assessment of biodiversity in the bac kan province viet nam species composition of insects and aquatic macrophytes

THET HNIN SWETHAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRYASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE BAC KANPROVINCE, VIETNAM: SPECIES COMPOSITION OF INSECTSAND AQUATIC MACROPHYTE

INTRODUCTION

Research rationale

Agricultural biodiversity is the primary source of food production in agriculture by ensuring nutritional security and providing environmental and ecosystem services (Aerts et al., 2018); (Stone et al., 2018); (Jones, 2019) The world's food demand (Global food demand- GFD) has increased significantly, and also GFD will be higher than the current situation in the future (Aborisade & Bach, 2014) Global demand for agricultural products is expected to double in the following decades due to the increase in population; the global population is projected to increase from 6.9 to 12.6 billion by 2100 (KC & Lutz, 2017) So, increasing agricultural production towards sustainability is necessary to meet the required GFD and our ecosystem's sustainability.

Indeed, biodiversity is vital to sustainable agriculture from food security,nutrition, and livelihoods viewpoints (Schmidt & Wei, 2006) Biodiversity especially insect is the basis and foundation of ecosystem services and is essential to sustainable agriculture and human well-being The role of the insects are very vital crop pollination, nutrient recycling, pest and disease regulation On the other hand,Insects are strong, quickly adaptable animals with a high rate of fertility and a brief life cycle The agroecology has been disrupted by humans, and changes in the climate throughout the world are affecting the insect environment.Environmental differences are intensified by the destruction of natural habitats, urbanization,pollution, and the use of pesticides in agroecosystems Insects may extend their both biotic (host, vegetative biodiversity, crowding, and dietary) and abiotic (temperature, humidity, and light) stressors (Khaliq et al., 2014).

In the northern mountainous region of Vietnam, the province of Bac Kan is home to a variety of topographical features and habitat types that are rich in biodiversity The Bac Kan province is home to 1,792 plant species, 84 mammal species, 314 bird species, 69 amphibian-reptile species, 1,091 insect species, and

109 fish species, according to study data on biodiversity in 2015 Bac Kan province immediately concentrated on biodiversity conservation activities through the plan for conservation and sustainable development in the just past year in order to retain the value of the existing natural resources However, in recent years, the promotion of the province's socioeconomic development activities has led to the degradation of the natural forest area, changes in land use, over exploitation of biological resources, and an increase in environmental pollution Additionally, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, illegal mineral extraction, forest fires, unlawful shooting of birds and other animals, illegal fishing practices, and over-exploitation of forest products are all prohibited.

The research, however, mainly focused on the general insect composition and the composition of aquatic species on how much affects the level of biodiversity compared to previous year's studies, as it examined the biodiversity(insects and aquatic ) in the Bac Kan province recently.

Research's objectives

An approach that can address the rationale mentioned above is that the biodiversity is very important Thus, it is not evident to suggest the best management options to protect in the natural resources especially biodiversity in the Bac Kan province, Vietnam Therefore, the overall objectives of this study was to assess the biodiversity (Insects and aquatic species) in the Bac Kan province, Vietnam The specific objectives of this research are the following:

1) To evaluate the influence of social and economic factors on the preservation of biodiversity;

2) To assess the insect diversity form the Bac Kan province

3) To determine aquatic species form the Bac Kan province

Research questions and hypotheses

This study had been expected to demonstrate how having different species in a Bac Kan community allows for stable ecological processes if species differ in how they react to environmental changes, allowing an increase in one species' abundance to provide for the reduction in another's Thus, this research would like to answer the following questions: a)What effects do socioeconomic and ecological factors have on the preservation of biodiversity? b)What is the insect diversification from the different study sites of Bac Kan province? c)What are the aquatic species of Bac Kan province?

Limitations

This study has a few limitation such as very short period available for field data collection, the sampling intensity was too low Therefore, the results obtained from the field sampling cannot be generalized for the entire area Addition,forests of all management regimes could not be found along single transect in the study

Definition of terms

Biodiversity/biological diversity - Species, genetic, and ecological variety in a region; may also include related abiotic elements as climate, drainage patterns, and landscape features (Swingland, 2001).

