Perception of green banking in vietnam

Therefore, Bihade 2020 has identified the implementation of the Going Green concept as a crucial factor in promoting sustainable development within the banking industry Sharma & Choubey,

INTRODUCTION

Problem statement

Climate change poses significant threats to society, the economy, and the environment Its impacts on weather patterns, rising sea levels, and biodiversity decline necessitate collective action Moreover, economic growth exacerbates environmental degradation, emphasizing the need for "green growth" approaches By integrating environmental protection into economic development, green growth aims to mitigate the conflicts between growth and environmental sustainability, ensuring a prosperous future while safeguarding the planet.

According to the World Bank Group (2022), Vietnam has been identified as one of the nations most susceptible to the impacts of climate change globally This assessment is based on rankings provided by the Notre Dame Global Climate Change Adaptation Initiative (NDGAIN), which positions Vietnam at 127th out of 182 countries, and the Germanwatch Global Climate Risk Index, which places Vietnam at 13th out of

180 countries for the period spanning 2000 to 2019 Furthermore, Vietnam is at the forefront of the climate crisis, facing increasingly disrupted water and food supplies, along with endangered coastal regions (Eiweida & Nys, 2023) According to Ritchie et al (2020), Vietnam's annual carbon dioxide emissions amounted to 326 million metric tonnes in 2021, representing a 116% increase over a decade Therefore, Bihade (2020) has identified the implementation of the Going Green concept as a crucial factor in promoting sustainable development within the banking industry (Sharma & Choubey,

2021) The goal of green banking is to achieve sustainability by implementing computerized and environmentally conscious banking procedures The objective is to establish a banking system that is sustainable and has minimal or no adverse effects on individuals, communities, and the natural environment (Charan, Dahiya, & Kaur, 2019) Hence, the "Go Green" ideology has gained significance in every facet of the corporate world The concept of green banking pertains to the practice of environmentally and socially responsible investing (Sahoo, Singh, & Jain, 2016)

The implementation of green banking brings many benefits to the environment, customers, and the bank Green banks' implementation of paperless banking transactions, such as Internet banking, SMS banking, and new generation ATMs (CDM, CRM), has resulted in significant paper and ink savings, as well as a reduction in deforestation In addition to the environmental benefits, green banking also helps customers' lives become more convenient and safer with online banking by providing utilities such as balance inquiry, checking transfer statements, etc and deposit, making it easy to open and close accounts (Wessels & Drennan, 2010); saving time and cost of going to the bank to make basic transactions, instead do it via mobile phone or website at any time and place (Tara,

In the global trend towards the Millennium Goals, responsible business practices, corporate social responsibility, ethical considerations, and environmental concerns play a vital role for businesses Green banks not only create competitive advantages through product and service innovation, reduce credit risk through simple loan recovery, and reduce banking management costs (Hossain, Ahmed, & Nisha, 2015), but also act as a corporate social responsibility (CSR) activity, which is an exemplary model of the future banking industry and serves as the foundation for the transition to the banking industry

In alignment with the 2050 net-zero emission commitment, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) issued Decision 1408/QD-NHNN This action plan outlines specific tasks for the banking industry to promote green credit and banking, fostering a shift towards green growth, reducing carbon emissions, and adapting to climate change The plan emphasizes increasing credit allocation to renewable energy, clean energy, and CO2-efficient industries.

Relevance and justification of the research

Vietnam's CO2 emissions from primary energy consumption stand at 285.9 million metric tonnes, 0.8% of the global total and significantly lower than the global average Despite this, Vietnam's CO2 emissions have grown alarmingly at 20.6% in 2019 and 8.5% annually from 2008-2018, outpacing primary energy consumption growth The banking industry plays a role in mitigating this trend, with 25 commercial banks implementing green credit packages and 24% of financial institutions incorporating environmentally friendly initiatives into credit evaluation Green credit commitments are expected to expand, with over 68% of entities planning to do so, and Vietnam's environmentally sustainable credit balance surpassed VND 474 trillion in 2022, primarily supporting renewable and clean energy projects Furthermore, adopting Industry 4.0 technologies in banking can reduce paper waste, conserve fuel, and minimize printing expenses, contributing to carbon emission reduction.

Given the aforementioned concerns, it is critical to conduct a comprehensive examination of the determinants influencing consumers' adoption of green banking as a means to foster its rapid growth This investigation aims to incentivise users to use green banking services The use of green banking practices enhances individuals' access to environmentally beneficial transformations within the banking industry Therefore, it is imperative to conduct a study on customers' attitudes towards green banking practices Furthermore, this research has the potential to assist Vietnamese commercial banks in effectively executing green banking practices, thereby facilitating the attainment of sustainable growth objectives while simultaneously striking an equilibrium between economic advancement and environmental preservation.

Research objectives

The overall objective of the current investigation is to determine the extent of individuals' comprehension regarding the notion of green banking in Vietnam

• Find out green banking services known to customers according to their perception

• Evaluate the influence of each factor on customers’ attitudes and how attitudes affect the intention to adopt green banking in Vietnam.

Research questions

Question 1: What are green banking services that are known by the customers as per their perception?

Question 2:How are the factors affecting customers’ attitudes, and how do the attitudes influencing their intention to adopt green banking?

Subject and scope of research

Research subject: factors affecting customers’ attitudes and the attitudes influencing their intention to adopt green banking in Vietnam

• Survey object: Customers with distinction of gender, qualification, job, location, etc., aged 15 years or older (with ID card) who have used and are currently using green banking in Vietnam

+ About time: with the survey period of the Google forms questionnaire from July to August 2023

+ About space: in Viet Nam

Research methodology

To achieve the stated research objectives, the author uses a combination of two research methods: qualitative research and quantitative research

During the questionnaire construction phase, we conduct qualitative research to collect customer demographic characteristics and enable analysis and comparison Simultaneously, the research also includes comparisons, surveys, and interviews We are conducting systematic interviews with consumers who have been using green banking products and services to understand their environmental concerns in the banking industry and to collect data on the different factors that impact customer acceptance of these products and services The research data was obtained using the convenience sampling method

Once the results from the qualitative research are available, a quantitative study will be conducted We will conduct data processing, scale testing, and results analysis using Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to minimize observed variables and reorganize groups within the data The research model and regression analysis to consider the influence of factors on the acceptance of green banks will be done through the results of statistical data processing using SPSS software Then, the critical measurement model was tested through the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method, and the structural equation modelling (SEM) method was used to test the theoretical model using Amos software.

Contribution of research

Green banking has existed in Vietnam's banking system but lacks widespread adoption among individual customers Lacking research on this topic, this study evaluates the impact of perceived benefits and barriers on customers' attitudes towards green banking By examining these perceptions, the study contributes significantly to the understanding of customer behavior in green banking, filling a knowledge gap in this area.

This study investigates the perception-driven factors influencing the adoption of green banking services in Vietnam's commercial banking sector Its aim is to guide policymakers in developing strategies to attract customers interested in green finance and consumption, thereby promoting green growth and sustainability in the country.

Research structure

The introductory chapter of the research presents a comprehensive overview of the subject area The research components include the identification of the research problem, its relevance and justification, the establishment of research objectives, the formulation of research questions, the determination of research methodology, the specification of the research subject and scope, the delineation of research content, and the organization of the study's chapters.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Definitions

There are numerous green banking concepts The concept of green banking is a nascent phenomenon that seeks to amalgamate the administration of ecological concerns with banking operations, with the goal of revolutionizing the financial industry and establishing novel, sustainable commercial frameworks (Jeucken & Bouma, 1999) The initial revelation of the concept was attributed to Triodos Bank, a financial institution founded in 1980 in the Netherlands (Yadav & Pathak, 2013) In 1990, the bank established a "Green Fund" to offer assistance to projects that promote environmental sustainability This initiative served as a model for other banks seeking to implement similar green banking strategies Nevertheless, the banking sector has recently witnessed a surge in attention towards sustainable practices (Zitti, Ferrara, Perini, Carlucci, & Salvati, 2015), which has resulted in external pressure on banks to adopt such practices (Lalon, 2015) Consequently, sustainability has become a prevalent term in the banking industry

The adoption of green banking has replaced banks' traditional focus on maximising profits with a triple bottom line approach that prioritises the well-being of the planet, people, and profit Green banking, also known as environmental banking, involves financial institutions adopting environmentally sustainable practices This includes promoting eco-friendly methods and encouraging customers to reduce their carbon footprint through their banking procedures (Tara, 2015) According to the Bangladesh central bank's statement, a consortium of stakeholders worldwide undertakes green banking as a component of their efforts to preserve the environment (ATTG, 2011)

Sustainable banking, also known as green or ethical banking, prioritizes social and environmental factors in its practices This approach aims to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and contribute to the well-being of society By incorporating sustainability into their operations, banks can support initiatives that address climate change, reduce pollution, promote social justice, and ensure the long-term health of the planet.

Green banking refers to practices and policies that foster banks' commitment to environmental, economic, and social responsibility (Garg, 2015) It encourages banks to operate in locations and manners that minimize both external carbon emissions and internal carbon footprint, thereby reducing their environmental impact.

