, E. M. The mass media and American adolescents ’ health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31 (2002): 153 – 170. 31. Furstenberg, F. F. The sociology of adolescence and youth in the 1990s: A critical commentary. Journal of Marriage & Family, 62, no. 4 (2000): 896 – 910. c06.indd 151c06.indd 151 6/5/09 2:14:17 PM6/5/09 2:14:17 PM 152 Racial Inequality in Health 32. Hayward, M. D., and Heron, M. Racial inequality in active life among adult Americans. Demography, 36, no. 1 (1999): 77 – 91. 33. Rowe, J. W., and Kahn, R. L. Successful Aging. New York: Pantheon Books, 1998. 34. Goodwin, J., and Emirbayer, M. Network analysis, culture, and the problem of agency. American Journal of Sociology, 99, no. 6 (1994): 1411 – 1454. 35. Katz, M. B. Reframing the “ underclass debate. ” In M. B. Katz, ed., The “ Underclass Debate ” : Views from History. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993. 36. Rein, M. Dominance, contest, and reframing. In A. Ben - Arieh and J. Gal, eds. Into the Promised Land? Issues Facing the Welfare State, pp. 213 – 238. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2000. 37. Dahl, R. A. Who Governs: Democracy and Power in an American City, p. 317. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961. 38. Hicks - Bartlett, S. Between a rock and a hard place: The labyrinth of working and parenting in a poor community. In S. Danizer and A. C. Lin, eds. Coping with Poverty: The Social Contexts of Neighborhood, Work and Family in the African - American Community, pp. 27 – 51. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. 39. Stack, C. B. All Our Kin. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. 40. Stack, C. B. Call to Home. New York: Basic Books, 1996. 41. Stack, C. B., and Burton, L. M. Kinscripts. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 24 (1993): 157. 42. Ward, J. V. The Skin We ’ re In. New York: The Free Press, 2000. 43. James, S. Racial and ethnic differences in infant mortality and low birth weight: A psychosocial critique. Annals of Epidemiology, 3 (1993): 130 – 136. 44. Guendelman, S. Health and disease among Hispanics. In S. Loue, ed., Handbook of Immigrant Health, pp. 277 – 301. New York: Plenum Press, 1998. 45. Guendelman, S., Gould, J. B., Hudes, M., and Eskenazi, B. Generational differ- ences in perinatal health among the Mexican - American population: Findings from HHANES 1982 – 84. American Journal of Public Health, 80, Suppl (1990): 61 – 65. 46. Landale, N. S., Oropesa, R. S., Llanes, D., and Gorman, B. Does Americanization have adverse effects on health? Stress, health habits, and infant health outcomes among Puerto Ricans. Social Forces, 78, no. 2 (1999): 613. 47. Rumbaut, R., and Weeks, J. Unraveling a public health enigma: Why do immi- grants experience superior perinatal health outcomes? Research in the Sociology of Health Care, 13 (1996): 335 – 388. c06.indd 152c06.indd 152 6/5/09 2:14:17 PM6/5/09 2:14:17 PM Notes 153 48. Sundquist, J., and Winkleby, M. A. Addictive substances, including tobacco — cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican American adults: A transcultural analysis of NHANES III, 1988 – 1994. American Journal of Public Health, 89, no. 5 (1999): 723. 49. Stern, M., and Wei, M. Do Mexican Americans really have low rates of cardiovas- cular disease? American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 29, no. 6 (1999): S9. 50. James, S., Schultz, A. J., and van Olphen, J. Social capital, poverty, and community health: An exploration of linkages. In S. Saegert, J. P. Thompson, and M. R. Warren, eds., Social Capital and Poor Communities, pp. 165 – 188. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001. 51. Williams, D. Race, socioeconomic status, and health: The added effects of racism and discrimination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896 (1999): 173 – 188. 52. Jones, C. P. Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener ’ s tale. American Journal of Public Health, 90, no. 8 (2000): 1212 – 1215. 53. Dressler, W. W. Modeling biocultural interactions: Examples from studies of stress and cardiovascular disease. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 38 (1995): 27 – 56. 