Species richness (S)- the number of species within a defined region ( Levin, 2013).

Diversity indices - measures that characterize the many aspects of biodiversity, including species richness (alpha diversity), beta and gamma diversity, endemic, and greater taxon richness (Swingland, 2001).

Macrophytes- plants that can be seen with the unaided eye and have at least one plant component that are perennial or sporadic growers in water settings(Haroon, 2022)

Simpson's Diversity Index- a measure of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species (Oxford Reference Library, 2023).

Shannon variety Index- the Shannon-Wiener Index, is a tool used to assess the species variety within a community (Keylock, 2005)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Biodiversity Conservation

Biodiversity, also known as biological diversity, is the variety of living things found in all kinds of environments, such as terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, as well as the ecological systems to which they belong It includes the diversity of all living forms on earth, which serves as the foundation for human existence and our capacity to adapt to future changes in the environment (FEPA, 2003) Genetics, species, and the diversity in the environment are all components of biological diversity Genetic variety refers to variation within a species in the genetic components that compose up any living organism, be it a plant, animal, microbial, or other origin The variety of species—whether wild or domestic—within a given geographic area is referred to as species diversity Less than 1.7 million species have actually been described, despite estimates of the total number of species (defined as a population of organisms that may interbreed freely under natural conditions) ranging from 5 million to 100 million worldwide (FEPA, 2003).

Species diversity continues to be crucial for assessing diversity at other levels and serves as a continual standard for the conservation of biodiversity The diversity of living forms and the ecological processes that support them are referred to as an ecosystem's diversity The variety of the species that make up an ecosystem is frequently measured, along with the relative abundance of various species and consideration of the different species' kinds A healthy environment must be maintained in order to preserve biodiversity It plays a huge part in directly addressing human needs while preserving the natural processes that are essential to our life.

In addition to providing humans with immediate advantages like food, medicines, and energy, biodiversity also gives us a life support system Recycling of vital elements like carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen depends on biodiversity. Additionally, it is in charge of reducing pollution, safeguarding watersheds, and halting soil erosion Biodiversity guards against extreme weather and climatic changes and shields humanity from uncontrollable catastrophic catastrophes The foundation for sustainable development and the promotion of technical innovation both benefit from knowledge about biodiversity (FEPA, 2003).

2.2 Effect of abiotic factors on the insect fauna

Insect species are responsible for habitat alteration, disruption of water supply systems, fishery collapse, and native biodiversity loss in major lakes and rivers worldwide (Ricciardi, 2015) Depending on the local temperature and geographical impact, insect species between regions may differ (Kim et al., 2022).

Climate change will likely increase the insect species' probability of surviving and their reproductive capacity and accelerate their development, leading to their explosive spread (Kim et al., 2022) In addition, Climate suitability and human economic activity are primary drivers for the number distribution pattern of unintentionally introduced insects at the local scale (Zhaoet al., 2017).

Abiotic factors like humidity, heat effect, light, food, etc cause various reactions in different insects depending on the species In addition to influencing insect behavior, these abiotic variables additionally disrupt their physiological processes (Overgaard & Srensen, 2008) When alterations to the abiotic environment, such as those caused by humidity, heat, light, and food stress the host, the host responds by producing immunological reactions of insects According to Régnière et al (2012), temperature, in particular,in particular can extend or shorten an insect's life cycle High heat thresholds affect an insect's development stage, life cycle stage, or internal metabolic processes. According to Karl et al (2011), cooling and freezing significantly alter the physiological, mechanical, and behavioral characteristics of numerous insects.

Insects are strong, quickly adaptable animals with a high rate of fertility and a brief life cycle The agroecology has been disrupted by humans, and changes in the climate throughout the world are affecting the insect environment Environmental differences are intensified by the destruction of natural habitats, urbanization, pollution,and the use of pesticides in agroecosystems Insects may extend their metamorphic phases, survivability, and rate of multiplication in response to abiotic (temperature,humidity, and light) stressors (Khaliq et al., 2014).

