VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOIINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL STUDENT RESEARCH REPORT Knowledge And Attitude Of Human Papillomavirus Infection And... Overview of HPV infection in the community
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant global health concern, with over
1 million new infections acquired every day worldwide (WHO, 2023b) More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites are known to be transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex (CDC, 2020) Some STIs can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding(MMPE, 2023) Eight pathogens are linked to the greatest incidence of STIs Of these,four are currently curable: syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis The other four are incurable viral infections: hepatitis B, herpes simplex virus (HSV), HIV, and
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Overview of the HPV VaCCIn€ 2c 1n S SH ng TH ng rệt 7 3.5 Awareness of HPV transmission in the communIty . s55 sss<s 52 8 3.6 Overview of the age group of university students and the transmission of
The HPV vaccine prevents HPV infections that can progress to cancer or genital warts.The vaccine prevents infections, but it isn’t a treatment The HPV vaccine can protect one from strains they haven’t encountered before These include high-risk types and
8 low-risk types High-risk HPV strains can lead to cancer Low-risk types don’t increase one’s cancer risk, but they can cause nuisance conditions like genital warts (Stanley,
HPV vaccines protect against various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) Gardasil-9, the only HPV vaccine available in the U.S since 2017, offers the most comprehensive protection It targets HPV-16 and HPV-18, responsible for 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of anal cancers Gardasil-9 also safeguards against HPV-31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, viruses linked to other HPV-associated cancers and genital warts Understanding the protection provided by specific vaccines is crucial, especially for those who received earlier versions no longer available in the U.S.
58, which together cause an additional 20% of cervical cancers It also protects against HPV-6 & HPV-11, which cause 90% of genital warts (Garland et al., 2009) The HPV vaccine is recommended for both males and females from ages 9 to 26 The CDC recommends administering two doses of the HPV vaccine 6 to 12 months apart for individuals who start vaccination at ages 9 through 14 (CDC) Teens and young adults who start the series later, at ages 15 through 26 years, need three doses of the HPV vaccine Children aged 9 through 14 years who have received two doses of the HPV vaccine less than 5 months apart will need a third dose (CDC) Three doses are also recommended for people aged 9 through 26 years who have weakened immune systems. Some adults aged 27 through 45 years who are not already vaccinated may decide to get the HPV vaccine after speaking with their doctor about their risk for new HPV infections and the possible benefits of vaccination However, vaccination in this age range provides less benefit, as more people in this age range have already been exposed to HPV.
3.5 Awareness of HPV transmission in the community
Community awareness and knowledge about HPV are essential for prevention A study among men and women in Bahrain found that only 13.5% of participants had heard ofHPV, with female gender and employment in the health sector having a significant association with awareness of HPV (Husain et al., 2019) Women are generally more
9 aware of HPV than men This is because HPV is often associated with cervical cancer, which affects women more directly The initial marketing and focus of the HPV vaccine were primarily on females, reinforcing the belief that HPV is a female-specific disease (Daley et al., 2017).
Community health workers (CHWs) and healthcare providers (HCPs) play a vital role in promoting HPV vaccination and providing education (Moya et al., 2023) A study conducted in a U.S.-Mexico border city found that CHWs and HCPs had knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to HPV, the HPV vaccine, and HPV-related cancers The study identified several important findings, including the need for community-tailored education on HPV and "best practice" training for HPV prevention (Moya et al., 2023). Besides that, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed culturally appropriate materials to increase awareness about the HPV vaccine and its ability to prevent many HPV-related cancers (CDC) Additionally, the CDC has a dedicated section on HPV awareness and prevention on its website (ACOG).
In Vietnam, a study in Binh Dinh province found that knowledge and practices of HPV vaccination to prevent cervical cancer among women aged 15-49 were poor According to a study published in the Journal of Behavioral Medicine, Vietnamese mothers in Houston, Texas, had low levels of HPV awareness, with less than 50% of participants (n = 47) having heard of HPV (Yi et al., 2013) Among those who had not heard of HPV, nearly 86% of participants would vaccinate their daughter if their doctor had recommended it Despite the effectiveness of HPV vaccines in preventing HPV infection, the uptake rate of the vaccine is low in Vietnam (Tran BX, 2018) The study identified several barriers to HPV vaccination, including lack of knowledge, negative attitudes, and financial constraints The authors concluded that sexual health education and financial assistance should be provided alongside the HPV vaccination program to increase the uptake rate.
To increase HPV vaccination rates among Vietnamese communities, it is essential to address these barriers and develop culturally sensitive and accessible education and vaccination programs A multilevel intervention to increase HPV vaccination amongAsian American adolescents found that providing education and resources to parents,healthcare providers, and community organizations was effective in increasing
10 vaccination rates (Tran BX, 2018) Similarly, an eHealth intervention for Hmong adolescents found that providing culturally sensitive and accessible information about HPV vaccination increased vaccination rates among this population.
3.6 Overview of the age group of university students and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections
HPV infection is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) among sexually active men and women, with a high prevalence among university students (Winer et al., 2003) (Dunne et al., 2006) The prevalence of HPV infection among female university students is high, with a recent study indicating that an average of 14% of students become infected with genital HPV each year (Joan R Cates, 2001) Despite its prevalence and potential health consequences, awareness and knowledge of HPV among university students are generally poor (El Mansouri et al., 2022) (Aldawood et al., 2023).
A study among female university students in Washington State found that the cumulative incidence of first-time HPV infection was 32.3% at 24 months, with smoking, oral contraceptive use, and report of a new male sex partner being predictive of incident infection (Winer et al., 2003) The study also found that infection in virgins was rare but that any type of nonpenetrative sexual contact was associated with an increased risk (Winer et al., 2003).
Male university students have low HPV vaccination rates, with nearly half unaware that they should be vaccinated Factors associated with HPV vaccination in men include being in a relationship, having chronic diseases, or having a family history of cervical cancer (Gtirsoy & Saðtas, 2023) HPV vaccination does not increase sexual activity or accelerate sexual debut in college-aged men (Brouwer et al., 2019) However, there is a weak association between HPV vaccination and fewer sexual partners, which may be due to risk avoidance behavior (Brouwer et al., 2019).
University students often lack vital knowledge about human papillomavirus (HPV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Research in Morocco revealed that only 23 out of 479 students understood the link between HPV infection and the development of cervical cancer.
2022) It also found that the most significant factors associated with better awareness about HPV were a high level of education and attendance to curricula related to
11 biological science, while the only associated factor with high knowledge of HPV was the female gender (El Mansouri et al., 2022) College students are an important target for HPV interventions due to the high prevalence of HPV among this population (Goldfarb & Comber, 2022) Misconceptions about HPV vaccination, such as the perception that it encourages sexual behavior, can be a barrier to vaccination uptake. Educating parents, children, and healthcare providers about HPV vaccination is crucial to increasing vaccine uptake and alleviating concerns about its link to sexual activity (Goldfarb & Comber, 2022).
According to a study, the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections among university students in Vietnam is low, the study suggests that these students can benefit from HPV vaccination and a well-designed HPV health promotion program (N et al.,
2022) Regarding other sexually transmitted diseases, a study found that anal human papillomavirus prevalence among men who have sex with men in Vietnam is high, indicating a need for targeted interventions for this population (N et al., 2022).
3.7 Overview of International School Students and Main Research Objectives