54. Dressler, W. W. Hypertension in the African American community: Social, cul- tural, and psychological factors. Seminars in Nephrology, 16, no. 2 (1996): 71 – 82. 55. Dressler, W. W. Modernization, stress, and blood pressure: New directions in research. Human Biology, 71, no. 4 (1999): 583 – 605. 56. Scribner, R., and Dwyer, J. H. Acculturation and low birthweight among Latinos in the Hispanic HANES. American Journal of Public Health, 79 (1980): 1263 – 1267. 57. Lamont, M. Colliding moralities between black and white workers. In E. Long, ed., Sociology to Cultural Studies, pp. 263 – 285. New York: Blackwell Press, 1997. 58. Geronimus, A. T. On teenage childbearing and neonatal mortality in the United States. Population and Development Review, 13, no. 2 (1987): 245 – 279. 59. Geronimus, A. T. To mitigate, resist, or undo: Addressing structural infl uences on the health of urban populations. American Journal of Public Health, 90 (2000): 867 – 872. 60. Geronimus, A. T. Damned if you do: Culture, identity, privilege and teenage child- bearing in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 57 (2003): 881 – 893. 61. Oakes, J., Rossi, M., and Rossi, P. H. The measurement of SES in health research: Current practice and steps toward a new approach. Social Science & Medicine, 56, no. 4 (2003): 769 – 784. 62. Bobo, L. D., and Kluegel, J. R. Perceived group discrimination and policy attitudes: The sources and consequences of the race and gender gaps. In C.T.A. c06.indd 153c06.indd 153 6/5/09 2:14:17 PM6/5/09 2:14:17 PM 154 Racial Inequality in Health O ’ Connor, C. Tilly, and L. D. Bobo, eds., Urban Inequality: Evidence from Four Cities, pp. 163 – 198. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001. 63. Hochschild, J. L. Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995. 64. Kluegel, J. R., and Bobo, L. D. Status, ideology, and dimensions of whites ’ racial beliefs and attitudes: Progress and stagnation. In J. K. Martin and S. A. Tuch, eds., Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, pp. 93 – 120. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1997. 65. Dawson, M. C. Behind the Mule: Race, Class, and African American Politics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994. 66. Charles, C. Z. The dynamics of racial segregation. Annual Review of Sociology, 29 (2003): 167 – 207. 67. Kaufman, J. S., Cooper, R. S., and McGee, D. L. Socioeconomic status and health in blacks and whites: The problem of residual confounding and the resiliency of race. Epidemiology, 8 (1997): 621 – 628. 68. Sikes, M., and Faegin, J. Living with Racism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994. 69. Kennedy, R. Racial trends in the administration of criminal justice. In N. J. Smelser, W. J. Wilson, and F. Mitchell, eds., America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Vol. 2, pp. 1 – 20. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2001. 70. James, S., Keenan, N., Strogatz, D., Browning, S., and Garrett, J. Socioeconomic status, John Henryism, and blood pressure in black adults: The Pitt County Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135, no. 1 (1992): 59 – 67. 71. Light, K., Brownley, K., Turner, J., Hinderliter, A., Girdler, S., Sherwood, A., and Anderson, N. Job status and high - effort coping infl uence work blood pressure in women and blacks. Hypertension, 25, no. 4 (1995): 554 – 559. 72. Williams, D., Yu, Y., Jackson, J., and Anderson, N. Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socioeconomic status, stress, and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2 (1997): 335 – 351. 73. House, J., Lepkowski, J., Kinney, A., Mero, R., Kessler, R., and Herzog, A. Social stratifi cation of aging and health. Journal of Health and Social Behaviors, 35 (1994): 213 – 234. 74. Dawson, M. C. Black Discontent: The Report of the 1993 – 1994 National Black Politics Study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 75. Feagin, J. R. Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations. New York: Routledge, 2000. c06.indd 154c06.indd 154 6/5/09 2:14:18 PM6/5/09 2:14:18 PM Notes 155 76. Hamilton, D. C., and Hamilton, C. V. The Dual Agenda: The African American Struggle for Civil and Economic Equality. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. 77. Edsall, T. B., and Edsall, M. D. Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics. New York: W. W. Norton, 1991. 78. Gilens, M. Why Americans Hate Welfare. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. 79. James, S. John Henryism and the health of African Americans. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 18, no. 2 (1994): 163 – 182. 80. Kline, J., Stein, Z., and Susser, M. Conception to Birth: Epidemiology of Prenatal Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. 81. Sapolsky, R. M. Why Zebras Don ’ t Get Ulcers: An Updated Guide to Stress, Stress Related Diseases, and Coping. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1998. 82. McEwen, B. S. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 338 (1998): 171 – 179. 83. Wilson, W. J. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Knopf, 1996. 84. Bound, J., Schoenbaum, M., and Waidmann, T. A. Race differences in labor force attachment and disability status. Gerontologist, 36 (1996): 311 – 321. 85. Geronimus, A. T. Clashes of common sense: On the previous childcare experience of teenage mothers - to - be. Hum Organ, 51, no. 4 (1992): 318 – 329. 86. Geronimus, A. T. Teenage childbearing and personal responsibility: An alterna- tive view. Political Science Quarterly, 112, no. 3 (1997): 405 – 430. 87. Bound, J., Waidmann, T., Schoenbaum, M., and Bingenheimer, J. B. The labor market consequences of race differences in health. Milbank Quarterly, 81 (2003): 441 – 474. 88. Edin, K. J. The myths of dependence and self - suffi ciency: Women, welfare, and low - wage work. Focus, 27, no. 2 (1995): 1 – 9. 89. Newman, K. S. Hard times on 125th Street: Harlem ’ s poor confront welfare reform. Am Anthropol, 103, no. 3 (2001): 762 – 778. 90. Kalil, A., et al. Mother, worker, welfare recipient: Welfare reform and the multiple roles of low - income women. In S. Danizer and A. C. Lin, eds., Coping with Poverty: The Social Contexts of Neighborhood, Work and Family in the African - American Community, pp. 201 – 223. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. 91. Billingsley, A. Climbing Jacob ’ s Ladder: The Enduring Legacy of African American Families. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992. c06.indd 155c06.indd 155 6/5/09 2:14:18 PM6/5/09 2:14:18 PM 156 Racial Inequality in Health 92. McAdoo, H. P. Black mothers and the extended family support network. In L. F. Rogers - Rose, ed., The Black Woman, pp. 125 – 144. Beverly Hills, Cal.: Sage, 1980. 93. Hogan, D. P., Hao, L., and Parish, W. L. Race, kin networks, and assistance to mother - headed families. Social Forces, 68 (1990): 797 – 812. 94. DeLeire, T., and Kalil, A. Good things come in threes: Single - parent multigener- ational family structure and adolescent adjustment. Demography, 39, no. 2 (2002): 393 – 413. 95. Geronimus, A. T., Bound, J., and Waidmann, T. A. Health inequality and popula- tion variation in fertility - timing. Social Science & Medicine, 49, no. 12 (1999): 1623 – 1636. 96. Moore, K., Morrison, D. R., and Greene, A. D. Effects on the children born to adolescent mothers. In R. Maynard, ed., Kids Having Kids, pp. 145 – 173. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press, 1997. 97. Geronimus, A. T., Korenman, S., and Hillemeier, M. M. Does young maternal age adversely affect child development? Evidence from cousin comparisons. Population and Development Review, 20, no. 3 (1994): 585 – 609. 98. Geronimus, A. T. The effects of race, residence, and prenatal care on the rela- tionship of maternal age to neonatal mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 76 (1986): 416 – 1421. 99. Geronimus, A. T. Weathering Chicago. International Journal of Epidemiology, 32, no. 1 (2003): 90 – 91. 100. Geronimus, A. T., and Korenman, S. Maternal youth or family background? On the health disadvantages of infants with teenage mothers. American Journal of Epidemiology, 137, no. 2 (1993): 213 – 225. 101. McCarthy, J., and Hardy, J. Age at fi rst birth and birth outcomes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3 (1993): 373 – 392. 