Effect of biotic factors on the insect fauna

The host plants, food supplies, natural enemies (such as predators, parasitoids, and diseases), and competitors (other creatures that use the same space or food sources) are biological elements (biotic factors) that have an impact on the insect species Insects and biotic components must effectively interact for an ecosystem to exist (Factors, n.d.) Variability in the population is also influenced by the diversity and intensity of the vegetation On heavily grazed grassland, insect feeding and proliferation were more abundant However, the interaction between the prey and its predator remained unchanged by grazing intensity in short-term ungrazed pasture as contrasted to long-term ungrazed pasture (Kruess & Tscharntke, 2002).

The development of several terrestrial insect stages, oviposition, and hatching success were all influenced by biotic stressors in the agro-ecosystem. Numerous insects consume food on the plants, including pollinators and other herbivores Against numerous insect infestations, plants displayed a variety of reactions According to Lucas-Barbosa et al (2011), certain plant volatiles can cause carnivorous insects to target folivorous species Certain plant traits, dietary changes, flora variety (landscape diversity, cover crops), and insect crowding all have an impact on insect multiplication, emergence, and migration in biotic stressors (Karl et al., 2011).

2.4 Effect of insects in the ecosystem function

Insect conservation in particular is crucial for the preservation of biodiversity, sustainable agriculture, and a healthy environment (Samways, 1993) It is ideal to be knowledgeable about biodiversity, habitat degradation, and human influence(Sisk et al 1994) The long-term preservation and sustainable use of biodiversity depend on biological diversity (Glowka et al 1994) Numerous studies have examined at the potential indicator value of certain taxa for forecasting the richness of one or more other taxa, including both insect and non-insect taxa (Gaston, 1996). The insufficient coincidence of species-rich locations (hot-spots) and emphasizes on harboring rare species for either plants, birds, butterflies, or dragonflies was discovered while utilizing high species richness and uncommon species as criteria for site selection (Prendergast et al., 1993) Then, environmental indicators could be a more feasible option for a sustainable environment Other times, modest environmental changes in terrestrial ecosystems may be the consequence of intricate interactions between abiotic and biotic elements that are difficult to assess (Spellerberg 1992) Occasionally, environmental changes can also be seen in the biota long after chemical or physical evidence of the effect are no longer readily observable, or the biological indicator may more precisely represent the existence and intensity of a disturbance (Spellerberg 1992).

As insects make up an estimated 90% of all animal species on land, they are crucial to the biodiversity as all of it More than vertebrates, insects may serve as useful indicators of the Anthropocene's effects on the ecosystem at large (Briggs, 2017) However, there are still two key problems that prevent accurate assessments of insect losses and extinctions: a lack of baseline data and a lack of thorough analysis that take into account unobserved occurrences.

Function of insects on the agricultural ecosystem

Insects are essential to human life since crops cannot be grown without the ecosystem services supplied by insects Insect pollinators include hundreds of species of solitary bees, bumblebees, flies, beetles, and butterflies In some crops, wild bee species are more important for pollination than the honeybee, Apis mellifera (Garibaldi et al., 2013) Around 72% of the world's crops are dependent on insects for pollination The most common biotic interaction is between insects and plants, with most herbivorous species feeding on members of one or more closely related plant groups (Samways, 1993) Insects are not pests in an ecological or evolutionary perspective, except from anthropocentric perception and social prejudice (Kim, 1993).

By eradicating pest insects from cultivated crops, predatory insects contribute significantly to ecosystem services Ground beetles are the most common generalist predators in arable crops, and it has been shown in 75% of field investigations that they considerably lower pest populations in arable fields (Woodcock et al., 2014) Additionally crucial to enhancing agricultural soil are insects Dung beetles work in the soil to raise its amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or total proteins, which greatly boosts wheat plants' output in comparison to artificial fertilizer (De Groot et al., 2002) to manage agricultural systems in a way that makes insects who provide essential ecosystem services a key component of the system.

