ielts academic training reading practice test 1 an example exam for you to practise in your spare time

The wide range of digital cameras available in the market nowadays has been inaccordance with the variety of consumer needs.. Compact digital cameras provide uncountable snapshots that h

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products, i.e its pictures taken, targeted to a specific audience and sold as apeculiar good

In the past, photography was developed through a long process of storing images

in a film which had a short-life span (once it had been exposed to light, it couldnot be reused) The photographic processing of colour pictures would then

follow four steps in a darkroom The first one enabled the colour developer toproduce the silver negative image and each emulsion layer to be treated with by-products that had been used to form colour dyes The second step allowed thesilver images to be converted into silver halides through halogenising bleach.The third one was the removal of the silver salts Finally, the fourth step

consisted of washing, stabilising, drying and cutting of the image

The invention of a charge-coupled device (CCD) by George Smith and WillardBoyle on 17 October 1969 was a major landmark in the beginning of digitalimagery This image sensor provided the quality of broadcasting Thus, video

a digital camera, known as Mavica (Magnetic Video Camera) was launched bySony Corporation and it was comprised of CCD technology being used in twochips which stored the images that had been captured The first CCD chip wouldretain the luminance information while the second one would hold the

chrominance one The quality was unimaginable - 72,000 pixels

Ten years later, Kodak would release the DCS – the first professional digitalcamera system It was composed of a Nikon F-3 camera with a 1.3-megapixelsensor, and it was the latest equipment for photojournalism

The wide range of digital cameras available in the market nowadays has been inaccordance with the variety of consumer needs Compact digital cameras

provide uncountable snapshots that have been taken during summer holidays;hence it is aimed at casual use Subcompacts, i.e a 20mm thick camera, are alsoincluded in this category Bridge cameras also carry fixed lens and a small sensorbut, ergonomically have the appearance of SLR ones Digital single lens reflexcameras (or SLR cameras) are named after a unique system in which a separateoptical viewfinder (located at the back of the camera) receives the light from thelens which falls on the imager as soon as the photographer focuses on capturing

an image They allow accurate preview of the framing and provide stunningresults – e.g a large aperture will enable a closer shot of the smallest details of aflower or a slow shutter will transform a waterfall into a bridal veil Finally,mirror-less interchangeable lens cameras are a combination of the live preview

of the compact ones and the larger sensors of the SLR ones

Whether they seek casual snapshots of compact and bridge cameras or the desire

to be professional photographers, the fact is that digital cameras have shaped thevision of consumers on the excellence in imagery captures and the

contemplation of the art of still images Not only are consumers the passivemodels of a peculiar snapshot, but they are also the active producers of the finearts of digital photography

Choose ONE or TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Questions 1-8

Prior to the development of digital photography, photographs went through aprocess of being stored in a film Four steps in the …1 were carried out: theproduction of silver negative image and the use of …2 in the emulsion layer,the conversion into silver halides, the removal of silver salts, and the imagewash, stabilisation, drying and cut

A major landmark was …3 i.e an image sensor capable of a broadcastingquality This technology enabled the invention of Mavica with …4 and thefirst professional digital camera by Kodak

A range of digital cameras are available in the market Compact digital camerasare used on a …5 basis as people can take countless …6 Bridge camerasfeature compact ones but they resemble ergonomically an SLR Digital singlelens reflex cameras have an …7 which contributes to an accurate preview ofthe framing On the other hand, the mirror-less interchangeable lens cameras arecomprised of the …8 of an SLR camera and the live preview of a compactone

Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write them in boxes 9-10 on your answer sheet.

Choose THREE letters A-G and write them in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

Multitasking for people with multiple intelligences

The widespread flow of information through technological devices has raised theneed for multitasking skills in modern society Thus, logical thinking is expected

to be expressed through accurate lexical terms and interpersonal skills Whereasthis would be inconceivable in traditional schooling in the past, nowadays thereare pedagogical methods available to reach this goal In the 1980s, Howard

Gardner provided us with the theory of multiple intelligences and this has

become a guide to the human abilities every person has got Even though eachhuman being has a different percentage of each competence, they can be

activated and reach their potential development

A Linguistic Intelligence – this refers to the acquisition of linguistic

knowledge and the familiarity with an outstanding articulation and

response Humans who consider the accuracy of grammar, word structure and lexis develop their verbal dexterity and express themselves with better communication skills.