102. Rauh, V. A., Andrews, H. F., and Garfi nkel, R. S. The contribution of maternal age to racial disparities in birthweight: A multilevel perspective. American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 1815 – 1824. 103. Rich - Edwards, J., Buka, S. L., Brennan, R. T., and Earls, F. Diverging associa- tions of maternal age with low birthweight for black and white mothers. International Journal of Epidemiology, 32 (2003): 83 – 90. 104. Levine, J., Pollack, H. A., and Comfort, M. Academic and behavioral outcomes among the children of young mothers. Journal of Marriage & Family, 63, no. 2 (2001): 355 – 369. c06.indd 156c06.indd 156 6/5/09 2:14:18 PM6/5/09 2:14:18 PM Notes 157 105. Moore, K. A., and Snyder, N. O. Cognitive attainment among fi rstborn children of adolescent mothers. American Sociological Review, 56 (1991): 612 – 624. 106. Rothenberg, P. B., and Varga, P. E. The relationship between age of mother and child health and development. American Journal of Public Health, 71, no. 8 (1981): 810 – 817. 107. Burton, L. M., and Whitfi eld, K. E. “ Weathering ” towards poorer health in later life: Comorbidity in urban low income families. Public Policy and Aging Report, 13 (2003): 13 – 18. 108. O ’ Connor, A. Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth - Century U.S. History. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001. 109. Ellwood, D. T., and Bane, M. J. Welfare Realities: From Rhetoric to Reform. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994. 110. Sessions, D. N., and Stevans, L. K. Minimum wage policy and poverty in the United States. International Review of Applied Economics, 15, no. 1 (2001): 65 – 75. 111. Levin - Waldman, O. M. Minimum wage and justice? Review of Social Economy, 58, no. 1 (2000): 43 – 62. 112. Reich, R. B. The case (once again) for universal health insurance. The American Prospect. Available at www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=4701 . Published April 22, 2001. Accessed July 30, 2008. 113. Stone, D. How market ideology guarantees racial inequalities. In Healthy,Wealthy and Fair: Health Care and the Good Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. 114. Fossett, J. W., Perloff, J. D., Peterson, J. A., and Kletke, P. R. Medicaid in the inner city: The case of maternity care in Chicago. Milbank Quarterly, 68, no. 1 (1990): 111 – 141. 115. Fossett, J. W., and Perloff, J. D. The “ new ” health reform and access to care: The problem of the inner city. Report prepared for the Kaiser Commission on the Future of Medicaid, December 1995. 116. LaVeist, T. A. Linking residential segregation to the infant - mortality race dispar- ity in U.S. cities. Sociol Soc Res, 73 (1989): 90 – 94. 117. Polednak, A. P. Segregation, discrimination and mortality in U.S. blacks. Ethn Dis, 6 (1996): 99 – 108. 118. Williams, D. R., and Collins, C. Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports, 116 (2001): 404 – 416. 119. Cooper, R. S., Kennelly, J. F., Durazo - Arvizu, R., Oh, H - J., Kaplan, G., and Lynch, J. Relationship between premature mortality and socioeconomic factors c06.indd 157c06.indd 157 6/5/09 2:14:18 PM6/5/09 2:14:18 PM 158 Racial Inequality in Health in black and white populations of U.S. metropolitan areas. Public Health Reports, 116 (2001): 464 – 473. 120. Jackson, S. A., Anderson, R. T., Johnson, N. J., and Sorlie, P. D. The relation of residential segregation to all - cause mortality: A study in black and white. American Journal of Public Health, 90 (2000): 615 – 617. 121. Cooper, R. S. Social inequality, ethnicity and cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30 (2001): S48 – S52. 122. Acevedo - Garcia, D. Zip code - level risk factors for tuberculosis: Neighborhood environment and residential segregation in New Jersey, 1985 – 1992. American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 734 – 741. 123. Kelley, R. D. G. Playing for keeps: Pleasure and profi t on the postindustrial play- ground. In Lubiano, W., ed. The House That Race Built, pp. 195 – 231. New York: Pantheon Books, 1997. 124. Newman, K. S. No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City. New York: Knopf/Sage, 1999. 125. Wallace, R., and Wallace, D. Socioeconomic determinants of health: Community marginalisation and the diffusion of disease and disorder in the United States. British Medical Journal, 314 (1997): 1341. 