2.6 Effect of aquatic species(macrophytes)on the ecosystem

Physical and biological disruptions of aquatic systems caused by invasive species alter water quantity and quality (McCormick , 2010) The aquatic alien plant invasions can seriously exacerbate the water quality problems, and nitrogen pollution problems in aquifers can cause due to the invasion of nitrogen-fixing

Acacia species in South Africa (Chamieret al., 2012) Water resources are essential bones for agriculture Agriculture consumes about 70% of freshwater worldwide; approximately 1000 litres (L) of water are required to produce 1 kilogram (kg) of cereal grain and 43,000 L to produce 1 kg of beef, according to Pimentel et al., 2004.

Invasive aquatic weeds may impact an aquatic system by reducing fishing activities, increasing waterborne diseases such as schistosomiasis, and providing a habitat for many organisms (Aloo et al., 2013) Alien species generally force to extinct the availability of native species establish in natural water bodies to change to invasive and adversely affecting aquatic biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems(Singh and Lakra, 2011) Aquatic invasive species are highly competitive,interacting with native species that can cause severe biodiversity loss, health hazards, and economic damage (Singh, 2021) The aquatic ecosystems and biota respond to novel environmental conditions that depend on the complex interaction between climate change and invasive species (Rahel and Olden, 2008).

Effect of Aquatic species (Macrophytes) on the environment

Aquatic plant species, are an essential component of freshwater ecosystems and have a variety of functions that affect how these systems are organized and run.They effectively extract minerals from the sediment nutrient pool and hence fight pollution in addition to being bio-indicators of pollution These macrophytes can thus be employed as a green manure after harvest, especially submerged species.Additionally, they serve as the primary source of food (energy) for the aquatic food chain and offer fish and other macrofauna, as well as waterfowl, the best environments for breeding, nesting, and sheltering They also support large amounts of periphyton, which is, in part, the environment in which most aquatic animals live.Given their biological dominance, macrophytes play a significant role in water resource conservation.

METHODOLOGY

Materials

The study was carried out in Bac Kan, a province in Vietnam's northeastern mountainous area, which is situated at latitudes of 21048'22" to 22044'17" north and longitudes of 105025'08" to 106024'47" east during two times: rainy condition (May to October) and dry climatic condition ( November to April)

According to Resolution No 20/NQ-HDND of the People's Council of BacKan province, dated August 26, 2019, approving the Scheme of arrangement of commune-level administrative units for the period 2019–2020 in Bac Kan province,the province of Bac Kan is divided into seven districts, one city, 96 communes, six wards, and six provincial towns Because the province is situated so far inland, its high terrain is crucial to the security and defense plan Between the interior and the northern mountainous border regions, Bac Kan serves as a bridge The strategic geographic location's adverse effects on socioeconomic development have also affected the province's ability to conserve its biodiversity.

Figure 3.1: Protected Areas where study was conducted

Field sampling was done in and around four protected areas lying in Bac Kan province (Figure 3.1) They were:

(ii) Kim Hy Nature Reserve;

(iii) Nam Xuan Lac Species and Habitat Conservation Area; and

Information was gathered using two methods: (i) field survey and sampling;and (ii) secondary data, such as the literature evaluation of previously published research papers, theses, articles, and other pertinent materials.

Field surveys provided the study's primary data, while secondary data came from a variety of sources, including published research articles and unpublished reports from the study area's village, district, and project offices.

Methods

The primary information was gathered by field observation, surveys, and expert consultation to identify the plants, insects, and aquatic species Taxonomic names, families, genera, life forms, distribution areas, and environmental effects had been among the data that were collected in the field Photographs and specimens of many plant, insect, and aquatic species were taken GPS was used to determine the precise location of each species at several sites.

3.2.1 Selection of the study plots

Each sample location was selected using the GPS on routes, and the ecosystems were investigated along the trip Based on observations made both in the field and on the map, it recognized the different types of terrain and its altitude.