There isn't universal agreement on the definition of green banking (Alexander ,

2016) Nevertheless, the literature consistently emphasises that green banking places a primary emphasis on promoting environmental sustainability According to Lalon (2015), the concept of green banking encompasses all banking practices that result in positive environmental outcomes According to Bhardwaj & Malhotra (2013), green banking refers to the initiatives undertaken by banks to promote environmentally sustainable practices within industries, with the ultimate goal of preserving and rehabilitating the natural environment According to Masukujjaman and Aktar (2013), the concept of green banking refers to the adoption of banking practices that are conducive to environmental preservation, with the goal of mitigating environmental degradation and promoting a sustainable habitat for all According to Tara et al (2019), the implementation of green banking necessitates prioritising financing towards sectors that facilitate diverse environmental protection activities In accordance with green banking initiatives, financial institutions, including both banks and non-bank entities, implement financing mechanisms that are environmentally sustainable, as well as undertake internal operational transformations that promote ecological preservation (Rahman, Ahsan, Hossain, & Hoq, 2013) The aforementioned process aims to reinstate ecological equilibrium in a sustainable manner, thereby ensuring environmental safety and promoting green practices Chowdhury and Dey (2018) defined green banking as a banking operation that prioritises social, ecological, and environmental factors in order to promote the preservation of nature and natural resources

2.1.2 Features of Green banking services

The process entails implementing electronic services and automation Banks utilise a contemporary technological platform to implement electronic services encompassing a comprehensive array of fundamental offerings, including deposit, withdrawal, foreign currency exchange, query, online transaction, tax payment, and customer service This promotes increased flexibility and proactive customer engagement, thereby eliminating temporal limitations associated with the use of the bank's products and services Simultaneously, it is imperative to establish collaboration between businesses and state agencies in order to develop an automated transaction system that seamlessly integrates multiple services, thereby enhancing convenience for customers (Lalon, 2015)

In the realm of finance, green banking consistently prioritises investments and loans that consider environmental risk factors Financial institutions that show interest in green credit are those that lend money to projects with low environmental risk or those that aim to protect the environment (Lalon, 2015; Chaurasia, 2015)

Online banking simplifies deposit transactions, encompassing money transfers, balance inquiries, and savings management The convenience of online banking eliminates the need for physical transactions and potentially reduces operational costs The flexibility of online deposit interest rates allows banks to adjust rates more frequently than traditional counter rates, boosting deposit volume Green payment channels, such as ATMs, enable customers to make deposits without visiting bank branches, reducing paper usage, energy consumption, and carbon emissions (Sharma & Gopal, 2012) Banks should prioritize developing convenient transaction methods while minimizing environmental impact through green initiatives.

Perception refers to the cognitive processes involved in interpreting sensory information acquired through the five senses Individuals are capable of processing these sensory inputs and forming either positive or negative perceptions as a result The process of acquiring responses involves a sequence of phases, namely selection, interpretation, and reaction (Erin & Maharani, 2018)

Ghadirian et al (2017) define perception as a series of actions taken to obtain information The acquisition process may be influenced by the various environments to which students are exposed In accordance with Fieldman's (1999) assertion, perception is an active process that involves constructing a coherent and meaningful situation beyond the presented stimuli Perception can be defined as the subjective experience of an individual, as described in various scholarly works

The aforementioned definition implies that each individual's unique experiences and emotions shape perception An individual acquires perception through the process of sensing.

The current state of green banking services in Vietnam

Applying Directive No 03/CT-NHNN dated March 24, 2015 on promoting green credit growth and managing environmental and social risks in credit extension activities, the system's credit balance for green fields in Vietnam has grown by an average of more than 23% per year in the period 2017–2022 At the end of 2022, the credit balance allocated to green projects reached more than VND 500 trillion (accounting for more than 4.2% of total outstanding loans in the economy), an increase of 12.96% compared to the end of 2021 Total outstanding loans assessed for environmental and social risks reached more than 2,359 trillion VND, accounting for more than 20% of the economy's outstanding loans, up 27.69% compared to the end of 2021 with more than 1.2 million loans

Based on data provided by the Credit Department for Economic Sectors, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV), during the period spanning from 2017 to 2022, the credit balance within Vietnam's green sectors has exhibited an average annual growth rate exceeding 23% By the end of 2022, the total credit balance for environmentally sustainable initiatives had surpassed 500 trillion VND, accounting for more than 4.2% of all outstanding loans in the economy This represented a 12.96% growth in comparison to the end of 2021 The debts evaluated for environmental and social risks totaled over VND 2,359 trillion, accounting for more than 20% of the total outstanding loans in the economy This represents a growth of 27.69% compared to the previous year-end, with a total of more than 1.2 million loans

Commercial banks have demonstrated significant involvement in providing loans for environmentally sustainable projects In addition to utilising internal resources, numerous commercial banks have actively engaged in collaboration with international financial institutions and organisations to secure substantial capital inflows, thereby facilitating the provision of green credit loans at more favourable interest rates

Vietcombank and JBIC Bank of Japan entered into a collaborative agreement in March 2023 to provide financial support in the amount of 300 million USD to facilitate renewable energy initiatives According to Mr Nguyen Thanh Tung, the General Director of Vietcombank, the institution consistently allocates dedicated resources to providing loans to finance environmentally sustainable projects In 2019, Vietcombank successfully implemented a credit package worth USD 200 million for this specific sector

BIDV has allocated a specific portion of its loan portfolio to cater to customers operating in the green energy sector, with approximately 1,718 projects receiving financial support At present, BIDV refrains from providing financial support to coal- fired power projects and instead emphasises credit-lending activities in the renewable energy sector By the end of 2022, BIDV's outstanding green credit balance had reached a value of approximately VND 63.8 trillion (equivalent to USD 2.7 billion) This amount constituted 4.3% of BIDV's overall outstanding loans and 13% of the total outstanding loans within the global green sector The Ministry of Economy In order to address the financial requirements of the energy sector alongside conventional business capital, BIDV has effectively garnered various sources of funding from international organisations such as the World Bank and the French Development Agency (AFD) By

In line with the growing global focus on sustainability, Vietnamese banks are prioritizing green initiatives and sustainable development in their lending practices BIDV aims to increase its green loan portfolio to USD 3 billion by 2025, representing 5% of its total loans Similarly, Agribank has implemented a preferential credit program since 2016, allocating VND 50,000 billion to support Vietnamese agriculture's adaptation to climate change By the end of 2022, Agribank had disbursed over VND 30,000 billion in green loans, with outstanding loans exceeding VND 5,000 billion, serving approximately 4,000 borrowers.

International organizations like the IFC are providing loans to Vietnamese private commercial banks to support sustainable finance VPBank received a $150 million loan for environmental initiatives and climate change mitigation efforts, and has a Green Credit Framework for loans aligned with sustainability criteria IFC and other investors have also increased their credit package to SeABank to $220 million, enabling lending to small and medium enterprises and sustainable projects.

Theoretical background

This research uses the DOI theory, a well-established innovation adoption paradigm The model was first proposed by Rogers (1962) and revised subsequently (Rogers E , Diffusion of Innovations, 2003) The academics used Rogers (1962) work on adoption and dissemination Rogers (2003) defines diffusion as the spread of innovation across numerous communication channels in a population or social system This research links the social system to green banking, concentrating on its products, services, and associated elements Innovation is the transition of established procedures into new and imaginative ideas According to Sanni et al (2013), this channel may increase service quality and delivery to participants Rogers (2003) states that DOI is dynamic and adaptable across academic subjects The person further stressed that this theoretical framework includes four key factors: innovation, communication, time, and the social system

Rogers (2003) also noted that a person contemplating an invention experiences a five-step decision-making process The "knowledge" step is the first This indicates that a person has been exposed to an invention, but a lack of information has prevented them from learning more The next step is "persuasion." This level emphasises a person's willingness to actively seek innovative knowledge In the "decision" step of the third phase, people decide whether to accept or reject the innovation Rogers (2003) states that empirical examination of this level is difficult "Implementation" is usually associated with the fourth phase, when someone recognises the innovation's practical worth This helps users research innovative information The final step is "confirmation"—when people decide to use the invention Rogers (2003) classifies implementation as intrapersonal or interpersonal

The knowledge stage of the innovation adoption process involves an individual's inclination to adopt an innovation based on their social system Perceptions and decisions about adoption are influenced by five key attributes: relative advantage (RA), which compares the innovation to current practices; compatibility (COMPT), which assesses its alignment with existing systems; complexity (COMPX), which refers to its perceived ease of use; trialability (TR), which allows for experimentation before adoption; and observability (OBS), which indicates the visibility of the innovation's results.