126. Bound, J. The health and earnings of rejected disability insurance applicants. American Economic Review, 79 (1989): 482 – 503. 127. Chasnoff, I. J., Landress, H. J., and Barrett, M. E. The prevalence of illicit - drug or alcohol use during pregnancy and discrepancies in mandatory reporting in Pinellas County, Florida. New England Journal of Medicine, 322 (1990): 1202 – 1206. 128. Schulman, K. A., Berlin, J. A., Harless, W., et al. The effect of race and sex on physicians ’ recommendations for cardiac catheterization. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, no. 8 (1999): 618 – 626. 129. Dalton, H. L. AIDS in blackface. Daedalus, 118 (1989): 205 – 223. 130. LaVeist, T. A., Nickerson, K. J., and Bowie, J. V. Attitudes about racism, medical mistrust, and satisfaction with care among African American and white cardiac patients. Medical Care Research and Review, 57, Suppl (2000): 146 – 161. 131. Davis, R. Current trends in cigarette advertising and marketing. New England Journal of Medicine, 316 (1987): 725. 132. LaVeist, T. A., and Wallace, J. M. Health risk and inequitable distribution of liquor stores in African American neighborhoods. Social Science & Medicine, 51 (2000): 613 – 617. c06.indd 158c06.indd 158 6/5/09 2:14:18 PM6/5/09 2:14:18 PM Notes 159 133. Mohai, P., and Bryant, B. Environmental injustice: Weighing race and class as factors in the distribution of environmental hazards. University of Colorado Law Review, 63 (1992): 921 – 932. 134. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Offi ce, 2000. 135. Kilbreth, E. H., and Marone, J. A. Power to the people? Restoring citizen partici- pation. Journal of Health Politcs, Policy and Law, 28 (2003): 2 – 3. 136. Nathanson, C. A. The skeptic ’ s guide to a movement for universal health insur- ance. Journal of Health Politcs, Policy and Law, 28, no. 2 – 3 (2003): 443 – 472. 137. Fainstein, S. S. Can we make the cities what we want? In S. Brody - Gendrot and R. Beauregard, eds., The Urban Moment: Cosmopolitan Essays on the Late 20th Century City, pp. 249 – 272. Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1999. 138. Kelley, R.D.G. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination. Boston: Beacon Press, 2002. 139. Pettit, P. The Common Mind: An Essay on Psychology, Society, and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. 140. Dawson, M. C., and Popoff, R. Reparations: Justice and greed in black and white. Du Bois Review, 1, no. 1 (2004): 47 – 91. 141. Project, T. S. Losing the Vote: The Impact of Felony Disenfranchisement Law. Available at www.sentencingproject.org/tmp/File/FVR/fd_losingthevote.pdf . Published October 1999. Accessed July 30, 2008. 142. Kinder, D. R., and Sanders, L. M. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. 143. Skrentny, J. D. The Ironies of Affi rmative Action: Politics, Culture, and Justice in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 144. Almond, D., Chay, K., and Greenstone, M. Civil rights, the war on poverty, and black - white convergence in infant mortality in Mississippi. Unpublished manu- script, 2003. 145. Mayer, S., and Jencks, C. Poverty and the distribution of material hardship. Journal of Human Resources, 24, no. 1 (1988): 88 – 112. 146. Kleinman, A. K., and Kleinman, J. The appeal of experience; the dismay of images: Cultural appropriations of suffering in our times. In A. Kleinman and M. Lock, eds., Social Suffering, pp. 1 – 24. V. D. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. c06.indd 159c06.indd 159 6/5/09 2:14:19 PM6/5/09 2:14:19 PM c06.indd 160c06.indd 160 6/5/09 2:14:19 PM6/5/09 2:14:19 PM . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Offi ce, 2000. 135. Kilbreth, E. H., and Marone,. Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth - Century U.S. History. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001. 109. Ellwood, D. T., and Bane, M. J. Welfare Realities: From Rhetoric to Reform Views from History. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993. 36. Rein, M. Dominance, contest, and reframing. In A. Ben - Arieh and J. Gal, eds. Into the Promised Land? Issues Facing