At the end of the research, the survey findings of the sample plots were re-statistical, and each research area had 20 sample plots in accordance with the categorization scale The survey transect was used to explore the data gathering By using the backdrop map and the GPS to assess species composition, the survey transect routes were created across various natural circumstances, such as terrain type and size The survey's transect route number, direction, and measurement stations along the route in UTM coordinates were all included in the survey's general information.

3.2.2 Field Sampling of the Insects

Investigation of Insects was conducted to collect insects by using procedures and techniques according to the Plant Protection Department, 1986; Ha Hung, 1989; Pham Chi Thanh; Northern Plant Protection Center, 1992; Scientific and Technical Committee, 1967; Institute of Food Protection animals, 1997).

First, the preliminary survey was used to undertake a situational analysis of the research region The survey was chosen at random to reflect the whole research region after preliminary surveying Every survey point along the survey line had its coordinates and elevations determined at a distance of 3 kilometers GPS was utilized to record the coordinates and altitude of the point in the survey lines The survey lines will be 6–12 km apart, depending on the height of the research region.

The insects were collected by using (5) methods such as Hand rackets, Malaise traps, Aspirator method (Sustion pipe), Hand nesting method (Aerial nest) and Light trap method The details of each methods are as follows.

Hand rackets were used to gather insects, and they were then either drenched in 70% alcohol or released with a poison vial containing ethyl-acetate chloride.Lepidopteran specimens were maintained in cotton cushions (10 x 20 cm) and stored in triangular butterfly bags as representative samples of the research region.The insect samples were gathered and labeled in accordance with generic taxonomic guidelines.

Figure 3.1 Preparation of triangular butterfly bags for the storage of

Source: Field sampling and collection, 2021

A malaise trap is a net trap provided by Malaysia Screen traps (150cm x100cm x 120cm) were placed according to the flight path of insects at the edge of the forest along streams to capture winged insects Traps were placed 30-40 cm above the ground within the gaps between the trees in the forest with different heights of 400 m, 600 m, and > 800 m according to the circumstances in the study area Alcohol and propylene glycol were used in the sample catcher.

Figure 3.2 Preparation for Malaise traps method to collect samples

An instrument called an aspirator is used to catch tiny insects A vial (often made of plastic) and a tight-fitting cork, rubber stopper, or other cap with two metal tubes running through them make up the fundamental components of an aspirator. One of the tubes has an inch-long rubber hose attached to it, and the other end of the tube is secured to a piece of fine mesh within the vial When an insect is pointed at with the other tube and air is sucked through the rubber hose, the insect is drawn into the vial Insects in the vial are prevented from being pulled into one's mouth by a net covering the end of the tube that is used to draw air through This method was used to capture small arboreal insects or species that are difficult to capture by other methods.

Figure 3.3 Preparation for Aspirator method (Sustion pipe) to collect samples

D Hand nesting method (Aerial nest)

The color of the network is also crucial since materials in black or dark green are less reactive than those in white, allowing for a clearer view of the contents.Additionally, insects do not quickly see them White nets have been used since they are much more suited for usage with small insects The circular frame of aerial nets was often composed of steel wire or aluminum strips, which can be readily bent,drilled, and attached to a handle.The 35 cm and 40 cm diameter round net rackets with various shaft lengths (2, 3, 5, 6 m) were utilized This approach was supplemented and changed during the inquiry to better fit the real circumstances at each survey location.

Figure 3.4 Preparation for Hand nesting method (Aerial nest)

Artificial light sources are an effective way to attract moths because they regularly fly at night (Gh & Autiyal, 1999) It is essential to sample many of the relatively weak geometrid specimens, and light traps are incredibly effective and capable of preserving specimens in a decent state Even though they are relatively expensive and inadequate sampling devices, light traps have been shown to capture a large number of specimens (Basset et al., n.d.).