Figure 2.1 Model of Innovation Diffusion Theory IDT

The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991; Ajzen and Madden 1986) was developed from the theory of reasoned action (TRA) In this model, there are two factors that affect the behavioural tendency, thereby determining the real behaviour of consumers: attitude and subjective norm Attitude is measured by the customer's knowledge and understanding of product attributes The subjective norm factor is expressed through people related to the consumer (family, friends, colleagues, etc.) and is measured by whether these people like or dislike

The paradigm thinks intentions may predict or explain behaviour Ajzen (1988) claims that three things again affect intention: attitudes towards behaviour are favourable or negative appraisals of an individual's behaviour The second is subjective norms, which are how others believe the person should behave Third, perceived behavioural control is the individual's evaluation of how hard or easy the behaviour is Ajzen (1991) indicated that the perceived behavioural control component directly influences the

Observability intention to conduct the behaviour, and if the person is right about their degree of control, the perceived control affects the intention Behavioural control predicts behaviour The TPB model's explanatory power has grown with cognitive behavioural control variables (Mathieson, 1991; Taylor & Todd, 1995), making it simpler to explain individual behaviour.

Figure 2.2 Diagram of TPB model

2.3.3 Decomposed of Theory of Planned Behavior

According to Taylor and Todd (1995), the breakdown of attitudinal beliefs is necessary to get a better understanding of the connections between belief structures and antecedents of intention Shimp and Kavas (1984) asserted that it was impossible to group the cognitive aspects of belief into a single conceptual or cognitive unit According to Taylor and Todd (1995), the three conspicuous aspects of an invention that impact adoption are relative advantage, complexity, and compatibility (Rogers, 1983) This is in line with the diffusion of innovation hypothesis The decomposed TPB model has more explanatory power than the pure TPB and TRA models (Taylor and Todd, 1995)

The relative advantage should increase innovation adoption (Rogers, 1983; Tan and Teo, 2000) Complexity measures how hard an innovation is to understand, learn, or

Innovation adoption is influenced by its complexity, compatibility, and subjective norms Complexity affects attitudes and ease of use, while compatibility aligns the innovation with user values Subjective norms, influenced by societal pressure and perceptions of resources, include facilitating conditions (available resources) and self-efficacy (belief in one's ability) The government can facilitate innovation dissemination by providing infrastructure and resources, while self-efficacy is crucial for successful adoption.

Figure 2.3 Decomposed model of Theory of Planned Behavior

Overview of previous research works

A study conducted by Putri et al (2017) aimed to evaluate and enhance the level of green banking awareness among customers of public banks in Indonesia Questionnaires are a method of collecting data Data was collected by distributing a questionnaire to a sample of 100 clients from two banks, selected at random, within the premises of their respective offices The researchers employed descriptive analysis techniques Fishbone diagrams are a visual tool used to identify and analyse the various causes that contribute to a particular problem or effect The level of customer comprehension regarding green banking is currently at an average level, specifically at 48.90% A majority of customers (74.76%) possess knowledge regarding the positive impact of green banking on the environment The lack of customer interest in reading, limited concern for environmental issues, satisfaction with current banking services, insufficient dissemination efforts, inappropriate methods of dissemination, incomplete

Behavioral Intention Actual Usage and disorganised information, and inadequate infrastructure collectively contribute to the low level of customer knowledge

The majority of customers possess knowledge regarding the bank's implementation of the green banking concept, yet their utilisation of it remains limited

A majority of the respondents, exceeding 50%, fall within this particular category This phenomenon can be attributed to factors such as low levels of literacy, challenges in implementation, limited promotion efforts, and a lack of awareness regarding the fundamental purpose Furthermore, this trend is observed across all the banks under consideration All banks have adopted a similar approach to green banking and have successfully engaged with customers The chi-square test results indicate that the perception levels of customers regarding green banking practices are influenced by age, educational qualification, and occupation However, there is no significant association between gender and perception levels (C.K & Sarala, 2018)

Ellahi, A et al (2021) assert that green banking is a nascent concept within the Pakistani economy The objective of this paper is to ascertain the advancements made in green banking practices within the banking industry This study aims to investigate the perception and response of individuals towards the implementation of green practices by banks This study adopts an exploratory approach to investigate the potential relationship between customers and their awareness of green banking The Structural Equation Model (SEM) was employed as a measurement model, and a total of 400 responses were collected through the use of a convenience sampling technique The findings of the study indicate that customers exhibit a positive attitude towards the changes implemented through the banks' green initiative and demonstrate a willingness to embrace and incorporate these changes into their own practices The findings suggest that education plays a crucial role in fostering awareness of green banking among the chosen sample The model establishes a correlation between the level of green banking awareness and various demographic factors such as age, gender, and occupation Additionally, it suggests that the adoption of sustainable banking practices plays a significant role in shaping individuals' awareness of green banking

According to Nazeer, N et al (2022), the findings indicate that several factors, including an eco-friendly environment, policy guidelines, customer awareness, trust and loyalty, and security and privacy, play a significant role in influencing the adoption of green banking However, it was determined that the factors of an eco-friendly environment and awareness had a greater impact in comparison to other obstacles to the adoption of green banking practices The banking industry must employ a dynamic and intelligent system to effectively address the challenges of achieving long-term sustainability In order to ensure the sustainability of environmentally safe banking practices, it is imperative that every bank in Pakistan adopt innovative measures Furthermore, it is imperative for banks in Pakistan to adopt green banking practices as part of their routine operations Additionally, they should effectively communicate the financial and social benefits of sustainable banking to key clients of commercial banks

Green banking in Vietnam faces challenges due to limited data for analysis, incomplete evaluation criteria, and a lack of consumer awareness about green consumption (Ha & Nguyen, 2019) Establishing appropriate policies and harmonizing evaluation criteria with international standards are crucial Additionally, promoting green consumption among consumers is essential for the progress of green banking.

According to Ha G N (2020), this research investigates the level of public awareness and understanding of green banking applications, with a specific focus on topics such as energy conservation, streamlined procedures, and efficient time management The factors of time feasibility, cost effectiveness, and accessibility of products are particularly significant, especially in the context of the Ho Chi Minh City Housing Development Bank (HDB), which, being the first bank in Vietnam, received certification from Asia Bank for being the most environmentally conscious bank in Vietnam The descriptive statistical method incorporates the utilisation of weighted mean and mode, along with the application of statistical means such as ANOVA, t-test, and Chi-square test The findings indicate that there is a lack of substantial public awareness and understanding, necessitating bank management to adopt a more comprehensive perspective and develop more transformative strategies in the realm of financial applications The topic of discussion pertains to sustainable green goods within the context of Vietnam

According to Nguyen & Le (2022), the study investigated the impact of banking activities related to green products on customer satisfaction with banking services and, subsequently, how this influences their intention to continue using the service Direct attention towards individuals of significant stature: The quality of green banking services and their accessibility are two key factors that warrant academic attention The topics of discussion in this context are access to information, confidentiality and reliability, economic benefits, and environmental responsibility within the educational institution employing linear structural equation modelling (SEM) with the available dataset The study involved the collection of primary data from a sample of 231 customers who utilised services at 19 banks within the trading sector in Hanoi The findings of the research indicate that there is a consistent impact across these banks The dimensions of the aforementioned individuals undergo alterations in accordance with customer satisfaction, specifically in relation to quality The factor that exerts the greatest influence is the quality of green banking services The study additionally demonstrates the favourable influence of the customer satisfaction factor.

Table 2.1 Studies on Green Banking

Gerrard & Cunningham (2003) Compatibility; Complexity; Convenience; Confidentiality;

Accessibility; Innovativeness; Proficiency; Economic Benefits; Social Desirability: have an impact on the rate of adoption

Iqbal et al (2016) Reliability; Eficiency; Privacy; Information Quality;

Responsiveness; Assurance; Empathy; Performance Expectancy; Effort Expectancy; Social Influence; Facilitating Conditions: Statistical significance

Jadaun (2018) Green banking activities; Employee knowledge; Client satisfaction; Customers' perceptions; Government policies; Legislation promoting green banking; Green technologies: have an impact on adoption of green banking Chanran, A et al (2019) Environmental Payoffs; Importance of Green Banking;

Ellahi et al (2021) E-banking; Green Investment; Sustainable Banking: have an impact on perception and adoption Bouteraa, M et al (2021) Performance Expectancy; Social Influence; Facilitating

Conditions; Perssonal Innovativeness; Awareness; Perceived Benefit; Systen Quality; Top Managament Support; Security & Privacy; Government Support; Vendor Support:

Nazeer, N (2022) Eco-Friendly Environment; Policy Guideline; Customer

Customers' attitudes are greatly influenced by elements such as awareness, trust, and loyalty, as well as security and privacy (Rani, 2021) Furthermore, factors like perceived usefulness, ease of use, enjoyment, security, trust, risk, environmental consciousness, digital literacy, subjective norms, and electronic gadgets all play a significant role in shaping consumers' attitudes.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research process and study design

The step-by-step process is shown in the diagram below

Step 1: Identify general research objectives and specific research objectives of the topic

Step 2: The study analyses the elements influencing the acceptability of Green Bank by Vietnamese people to develop models and offer research hypothesis based on prior studies using IDT as the basis model