D Interpersonal Intelligence – this is the outer world of the intrapersonal skills Human beings are encouraged to develop a rapport with others and work in a team Psychological expertise is also investigated and men are to

be competent to understand the others, share compassion, sympathy,

mediate conflicts and be diplomatic towards others and their points of view.

E Musical Intelligence – the sensitivity to sound, musical notes, melody and harmony is the result of the development of one’s musical talent This

enables one to demonstrate his/her artistic aptitudes and enter the world of art.

F Kinaesthetic Intelligence – challenging the limits of the body depends on the development of kinaesthetic abilities Therefore, unique craftsmanship, manual work, athletics and sports in general are in accordance with perfect motor coordination which culminates with the exploration of the deepest reaches of human body.

G Visual Intelligence – the notion of geometric shapes, 3-dimensional

visualisation, and architectural observations are embedded in visual and spatial skills Those who are impressed with photographs, and tend to have

a mental imagery or visual memory, are bound to develop visual-spatial abilities and be prompt to locate themselves in the world.

H Naturalistic Intelligence – studies and scientific research on nature,

biological systems, biodiversity and human evolution are encountered

among those who seek to develop their naturalistic observations Those humans reach their developmental potential once they are immersed in a natural environment.

Therefore, human beings who learn how to combine their skills achieve greatermultitasking capability As they have mastered their abilities, they have got newtools and applications which are ready to be used in favour of creative solutions.The final outcome is a delighted human being who is successful in his field andcan contribute to a better world and a fair and humanitarian society.

19.

24 According to the theory of multiple intelligences, an individual can developeight types of intelligences.

Understanding Carbon Sequestration

A In the first years, school-aged children are encouraged to learn about the

importance of photosynthesis and the O2 production by plants, the awareness ofresponsibility for cultivating plants and how living beings are benefited from it

On the other hand, CO2 is the enemy that is to be abolished at all costs An

example of that are the greenhouse effect and the confirmation of its damage tohuman health and the lives of organic beings in general

B Thus, the alliance between FutureGen and Ameren Energy Resources

culminated with the creation of a CO2 pipeline entitled FutureGen 2.0 Thisagreement was set on 28 September 2010 and it aimed at developing a depositsite of collected atmospheric CO2, which is intended to be the first permanentone of its kind in the world It is based in Illinois and its carbon sequestrationcapacity will be more than 1 million tons of CO2 per year

C It is believed that carbon sequestration has played a major role in enabling thestabilisation of carbon dioxide productions on Earth Once they are present in theatmosphere, they can be removed and stored in reservoirs so as to mitigate ordefer global warming and prevent the effects of greenhouse gases A removal ofCO2 from flue gases in power stations is also considered to be a reference tocarbon sequestration

D A number of processes may contribute to carbon sequestration The biologicalones include the increase of photosynthesis, which can occur through

reforestation and genetic engineering; creation of new peat bogs; agriculturalpractices of soil carbon trapping since soil is said to have deposited 20% of theannual carbon emissions; or the algae bioreactor as algae can absorb the carbondioxide emissions and produce biomass These processes may also be referred to

E Physical processes consider the use of biomass which capture and store carbondioxide in industries and power stations This process is also known as Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) Another kind of physicalprocess is the burial of biomass, such as trees, and the use of landfills and itswaste disposal

F Geological storage has also been investigated since carbon dioxide can beinjected directly into specific geological formations One of them is the use ofdeclining oil fields for the purpose of increasing oil recovery Other geologicaloptions are saline formations and saline aquifers, gas fields and coal seams.These processes are often referred to as geo-sequestration

G Finally, while ocean storage has had several propositions, there is also a

negative perspective on its final outcome Mineral storage is considered an

alternative with prospective advantages – as CO2 can be combined with the Caand Mg (i.e chemical elements which are found abundantly), they can providethe formation of carbonates

From the list of headings below, choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph A-G.

29 Paragraph E

30 Paragraph F

31 Paragraph G

Questions 35-40

Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

answer.

35 ……

36 ……

37 ……

Physical Processbiomass usage

coal seams

Mineral Storagecombining CO2 and

40 ……