One or two high-voltage bulbs with a combined output of 250W make up the light trap To simulate the research region, the light traps were placed 1 m apart.Every sample was taken between 6 p.m and 4 a.m the following day Samples of insects were tallied, procured using special bottles, and captured on camera It determined the GPS coordinates and height of the trap location prior to setting the

Figure 3.5 Preparation for light trap method to collect samples

The initial processing and classification of bug samples were noted after each sample was collected Prior to finding the insects on the needles, the needles were first dried for 24 to 48 hours at 50°C and then stored in wooden specimen containers Each sample was assigned to the recorded information about the sample and put with bug needles or alcohol after being collected The samples that had been soaked in 99% alcohol were either completely removed from the samples (by burning the foot or other portion of the sample) or the full sample was stored in a sample vial for future DNA tests According to the information included in the sample, such as a sample that had been dry-preserved, samples for DNA analysis were encoded.

3.2.3 Field Sampling of the aquatic species

A aquatic/dip was used to collect the aquatic specimens The net fabric was

49 (49 yarns/cm) in size to catch floating animals and 75 (75 yarns/cm) in size to catch floating plants It was cone-shaped (25 cm in diameter and 90 cm in length).

Water insect and benthic creature samples, both qualitative and quantitative, were gathered using bottom drag nets and hand-held rackets The creature gathered the bottom specimen after filtering it through a sieve and placing it in a vial for specimen storage Samples of aquatic insects were taken with a portable racket and a 50 x 50 cm Cuber sampler mesh Collect aquatic plant samples, such as flowers, leaves, and branches, and track their dispersal in the surrounding water Samples were dried, then returned to the analytical chamber after being soaked in formol, alcohol, or juice Utilize a specialized net to gather fish samples 10% formalin was used to preserve the fish samples.

Taxonomic diversity, which measures the ratio of species to specimens, is a structurally quantitative aspect of the modern world The following online database used for the correction of the taxonomy and the scientific name of the species They were the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), the Vietnam Plant Data Center (BVN), and the International Plant Name Index (IPNX).

A Characterization of the insect species

The basis for the classification of Insects was classified on the morphological

Malaise traps method

A malaise trap is a net trap provided by Malaysia Screen traps (150cm x100cm x 120cm) were placed according to the flight path of insects at the edge of the forest along streams to capture winged insects Traps were placed 30-40 cm above the ground within the gaps between the trees in the forest with different heights of 400 m, 600 m, and > 800 m according to the circumstances in the study area Alcohol and propylene glycol were used in the sample catcher.

Figure 3.2 Preparation for Malaise traps method to collect samples

Aspirator method (Sustion pipe)

An instrument called an aspirator is used to catch tiny insects A vial (often made of plastic) and a tight-fitting cork, rubber stopper, or other cap with two metal tubes running through them make up the fundamental components of an aspirator. One of the tubes has an inch-long rubber hose attached to it, and the other end of the tube is secured to a piece of fine mesh within the vial When an insect is pointed at with the other tube and air is sucked through the rubber hose, the insect is drawn into the vial Insects in the vial are prevented from being pulled into one's mouth by a net covering the end of the tube that is used to draw air through This method was used to capture small arboreal insects or species that are difficult to capture by other methods.

Figure 3.3 Preparation for Aspirator method (Sustion pipe) to collect samples

D Hand nesting method (Aerial nest)

The color of the network is also crucial since materials in black or dark green are less reactive than those in white, allowing for a clearer view of the contents.Additionally, insects do not quickly see them White nets have been used since they are much more suited for usage with small insects The circular frame of aerial nets was often composed of steel wire or aluminum strips, which can be readily bent,drilled, and attached to a handle.The 35 cm and 40 cm diameter round net rackets with various shaft lengths (2, 3, 5, 6 m) were utilized This approach was supplemented and changed during the inquiry to better fit the real circumstances at each survey location.

Figure 3.4 Preparation for Hand nesting method (Aerial nest)

Taxonomic diversity, which measures the ratio of species to specimens, is a structurally quantitative aspect of the modern world The following online database used for the correction of the taxonomy and the scientific name of the species They were the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), the Vietnam Plant Data Center (BVN), and the International Plant Name Index (IPNX).