Step 3: Design scales and questionnaires based on previous studies

Step 4: Engage in interviews with experts who possess substantial knowledge in the field of Green Banking, including instructors and officials from Vietnamese commercial banks, in order to seek consultation on the survey questionnaire and subsequently implement any required modifications The topic of interest pertains to the design of questionnaires and the development of comprehensive scales Subsequently, obtain the authorised scale and commence the process of administering the questionnaire

Objectives of the study Theoretical basis Draft scale

Adjust the scale Official scale

Cronbach’s Alpha Remove the observed variable with the Corrected Item – Total

Explotory factor analysis Check KMO coefficient; Bartlett’s test of spehericity; Eigenvalue; Total

Evaluate the overall fit of the data based on the model fit indexes such as Chisquare/df, CFI, TLI, GFI, RMSEA

Step 5: Administer a user survey by designing a survey form using Google Form, supplemented by in-person interviews, if applicable The initial step involves the collection of data, followed by the subsequent filtering of survey tables to retain only the valid ones Finally, the collected data is imported into an Excel file The data collected by the SPSS 22 software should be subjected to a thorough analysis

Step 6: The study will employ descriptive statistics to analyse the observed sample, subsequently evaluating the reliability of the scale through the utilisation of Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and total variable correlation The results obtained were determined to meet the requirements for conducting exploratory factor analysis (EFA)

Step 7: Conducting the CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) and SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) models is essential in quantifying the association between the variables in order to ascertain the extent of their impact on consumers' adoption of green banking Next, it is important to analyse and evaluate the findings of the study This involves drawing logical inferences based on the data collected and proposing potential consequences for management practises

A study investigated the adoption of Green Banks in Vietnam using a mixed-methods approach The quantitative analysis method was primarily employed to identify the key factors influencing the adoption decision Findings from this study contribute to the growing literature on sustainable banking practices and provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to promote Green Bank adoption in Vietnam.

Qualitative research aims to refine and expand observed variables used in research concept measurement The development of a preliminary scale involves constructing survey questionnaires based on theoretical foundations and existing literature In-depth discussions, interviews, and consultations with experts and customers engage directly with Green Banking offerings to explore, enhance, and adapt them This approach ensures appropriate observed variables are used for measuring research concepts, and the investigation was conducted in July 2023.

The study employs a quantitative research design using a convenient sampling strategy, which involves the administration of Google Forms or conducting face-to-face interviews with clients The survey duration spans from July to August of the year 2023 The total count of valid samples amounts to 320 individuals The author will use three processing tools, namely SPSS 22, Excel 2010, and Amos 20, to select, clean, and analyse the collected data.

Research Models and Hypotheses

Green banking has drawn scholarly attention over the last decade because of its potential The literature review outlines methods for studying client attitudes towards eco-friendly goods and services The decomposed model of the Theory of Planned Behaviour is a fundamental concept in green banking consumer behaviour Based on previous investigations using the DTPB model, the author has deliberately developed a research model that incorporates a variety of characteristics relevant to Vietnam The majority of Vietnamese green banking studies have employed qualitative methods The author expects the diffusion of innovation theory to be useful for measuring consumers' impressions of Green Bank's environmental sustainability practices, services, and products The recent implementation of green banking in Vietnam may make it difficult for clients to accept and use The author uses Rogers' (1983) theory of adoption of innovation to identify five key factors: relative advantage (RA), compatibility (COMPT), complexity (COMPX), trialability (TR), and observability (OBS) The author also includes perception (PER) and attitude (ATT) in the study model Data will be encoded and processed using SPSS 22, Excel 2010, and Amos 24 After evaluating the scale's dependability, comments and improvements will be made

Numerous emerging economies promote ecologically friendly activities via green banking services Green banks support environmental and ecological sustainability as part of their social and environmental duties Their internal processes and diverse financial goods and services demonstrate this devotion (Nisha, 2016) Sharma and Malviya (2011) say this move aims to increase client acquisition and perception Environmentally conscious customers will prioritize the bank's green goods and services Parra Sánchez (2017), Iqbal et al (2016), and Sunil & Durgalashmi (2022) found that consumers with favorable environmental attitudes would choose the bank's eco-friendly products and services

On that basis, the study tests the hypothesis:

Hypothesis H1: Perception has a positive impact on Attitude

Intention to adopt green banking Compatibility

Relative advantage variable – refer to the DTPB and IDT model (with 7 observed variables) which explains that relative advantage posseses a positive impact on attitude to adopt an innovation Relative advantage pertains to the extent to which an innovation offers greater advantages compared to its predecessor The presence of relative advantages is evident in the form of heightened efficiency, economic advantages, and improved social standing (Rogers, 1995) According to the research conducted by Moore and Benbasat (1991), it was discovered that there is a positive relationship between the perceived relative advantage of an innovation and the rate at which it is adopted The potential of green banking is associated with evident advantages in terms of time savings, cost reductions, and enhanced convenience for customers (Ellahi, Zahid, & Jillani,

2021) In addition, in the research of Janauan (2018) also showed that customer are more likely to adopt green banking services if they percieved tangile benefits and the availability and accessibility of green banking play a significant role in customer adoption In general, customers who perceive distinct benefits associated with green banking tend to exhibit a favourable inclination towards the adoption or sustained utilisation of green banking services

On that basis, the study tests the hypothesis:

Hypothesis H2: Relative avantage has a positive impact on Attitude

Compatibility variable – refer to the DTPB and IDT model (with 3 observed variables) which explains that compatibility posseses a positive impact on attitude to adopt an innovation Compatibility refers to the extent to which an innovation aligns with the values, prior experiences, and requirements of the prospective adopter, as posited by Rogers (1995) It is more desirable to have a higher level of compatibility between individual needs and technological innovation, as this enables innovation to be understood and applied within a more familiar framework (IIie, Slyke, Green, & Lou,

Perceived compatibility is a crucial influence on individuals' attitudes towards online transactions (Vijayasarathy, 2004) Innovations that align with individuals' work roles and values are more likely to be adopted (Tornatzky & Klein, 1982) Compatibility similarly affects the adoption of green banking services (Iqbal et al., 2017) Thus, it is hypothesized that customers will view green banking as compatible with their lifestyle, leading to a positive inclination towards its adoption and sustained use.

On that basis, the study tests the hypothesis:

Hypothesis H3: Compatibility has a positive impact on Attitude

Refer to the DTPB and IDT models, which have three observed variables, to understand how complexity negatively influences attitudes towards adopting an innovation The concept of complexity describes how difficult it is to understand and use an innovation Researchers have identified complexity as a barrier to adoption, influencing consumers' resistance to embracing new innovations (Rogers, 1995; Gerrard and Cunningham, 2003; Gerrard et al., 2006) In addition, green banking primarily pertains to financial products and services that extensively utilise information technology systems Cooper and Zmud (1990) and Lederer, Maupin, Sena, & Zhuang

(2000) assert that a system's adoption and subsequent performance tend to improve when it necessitates fewer technical skills and operational efforts When a product or service is more complex in terms of understanding and usage, the adoption rate tends to be slower Furthermore, Akhlaq & Shah (2011) showed that there are still many obstacles and obstructions for customers to adopt internet banking, one of the green banking services Though customers do not require training sessions to operate, they are still not fully familiar with the technology used by their banks, and that confirms the complexity of the situation for users because they are dealing with financial transactions and need to know how it works.On that basis, the study tests the hypothesis:

Hypothesis H4: Complexity has a negative impact on Attitude

Trialability variable – refer to the IDT model (with 3 observed variables) Trialability is defined as "the extent to which an innovation may be experimented with on a limited basis, allowing individuals to test drive an innovation prior to its adoption" (Agarwal and Prasad, 1998; Rogers, 2003) Thus, if customers are given the opportunity to try the innovation, certain fears of the unknown may be minimized In the realm of Internet banking – one of the services of green banking, it has also been shown that there is a considerable and favourable association between trilability and behavioural intention (Hernandez & Mazzon, 2007; Nor & Pearson 2007; Tan & Teo, 2000) Therefore, in this study, the researcherhypothesizes a positive relationship between trialability and individuals’ attitude

On that basis, the study tests the hypothesis:

Hypothesis H5: Trialability has a possitive impact on Attitude

Observability variable – refer to the IDT model (with 4 observed variables) The concept of observability in relation to innovation refers to the degree to which an innovation is perceptible to individuals within a social system, and the advantages it offers can be readily witnessed and shared (Rogers, 2003) In the realm of green banking, observability not only refers to a comprehensive range of banking activities that extend beyond the pursuit of profit but also the interconnection of economic, environmental, and social factors achieving sustainable development (Bouteraa et al., 2020) By observability, customers acquire information regarding green banking and its advantages, thus facilitating the process of adoption This is also consistent with the study of (Kumra, 2012), which proves that there is a positive impact on customer acceptance of using e-banking - one of the green banking products and services

On that basis, the study tests the hypothesis:

Hypothesis H6: Observability has a possitive impact on Attitude

A mental and neurological state of readiness that directs an individual's behaviour to all things and circumstances with which it is associated is what Allport (1935) called attitude According to Eagly & Chaiken (1993), attitude is "a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour" "Attitudes of environmental concern are rooted in a person's concept of self and the extent to which an individual perceives himself or herself to be an integral part of the natural environment," claim Schultz and Zelezny in their 2000 study According to Grandom & Mykytyn (2008), attitude towards behaviour relates to "the extent to which a person has a favourable or unfavourable evaluation of the behaviour of the question" Attitude variable acts as an intermediate variable in the proposed research model The concept of attitude can be defined as an individual's evaluative affect, which refers to their positive or negative feelings towards engaging in a specific behaviour, as proposed by Ajzen & Fishbein (1975) The concept of behavioural intention is closely linked to the formation of individuals' intentions to engage in behaviours that elicit positive affect Previous research also indicates that customers exhibit a positive attitude towards the acceptance of environmentally friendly products (Hossain et al, 2015; Sunil et al., 2022; Rani, 2022)

On that basis, the study tests the hypothesis:

Hypothesis H8: Attitude have a possitive impact on Intention to adopt green banking

Building a scale

A scale refers to a systematic method of organising research data based on a numerical or alphabetical system, wherein the assigned values correspond to the hierarchy of research issues The term "coding" refers to the process of assigning a specific value or label to survey units based on their relevant characteristics

The research scale employed in the model is a 5-point Likert scale (Likert, 1932), ranging from 1 denoting strong disagreement to 5 indicating strong agreement The author has conducted a comprehensive review of previous research on the determinants of green banking acceptance worldwide From this review, the author has identified and chosen seven observed variables that are deemed suitable for further investigation In order to increase reliability, after interviewing experts, the author synthesized, adjusted and supplemented the official scales including 32 observed variables measuring 6 independent variables and 5 observed variables measuring a mediating variable: perception (12 observed variables), relative advantage (7 observed variables), complexity (3 observed variables), trialability (3 observed variables), compatibility (3 observed variables), observability (4 observed variables), attitude ( 5 observed variables) and 1 dependent variable is intention to adopt green banking (IAGB: 4 observed variables)

I usually go to the bank to deposit money PER1 Rudraiah, M (2022); Ellahi,

I use e-banking to transfer money PER2 Rudraiah, M (2022); Ellahi,

I deposit my savings through a banking app or e-banking PER3 Rudraiah, M (2022); Ellahi,

I usually use e-banking or banking apps to shop and pay bills online PER4 Raseena & Muhila (2022)

I often read information about new products and services on the bank's website and application instead of advertising leaflets

I have heard about green products such as: online banking, digital banking, loans and green investments offered by banks

I can borrow at a preferential interest rate provided by the bank to buy environmentally friendly products such as cars, green housing projects, etc

I like to use electronic receipts/invoices/statements to control spending PER8 Ellahi, Zahid, & Jillani

I think electronic receipts/invoices/statements PER9 Ellahi, Zahid, & Jillani

Factors Symbol Source will limit paper usage (2021)

I feel that the number of ATMs is not enough and sometimes it is difficult to find them PER10 Rudraiah, M (2022)

I think e-banking is less harmful to the environment PER11 Ellahi, Zahid, & Jillani

I think awareness about green banking should be propagated by banks PER12 Raj & Rajan (2017); Ellahi,

I think green bank products and services are too confusing COMPX1 Moore & Benbasat (1991);

I think green bank products and services are difficult to use COMPX2 Moore & Benbasat (1991);

I think that understanding green banking products and services requires a lot of environmental knowledge

Moore & Benbasat (1991); Karahanna et al (1999); Tan

Using green banking makes the provision of banking services more convenient RA1 Iqbal, Nisha, & Raza (2016) Using a green bank saves time because I don't have to go to the bank RA2 Suryalakshmi & Vijai

(2021); Rudraiah, M (2022) Using green banking can be helpful in managing my finances RA3 Ellahi, Zahid, & Jillani

(2021) Using green banking helps me save money RA4 Rudraiah, M (2022)

Using a green bank is faster than a traditional bank RA5 Rudraiah, M (2022)

Using green banking products and services will contribute to solving environmental problems better than traditional banks

Using green banking will be an activity that is more environmentally and socially responsible than traditional banking

I want to have a trial period of green banking TR1 Moore & Benbasat (1991);

Factors Symbol Source products and services to feel the benefits it brings

Karahanna et al (1999); Brown et al (2004)

I want to try green banking products and services before deciding whether to accept or not

Moore & Benbasat (1991); Karahanna et al (1999); Brown et al (2004) The bank introduced products and services so that I could access and try green banking products and services

Moore & Benbasat (1991); Karahanna et al (1999); Brown et al (2004)

Green bank suits my needs COMPT1

Moore & Benbasat (1991); Karahanna et al (1999); Iqbal, Nisha, & Raza (2016) Green bank is very suitable for my lifestyle COMPT2

Moore & Benbasat (1991); Karahanna et al (1999); Iqbal, Nisha, & Raza (2016)

Using green banking services is very relevant to the way I manage my finances COMPT3

Moore & Benbasat (1991); Karahanna et al (1999); Iqbal, Nisha, & Raza (2016)

I can see the benefits that green banks bring through products and services OBS1 Karahanna et al (1999);

I see many people around me using green bank products and services OBS2 Karahanna et al (1999)

People around me seem interested in green bank products and services when they see me using them

I find that the use of green banking products and services contributes to environmental protection

I feel that using green banking products and services is a right decision that will contribute to environmental protection

ATT1 Teng et al (2012); Rani, 2022

I feel that using green banking products and services is a good idea to contribute to raising people's perception about the environment

Dayananda K.C (2020); Chen et al (2022); Teng et al (2012); Rani, 2022

I feel that using green banking products and services is a very effective solution in saving papers thanks to the features of Internet

ATT3 Sindhu (2015); Chen et al

I feel the electronic gadgets are user friendly ATT4 Dayananda K.C (2020);

I feel that green banking is better than traditional way of banking ATT5 Jaduan (2018); Chen et al

Intention to adopt green banking IAGB

I would accept green banking services if I was aware of the importance of sustainable banking practices

I will accept green banking services if I see tangible benefits such as cost savings and reduced carbon footprint

I will accept green banking services because I feel green banking initiatives and activities are reliable

Iqbal, Nisha, & Raza (2016); Jaduan (2018); Thomas & Linson (2018)

I will accept to use green banking services because I have more opportunities to contribute to environmental protection

Methods of data collection, processing and analysis

Data is gathered from a diverse array of sources, including reference documents, books, journals, articles, websites, statistical agency data, and prior research pertaining to the subject matter

The determination of factors that influence the perception and adoption of green banking is predicated upon the collection of information and data from surveyed customers Upon completion of the survey, the questionnaires were gathered, assessed, and subsequently eliminated if found to be unsatisfactory The objective of this step is to gather and integrate primary data from the survey participants This data, once rectified, will serve as the fundamental information for subsequent analytical procedures

The research used SPSS 22 software for the purpose of conducting statistical analysis and verifying the acquired data The programme was used to assess the dependability and accuracy of the measurement scale via the application of Cronbach's alpha and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) Furthermore, the Amos 20 software is used for the execution of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) models

3.4.1 Check the reliability of the scale using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient

The purpose of conducting Cronbach's alpha analysis is to assess the reliability of a scale by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient This analysis also involves identifying and removing observed variables that exhibit low item-total correlation, as they may not be appropriate for inclusion in the scale Cronbach's alpha is a statistical measure used to assess the internal consistency or the degree of interrelatedness among the items comprising a scale As previously mentioned, factors such as the quantity of test items, the interrelatedness of the items, and the dimensionality of the construct influence the value of alpha (Cortina, 1993) There exists a range of acceptable values for alpha, as reported in various sources, which spans from 0.70 to 0.95 (Nunnally, J et al., 1994; Bland, J & Altman, D., 1997) A limited number of survey questions, inadequate inter-item correlations, or the presence of heterogeneous constructs could potentially explain a low alpha coefficient For instance, if inadequate inter-item correlation is the cause of a low alpha coefficient, it is advisable to revise or eliminate certain items The most straightforward approach to locating them involves calculating the correlation between each test item and the overall test score Items exhibiting low correlations (tending towards zero) are subsequently eliminated If the alpha value is excessively high, it may indicate the presence of redundant items that assess the same question but in a different manner Streiner (2003) has recommended a maximum alpha value of 0.90

The exploratory factor analysis technique Cronbach's alpha analysis is used by EFA to get rid of variables that don't improve reliability, find the convergent and discriminant values, and lower the estimated parameters for each group of variables Exploratory factor analysis aims to reduce a set of many interdependent observed variables into a set of fewer observed variables that are more relevant, while retaining the original set's complete information

EFA is considered appropriate when all of the following conditions are met:

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) is an indicator used to evaluate the appropriateness of factor analysis, with a value greater than 0.5 indicating suitability The KMO index compares the magnitude of observed correlation coefficients to partial correlation coefficients, with a higher KMO coefficient indicating a greater commonality among variables For exploratory factor analysis specifically, a KMO value above 0.5 is required, with Kaiser suggesting values within certain ranges: KMO ≥ 0.9 indicates very good, while KMO ≥ 0.8 indicates good.

MO ≥ 0.7: yes; KMO ≥ 0.6: temporary; KMO ≥ 0.5: bad; and KMO < 0.5: unacceptable

Factor loading assesses the correlation between variables and factors, indicating the practical significance of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) As established by Hair et al (1998), factor loading values greater than 0.3 are considered minimal, while values above 0.4 are significant, and those exceeding 0.5 demonstrate practical significance in the context of EFA.

- Bartlett's test (Bartlett's test): A statistical quantity used to examine the hypothesis H0

If the significance level Sig 0.5 and the Sig of Bartlett's Test are 0.000 < 0.05, showing that the observed variables participating in the EFA analysis are correlated with each other.

Table 4.2 KMO and Barlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy .904

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx Chi-Square 5084.131 df 435

There are 6 factors extracted based on the criterion eigenvalue 1,241 > 1, so these

Six factors derived from Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) encapsulate 66.726% of the total variance, exceeding the 50% threshold This indicates that these seven factors account for a substantial portion (66.726%) of the data variation observed in the 30 variables included in the EFA.

>> Factor loading coefficients of the observed variables in the rotation matrix are all greater than 0.5, so these observed variables contribute significantly to the model.

4.2.2.2 The results of factor analysis of mediating variables

Table 4.3 KMO and Barlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy .868

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx Chi-Square 706.369 df 10

KMO = 0.868 > 0.5, so factor analysis is appropriate, and Sig (Bartlett's Test) 0.000 (sig < 0.05) shows that the observed variables participating in the EFA analysis are correlated with each other

The rotation matrix results indicate that the EFA analysis includes one extracted factor from the observed variables At an eigenvalue of 3.268 > 1, the extracted variance explains 65.363%.

Table 4.4 EFA results for mediating variable

>> Load coefficients of all observed variables are greater than 0.5, so all these observed variables contribute significantly to the model

4.2.2.3 The results of factor analysis of dependent variables

Table 4.5 KMO and Barlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy .780

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx Chi-Square 389.121 df 6

KMO = 0.780 > 0.5, so factor analysis is appropriate, and Sig (Bartlett's Test) 0.000 (sig < 0.05) shows that the observed variables participating in the EFA analysis are correlated with each other

The results of the rotation matrix show that there is one factor extracted from the observed variables included in the EFA analysis At an eigenvalue of 2.515 > 1, the extracted variance accounts for 62.878%

Table 4.6 EFA results for dependent variable

>> Load coefficients of all observed variables are greater than 0.5, so all these observed variables contribute significantly to the model.

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)

Figure 4.1 shows the results of conducting CFA; the model has Chi-square/df 1.180 < 3; TLI = 0.979 > 0.9; CFI = 0.981 > 0.9; RMSEA = 0.024 < 0.08 and PCLOSE

= 1,000 > 0.05 indicates how well the model matches the actual data

Figure 4.1 The CFA results normalize the measurement model to the rank

>> All observed variables are significant in the model because p-value is less than 0.05

Table 4.7 Evaluation of validity: Convergence and Discriminability

CR AVE MSV PER RA ATT OBS COMPX IAGB TR COMPT PER 0.927 0.562 0.184 0.750

>> Composite Reliability (CR) values are both greater than 0.7 and Average Variance extracted (AVE) are both greater than 0.5, so the scales are all convergent

>> The square root of AVE (bold numbers) is larger than the correlations between latent variables (correlation coefficient is in the lower part of the bold diagonal), MSV value is smaller than AVE, so the calculation is Guaranteed distinction.

Model result

Figure 4.2 SEM results of the research model

Testing the SEM model validates all the correlations hypothesised in the research model The result presents the estimated (normalised) results between the concepts in the theoretical model

The standardized regression coefficients indicate the relative strength of the impact of each independent variable on the dependent variable Variables with larger absolute values of coefficients exhibit a greater effect All relationships possess a 95% confidence level (p = 0.00), demonstrating the theoretical validity of the measurement scales utilized in the research model.

Customers' willingness to embrace green banking is heavily influenced by their attitude towards it (coefficient of 0.615) Trialability emerged as the most influential factor shaping this attitude (0.421), followed by compatibility (0.280), observability (0.277), awareness (0.259), and relative benefits Interestingly, complexity exhibited a negative impact on attitude (-0.214).

The theoretical model estimation results in SEM analysis confirm the 95% reliability of the hypotheses H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, and H8.

Source: Survey results, 2023 (In AMOS, p-value = 0.000 will be denoted by 3 *** Rows with Estimate = 1,000 and no values in the following columns because those are the default, reference variables These observed variables are always significant in the model).

Discussion

Attitude is the variable that has the strongest impact on intention to adopt green banking and has a positive effect with a coefficient of β = 0.615 Holding all other factors constant, a 1 unit increase in attitude leads to a 0.615 unit increase in the acceptance of green banking Therefore, an increase in customers' attitudes towards green banking practices will result in a higher adoption rate There are also many previous studies on attitudes that influence the intention to adopt green banking: Rani (2021), Raseena &

Muhila (2022), and so on According to the findings, there is a link between consumer attitudes toward green banking goods and services and behavioral intentions

With β = 0.421, trialability is the first factor affecting attitude All other things being equal, when trial capacity increases by 1 unit, attitude increases to 0.421 units This is also consistent with previous studies by Hernandez & Mazzon (2007), Majali & Mat (2011), Dash et al (2014), etc This study implies that the formation of a favourable and effective attitudemay be facilitated by providing prospective users with the option to engage in a test-drive of the technology Banks should provide prospective consumers the opportunity to experiment with environmentally friendly products and services to promote their adoption.

Compatibility significantly influences attitude (β = 0.280), indicating that increased compatibility leads to a more positive attitude towards green banking (holding other factors constant) This suggests that customers develop a positive attitude when they perceive green banking as aligning with their lifestyle, consistent with previous research by Nath et al (2017), Hernandez & Mazzon (2007), and Majali.

& Mat (2011), Dash et al (2014), and Tan & Teo (2000) This explains that when green banking is compatible with the services provided and the lifestyle or work of the customer, it will affect their intention to adopt green banking

Observability, or the perceived prominence and recognizability of a behavior, significantly influences attitude towards green banking (β = 0.277), making it the third most influential factor In line with previous research (Jabri & Sohail, 2012; Jamshidi & Hussin, 2016; Ho & Wu, 2011), this positive relationship suggests that when customers observe widespread adoption and interest in green banking, along with its perceived benefits, their attitudes become more favorable, fostering their acceptance of these services.

Perception is the fourth factor that influences customers’ attitudes, with β = 0.259 With all other factors constant, when perception increases by 1 unit, attitude increases by 0.259 units Therefore, an increase in customers' perception of green banking services leads to an increase in their attitude Numerous previous studies have explored customers' attitudes based on their perceptions, including Ellahi et al (2021), Iqbal et al

Service quality perceptions play a crucial role in influencing customers' intentions to adopt green banking services However, previous research has overlooked other factors that contribute to their acceptance and usage Studies have consistently shown a positive perception and attitude towards green banking services, particularly among consumers in developing economies like Vietnam This suggests that green banking has a promising future in these markets, despite the time and effort required for implementation.

Relative advantage is the fifth factor impacting attitude, with the coefficient β 0.242, meaning that when the relative advantage rises by 1 unit, the attitude will increase to 0.242 units for green banks under the assumption that all other variables remain constant Therefore, it seems logical that clients would adopt green banking more readily after experiencing its advantages Additionally, this is in line with other studies such as Iqbal et al (2016), Ellahi et al (2021), and Jaduan (2018) According to Table 4.4's statistics, 76.25% of customers find it convenient to use green banking for transactions, and up to 73.44% of customers believe that green banks will help solve environmental problems better than traditional banks Therefore, customers will be inclined to embrace environmentally-friendly banking practices when they see concrete advantages, such as financial savings and a diminished carbon footprint.

Complexity is a factor that has a significant impact on customers' attitudes (β = -0.214), and it is also one of the seven factors with the opposite effect Keeping other factors constant, an increase of 1 unit in complexity results in a 0.214 unit decrease in customers' attitudes The results of this study are also consistent with previous studies such as Ho & Wu (2011), Obeid & Kaabachi (2019), and Sarea & Hanefah (2013), which found that complexity negatively affects customers adoption of banking services Given the novelty of green banking products and services, customers are likely to have difficulty initiating them When a new practice introduces complex terms that take a long time to understand and implement, complexity impedes successful practice.

CONCLUSIONS

Conclusions

The thesis presented a study model that included six independent variables, one mediating variable, and 32 observed factors that influence customers' intention to adopt green banking in Vietnamese commercial banks: perception, relative advantage, trialability, complexity, compatibility, observability, and attitude

In order to achieve the research objectives, the thesis is conducted in two distinct phases The first phase involves conducting a comprehensive review of existing research, followed by the development of a research model, the creation of scales, and the construction of a questionnaire The second phase focusses on analysing the collected data to test the formulated hypotheses The Cronbach's alpha coefficient is used to check how reliable the data is, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is used to find the underlying factors, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to make sure the proposed model is correct, and structural equation modelling (SEM) is used to look at the linear relationships within the model.