A Characterization of the insect species

(anterior pronotum lobe, posterior of pronotum lobe, legs), scutellum, abdomen, wings, spines on the body and especially the structure of the genital organs (pygophore, right clasper, phallus, phallobase, phallosoma An Olympus SZX7 magnifying lens was used to analyze these morphological characteristics.

According to the writings of Bolton (1994), Carpenter (1996), Eguchi et al. (2005, 2011), Holldobler and Wilson (1990), Kojima (1999), Michenner (2000), Michenner (2007), and Nugroho et al (2011), species belonging to the Apidae honeybee family, the Vespidae and the Formicidae ant family have been identified and classified.

For each type of predatory mite, create a sample analysis sheet according to

Li Yongxi et al (1988), Massaki (1993), Williams & Gillian (1989), Young & Masami (2003), Livingstone et al (1991,1998), Livingstone et al (1991,1998), Distant (1904, 1910), Livingstone et al (1991,1998), Murugan & Livingstone (1995), Barrion & Litsinger (1994), Renaud (1945), Kaoru & Shinji (1998)

The lepidopteran species was identified using the following monographs:Yunnan Butterfly of the Insect Research Department of the Chinese Academy ofSciences; Know the famous Butterflies by Alexander Monastyrskii and AlexeyDevyatkin (2003) (translated by Khuat Dang Long); Hainan Island Butterfly by CoMau Ban, Tran Boi Tran; Popular butterflies in Vietnam The description of physical traits such as color, body form, head antennae shape, and size measurement were used to identify the Coleoptera species The results were then checked withChoate's taxonomy keys,Hodges and Evans (2005), Gullan (2000), and (2001).

A description of physical characteristics such as color, form, head shape, and size measurement was used to categorize hard-arm insects Results were evaluated and contrasted with those of Choate (2001), Gullan (2000), Hodges and Evans (2005), and incorporated with the study and evaluation of the sample with the remaining sample from the Department of Plant Protection Research, Department of Computer Science.

B Characterization of the aquatic species

The categorization books written by Vietnamese writers served as the primary reference for the analysis of the taxonomy of aquatic plants, floating species, benthic organisms, and fish A Goriaev counting chamber with a capacity of 0.0009 ml was used to identify quantitative phytoplankton analyses A Bogorov counting chamber with a 10 ml capacity was used to measure the quantitative analysis of zooplankton The volume of water that was filtered through the net was multiplied by the result that was obtained By counting individuals on a specified sample collecting bottom area, the benthic samples were evaluated.

The province of Bac Kan's departments and regional offices provided the secondary data In order to preserve the biodiversity in the study region, this research used inherited data and maps The following divisions and departments of the province collected data:

The Department of Natural Resources and Environment was consulted for land use status, land use status map, soil status map, current status maps of national parks, current status maps of protected areas in the province, and previously studied biodiversity data and maps.

The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development provided the province's forest inventory map.

The information was gathered from the District and city-level departments and includes the local ecosystem types, natural conditions, socioeconomic circumstances, and population structure elements for each location.

The Management of National Parks and Reserves provided the maps of the topography, population distribution, biodiversity conservation status, and conservation initiatives for each national park and reserve This study also made use of scientific theories, research, and attempts to conserve biodiversity, in addition to statistical data that had been inherited carefully.

Light trap method

Taxonomic diversity, which measures the ratio of species to specimens, is a structurally quantitative aspect of the modern world The following online database used for the correction of the taxonomy and the scientific name of the species They were the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), theVietnam Plant Data Center (BVN), and the International Plant Name Index (IPNX).

Characterization of the insect species

(anterior pronotum lobe, posterior of pronotum lobe, legs), scutellum, abdomen, wings, spines on the body and especially the structure of the genital organs (pygophore, right clasper, phallus, phallobase, phallosoma An Olympus SZX7 magnifying lens was used to analyze these morphological characteristics.