Based on the original theory, the study has developed a research model that includes five primary characteristics: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability The model also incorporates two supplementary factors, namely perception and attitude The author has constructed a scale, formulated hypotheses, and conducted testing based on the study model The study's findings have revealed the determinants that have a positive impact on the intention to adopt green banking

Based on the research results, the author has proposed a number of strategies to effectively implement green banking activities by promoting green products and, at the same time, raising customers' perceptions of the concept green goods The study constructed a research model, scale, and hypothesis, then tested the scale to theoretically identify the factors influencing customers' inclination to accept green banks The thesis provides a comprehensive overview of the implementation of green banking activities at Vietnamese commercial banks, clearly stating the benefits and limitations of this activity Based on these analyses, the thesis provides recommendations on potential solutions consistent with the bank's strategic direction The government and the State Bank of Vietnam consider green banking to be an important element in the Vietnamese commercial banking system's medium- and long-term growth plans.

In summary, this research found the elements that influence consumers' intentions to use green banking The first is the customer's perception of bank services Raising awareness of green banking services results in a more positive attitude and planned adoption rate Customers will also embrace greener banking because of its advantages, which include ease, time and cost savings, better financial management, and large beneficial effects Furthermore, the compatibility of green banking with consumers' demands and lifestyles has a big impact on their attitude towards it This is because, given the present environmental crisis, individuals are increasingly altering their lives in order to improve their living conditions.

Recommendations

Drawing upon the findings of the study and considering the current state of green banking initiatives within Vietnamese commercial banks, the author proposes a set of suggestions aimed at fostering the advancement of green banking in Vietnam, with the ultimate goal of achieving sustainable development

Commercial banks should actively engage in marketing operations to assist clients in recognizing the bank's green banking image and improve customer knowledge of green banking activities When the bank conducts green banking operations, customers may not initially agree to the change in loan terms, but they may do so via propaganda sessions, advertising, engagement through customer service center channels, online banking, and so on Social events, seminars, and workshops may help consumers become more aware of green banking operations, fostering a culture in which customers use banking services Moreover, banks should invest in and support ecologically beneficial projects that use renewable energy for life and positively impact the environment with favourable interest-rate loans Furthermore, it is essential for banks to actively encourage the implementation of technologically advanced products that include a multitude of innovative features, thereby enhancing the overall ease and satisfaction of their clients This not only fulfils the requirement of enhancing ease for clients across several domains, but also contributes to mitigating adverse environmental effects

Commercial banks should provide the service of depositing cash into accounts at the ATM system This feature allows the cardholder to directly deposit cash into their account, and upon successful deposit announcement, the receiving account automatically receives credit, eliminating the need to fill out deposit slips Currently, many other commercial banks have deployed, such as Vietcombank, Vietinbank, TPBank, VPBank, etc This saves time and costs for customers Customers can go to any ATM to make transactions quickly and do not wait for money to be reported to their account as they are now, helping the system The banking system saves on paper and printing costs

Commercial banks should introduce environmentally friendly savings accounts, allocating a portion of the interest on the customer's deposit balance to disaster prevention and environmental protection initiatives In this process, banks may seek the customer's consent to remove a fraction of the income in order to fund these efforts This initiative serves to improve consumers' understanding of environmental issues, facilitates their participation in various campaigns aimed at generating many environmental benefits for the community and society, and simultaneously aids in achieving the objective Investing in green banks not only leads to fuel savings but also contributes to the bank's brand image improvement

Green bonds channel capital into environmentally responsible initiatives, fostering customer awareness and participation in sustainable practices Banks incentivize eco-friendly behavior through policies that support green products and services, offering price reductions and partnerships with eco-conscious businesses This approach promotes financial motivation for customers to adopt sustainable habits, contributing to positive environmental outcomes for their communities and society at large.

Customers place significant emphasis on the element of relative advantage In addition to the advantages associated with green banks, it is critical for commercial banks to prioritize the increase in benefits offered to their consumers Similar to Google Pay, public-sector banks could also provide monetary rewards in the form of reward points for transactions made by consumers using mobile banking, online banking, or ATM cards while buying items Furthermore, it is critical for financial institutions to monitor customers' banking records as a means of providing value-added services that align with their recurring needs This will serve as a source of motivation for clients to adopt environmentally friendly banking practices

Online check deposit services are crucial for public sector banks, allowing customers to conveniently scan and submit checks via mobile apps and the bank's website This eliminates the need for frequent in-person branch visits for check deposits, significantly enhancing customer convenience and efficiency.

Trialability has a significant influence on consumer attitudes towards the adoption of green banking Hence, it is essential for commercial banks to facilitate the dissemination of trial versions on their websites or banking apps, thereby enabling clients to experience the most unbiased advantages they can, subsequently leading to environmental benefits Moreover, to ensure the experiment's effectiveness, commercial banks must integrate numerous services into their electronic and mobile banking platforms, thereby eliminating the need for physical bank visits for transactions This will result in a more favourable shift in their views and facilitate a greater receptiveness to the adoption of green banking

Complexity is the component that has the most discernible influence on consumers' inclination to adopt green banking, and it tends to have a negative effect on their attitude Hence, apart from the incorporation of many services on electronic and digital platforms, banks are required to streamline processes, such as the use of QR Code- based money transfer services, in order to simplify transaction procedures, as previously mentioned This has the potential to elicit a more favourable shift in consumer views Furthermore, it is worth noting that the notion of green banking remains relatively novel to individual consumers within the present economic landscape Consequently, it is incumbent upon banks to assume responsibility for fostering the adoption of marketing and propaganda initiatives aimed at facilitating customers' comprehension of the green banking idea.

Limitations of the research and future research directions

The research employs the DTPB theoretical model and draws references from applied research papers in the Tirunelveli District Green banking is a relatively new subject, with only a few domestic studies available, and the approach to this subject is controversial within the nation Therefore, we must develop theoretical models specific to Vietnam's green banking aspects in the future

The number of research samples, at 320, is quite modest when compared to the population of Vietnam and to a quantitative research paper Customers' understanding of green banking, a new concept recently implemented, remains limited Therefore, the quality of the research sample may not be high, leading to a lack of convincing evidence Furthermore, due to the constraints of restricted research time, the thesis inherently has some limitations The author's proposed answers and suggestions are few in number and mostly subjective, lacking practicality

The current study identifies a limited number of contributing elements, namely seven components, which is rather modest in terms of novel insights and coverage compared to prior studies Furthermore, the evaluation of consumer sentiment towards green banking and its associated services in terms of agility remains unexplored In future studies, the author may include variables beyond those in the research model to uncover other factors that promote green banking uptake To analyse green banking adoption across several dimensions, the author may expand the breadth, sample size, clientele, or theoretical frameworks

This chapter presents the study's theoretical and practical contributions, as outlined in the thesis Subsequently, it offers suggestions and solutions based on the study's findings, considering the current status of green banks in Vietnam Additionally, the author highlights research gaps and proposes future areas for investigation.

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LIST OF CONSULTING EXPERTS

1 Mas Dang Tri Dung Ho Chi Minh University of Banking

2 Mas Nguyen Thi Quy University of Finance – Marketing

3 Mas.Tran Nguyen Sa Ho Chi Minh University of Banking

4 Mas Pham Huu Ha Viet Nam Aviation Academy

5 Mas Vu Quoc Dong Officer of Joint Stock Commercial Bank for

6 Mas Nguyen Van Phuong Officer of Joint Stock Commercial Bank for

7 Tran Thanh Ha Officer of Joint Stock Commercial Bank for

8 Nguyen Van Nam Officer of Military Commercial Joint Stock Bank

EXPERT INTERVIEW RESULTS

Factors Adjustment content (if any)

I usually go to the bank to deposit money

I use e-banking to transfer money

I deposit my savings through a banking app or e- banking

I usually use e-banking or banking apps to shop and pay bills online

I often read information about new products and services on the bank's website and application instead of advertising leaflets

I have heard about green products such as: online banking, digital banking, loans and green investments offered by banks

I can borrow at a preferential interest rate provided by the bank to buy environmentally friendly products such as cars, green housing projects, etc

I like to use electronic receipts/invoices/statements to control spending

I prefer to use electronic statements instead of paper statements I think electronic receipts/invoices/statements will limit paper usage

I think e-invoices will limit the use of paper

I prefer to use electronic receipts after transactions instead of paper receipts on ATMs

I feel that the number of ATMs is not enough and sometimes it is difficult to find them

I think e-banking is less harmful to the environment

Factors Adjustment content (if any)

I think awareness about green banking should be propagated by banks

I think green bank products and services are too confusing

I think green bank products and services are difficult to use

I think that understanding green banking products and services requires a lot of environmental knowledge

Using green banking makes the provision of banking services more convenient

Using a green bank saves time because I don't have to go to the bank

Using green banking can be helpful in managing my finances

Using a green bank saves me money because they offer products and services at a lower cost than traditional banks

Using green banking helps me save money

Using a green bank is faster than a traditional bank

Add “Using green banking products and services will contribute to solving environmental problems better

Factors Adjustment content (if any) than traditional banks”

Add “Using green banking will be an activity that is more environmentally and socially responsible than traditional banking”

I want to try green bank products and services

I want to have a trial period of green banking products and services to feel the benefits it brings

I want to try green banking products and services before deciding whether to accept or not

The bank introduced products and services so that I could access and try green banking products and services

Green bank suits my needs

Green bank is very suitable for my lifestyle

Using green banking services is very relevant to the way I manage my finances

I can see the benefits that green banks bring through products and services

I see many people around me using green bank

Factors Adjustment content (if any) products and services

People around me seem interested in green bank products and services when they see me using them

I find that using green banking products and services makes it easier to make transactions

I find that the use of green banking products and services contributes to environmental protection

I feel that using green banking products and services is a right decision that will contribute to environmental protection

I feel that using green banking products and services is a good idea to contribute to raising people's perception about the environment

I feel that using green banking products and services is a very effective solution in saving papers thanks to the features of Internet Banking/Mobile Banking

I feel the electronic gadgets are user friendly

I feel that green banking is better than traditional way of banking

Intention to adopt green banking

I would accept green banking services if I was aware of the importance of sustainable banking practices

I will accept green banking services if I see tangible benefits such as cost savings and reduced

Factors Adjustment content (if any) carbon footprint

I will accept green banking services because I feel green banking initiatives and activities are reliable

I will accept to use green banking services because

I have more opportunities to contribute to environmental protection

SURVEY SHEET

My name is Nguyen Thi Phuong Uyen - 4th year student at Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City I am currently doing my graduation thesis with a research topic on

"Perception of Green Banking in Vietnam"

- According to the Institute of Technology Research and Development, the concept of Green Banking includes activities and guidelines to ensure the sustainability of the bank in terms of economic, environmental and social aspects The objective is to optimize banking procedures by using information technology, while minimizing adverse impacts on the environment, for example: encouraging customers to use green products and services

- Green banking products include: ATM, Mobile Banking, E-Banking, Green Credit, Green Loan, Green Savings Account,

Conducting this survey aims to gather valuable feedback from Vietnamese commercial bank account holders regarding their experiences with green banking products and services The survey seeks to gauge individuals' perspectives and insights on the effectiveness and relevance of green banking initiatives within the Vietnamese banking sector Your responses will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of customer satisfaction and areas for improvement in the provision of sustainable financial solutions.

All information you provide will be used solely for research purposes I pledge to keep this information anonymous and strictly confidential

I am very grateful and sincerely appreciate your support

1 Please mark (X) in the appriate box below:

 Introduced by acquaintances and friends

 Information from social networking sites

 From the bank you are dealing with

2 For Green Bank, please indicate your level of agreement with each of the following statements:

You choose 01 answer that you think is the most accurate for you by marking “X” in the box corresponding to the comments below

I usually go to the bank to deposit money PER1 □ □ □ □ □

I use e-banking to transfer money PER2 □ □ □ □ □

I deposit my savings through a banking app or e- banking PER3 □ □ □ □ □

I usually use e-banking or banking apps to shop and pay bills online PER4 □ □ □ □ □

I often read information about new products and services on the bank's website and application instead of advertising leaflets

I have heard about green products such as: online banking, digital banking, loans and green investments offered by banks

I can borrow at a preferential interest rate provided by the bank to buy environmentally friendly products such as cars, green housing projects, etc

I like to use electronic receipts/invoices/statements to control spending PER8 □ □ □ □ □

I think electronic receipts/invoices/statements will limit paper usage PER9 □ □ □ □ □

I feel that the number of ATMs is not enough and sometimes it is difficult to find them PER10 □ □ □ □ □

I think e-banking is less harmful to the environment PER11 □ □ □ □ □

I think awareness about green banking should be propagated by banks PER12 □ □ □ □ □

In your opinion, are there any other perceptions related to green banking?

I think green bank products and services are too confusing COMPX1 □ □ □ □ □

I think green bank products and services are difficult to use COMPX2 □ □ □ □ □

I think that understanding green banking products and services requires a lot of environmental knowledge

In your opinion, are there any other complexities when using green banking products and services? (please fill in)

Using green banking makes the provision of banking services more convenient RA1 □ □ □ □ □

Using a green bank saves time because I don't have to go to the bank RA2 □ □ □ □ □

Using green banking can be helpful in managing my finances RA3 □ □ □ □ □

Using green banking helps me save money RA4 □ □ □ □ □

Using a green bank is faster than a traditional bank RA5 □ □ □ □ □

Using green banking products and services will contribute to solving environmental problems better than traditional banks

Using green banking will be an activity that is more environmentally and socially responsible than traditional banking

In your opinion, what other benefits do you have when using green banking products and services? (please fill in)

I want to have a trial period of green banking products and services to feel the benefits it brings TR1 □ □ □ □ □

I want to try green banking products and services before deciding whether to accept or not TR2 □ □ □ □ □

The bank introduced products and services so that

I could access and try green banking products and services

In your opinion, is there any other trialabilities when using green banking products and services?

Green bank suits my needs COMPT1 □ □ □ □ □

Green bank is very suitable for my lifestyle COMPT2 □ □ □ □ □

Using green banking services is very relevant to the way I manage my finances COMPT3 □ □ □ □ □

In your opinion, is there any other compatibilities when using green banking products and services? (please fill in)

I can see the benefits that green banks bring through products and services OBS1 □ □ □ □ □

I see many people around me using green bank products and services OBS2 □ □ □ □ □

People around me seem interested in green bank products and services when they see me using them OBS3 □ □ □ □ □

I find that the use of green banking products and services contributes to environmental protection OBS4 □ □ □ □ □

In your opinion, is there any other observabilities when using green banking products and services? (please fill in)

I feel that using green banking products and services is a right decision that will contribute to environmental protection

I feel that using green banking products and services is a good idea to contribute to raising people's perception about the environment

I feel that using green banking products and services is a very effective solution in saving papers thanks to the features of Internet

I feel the electronic gadgets are user friendly ATT4 □ □ □ □ □

I feel that green banking is better than traditional way of banking ATT5 □ □ □ □ □

In your opinion, are there any other attitude when using green banking products and services?

Intention to adopt green banking IAGB

I would accept green banking services if I was aware of the importance of sustainable banking practices

I will accept green banking services if I see tangible benefits such as cost savings and reduced carbon footprint

I will accept green banking services because I feel green banking initiatives and activities are reliable

I will accept to use green banking services because

I have more opportunities to contribute to environmental protection

In your opinion, are there any other factors affecting the adoption of green banking?

3.1 In your opinion, what other factors affect the perception of green banking in Vietnamese commercial banks besides the factors surveyed above? 3.2 In your opinion, what are the solutions to help promote green banking activities in Vietnam effectively?

3.3 If you don't mind, you can give me an email address to share the research results with you

Thank you very much for your contribution!

FREQUENCIES

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Cần Thơ 7 2,2 2,2 21,3 Đà Nẵng 2 ,6 ,6 21,9 Đắk Lắk 2 ,6 ,6 22,5 Điện Biên 3 ,9 ,9 23,4 Đồng Nai 6 1,9 1,9 25,3 Đồng Tháp 2 ,6 ,6 25,9

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Information from social networking sites 100 31,3 31,3 50,0

From the bank you are dealing with 69 21,6 21,6 71,6

Introduced by acquaintances and friends 91 28,4 28,4 100,0

ATT1 ATT2 ATT3 ATT4 ATT5

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

PER1 PER2 PER3 PER4 PER5 PER6 PER7 PER8 PER9 PER10 PER11 PER12

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Scale Variance if Item Deleted

Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted PER1

Scale Variance if Item Deleted

Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted PER1

Scale Variance if Item Deleted

Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted RA1

Scale Variance if Item Deleted

Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted COMPT1

Scale Variance if Item Deleted

Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted COMPX1

Scale Variance if Item Deleted

Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted TR1

Scale Variance if Item Deleted

Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted OBS1

Scale Variance if Item Deleted

Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted ATT1

Scale Variance if Item Deleted

Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted IAGB1

EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS

Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings

Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings a

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis a When components are correlated, sums of squared loadings cannot be added to obtain a total variance

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy .908

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx Chi-Square df Sig

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis

Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization a Rotation converged in 6 iterations

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy .904

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx Chi-Square df Sig

Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings

Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings a

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis a When components are correlated, sums of squared loadings cannot be added to obtain a total variance

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis

Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization a Rotation converged in 6 iterations

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy .868

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx Chi-Square df Sig

Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative %

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy .780

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx Chi-Square df Sig

Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative %

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis

CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS

Model NPAR CMIN DF P CMIN/DF

Model RMR GFI AGFI PGFI

TLI rho2 CFI Default model 888 876 981 979 981

Model RMSEA LO 90 HI 90 PCLOSE

Covariances: (Group number 1 - Default model)

Correlations: (Group number 1 - Default model)

Regression Weights: (Group number 1 - Default model)

Standardized Regression Weights: (Group number 1 - Default model)