According to the writings of Bolton (1994), Carpenter (1996), Eguchi et al. (2005, 2011), Holldobler and Wilson (1990), Kojima (1999), Michenner (2000), Michenner (2007), and Nugroho et al (2011), species belonging to the Apidae honeybee family, the Vespidae and the Formicidae ant family have been identified and classified.

For each type of predatory mite, create a sample analysis sheet according to

Li Yongxi et al (1988), Massaki (1993), Williams & Gillian (1989), Young & Masami (2003), Livingstone et al (1991,1998), Livingstone et al (1991,1998), Distant (1904, 1910), Livingstone et al (1991,1998), Murugan & Livingstone (1995), Barrion & Litsinger (1994), Renaud (1945), Kaoru & Shinji (1998)

The lepidopteran species was identified using the following monographs:Yunnan Butterfly of the Insect Research Department of the Chinese Academy ofSciences; Know the famous Butterflies by Alexander Monastyrskii and AlexeyDevyatkin (2003) (translated by Khuat Dang Long); Hainan Island Butterfly by CoMau Ban, Tran Boi Tran; Popular butterflies in Vietnam The description of physical traits such as color, body form, head antennae shape, and size measurement were used to identify the Coleoptera species The results were then checked withChoate's taxonomy keys,Hodges and Evans (2005), Gullan (2000), and (2001).

A description of physical characteristics such as color, form, head shape, and size measurement was used to categorize hard-arm insects Results were evaluated and contrasted with those of Choate (2001), Gullan (2000), Hodges and Evans(2005), and incorporated with the study and evaluation of the sample with the remaining sample from the Department of Plant Protection Research, Department ofComputer Science.

Characterization of the aquatic species

The categorization books written by Vietnamese writers served as the primary reference for the analysis of the taxonomy of aquatic plants, floating species, benthic organisms, and fish A Goriaev counting chamber with a capacity of 0.0009 ml was used to identify quantitative phytoplankton analyses A Bogorov counting chamber with a 10 ml capacity was used to measure the quantitative analysis of zooplankton The volume of water that was filtered through the net was multiplied by the result that was obtained By counting individuals on a specified sample collecting bottom area, the benthic samples were evaluated.

The province of Bac Kan's departments and regional offices provided the secondary data In order to preserve the biodiversity in the study region, this research used inherited data and maps The following divisions and departments of the province collected data:

The Department of Natural Resources and Environment was consulted for land use status, land use status map, soil status map, current status maps of national parks, current status maps of protected areas in the province, and previously studied biodiversity data and maps.

The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development provided the province's forest inventory map.

The information was gathered from the District and city-level departments and includes the local ecosystem types, natural conditions, socioeconomic circumstances, and population structure elements for each location.

The Management of National Parks and Reserves provided the maps of the topography, population distribution, biodiversity conservation status, and conservation initiatives for each national park and reserve This study also made use of scientific theories, research, and attempts to conserve biodiversity, in addition to statistical data that had been inherited carefully.

The information covered the distribution of different ecosystem types, the composition of the species, and the locations where they were found The data was examined, gathered, and processed by Excel before being analyzed and synthesized. For the relative abundance used the following formula.

Where, Isi = Total Number of individual specie;

∑ Nsi = Total Number of species population.

The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (SWD), H, was calculated using the following equation:

Pi = proportion of the individuals in each species.

Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species As species richness and evenness increase, so diversity increases For the Simpsons’ diversity index was calculated through the following equation (Simpson, 1949)

Whereas D = Simpsons’ diversity index n = the total number of organisms of a particular species

N = the total number of organisms of all species

Figure 3.6 Investigation Image in Bac Kan

RESULTS

The effects of natural and socio-economic conditions on the Biodiversity in Bac

4.1.1 Effect of Natural conditions on Biodiversity

The Bac Kan province has 80 % of the hill and mountains of the natural area. The rugged and fragmented terrain in the province is a friendly condition for the development of biodiversity Bac Kan’s natural forest area is among the largest in the Northeast provinces (95.3%) and is the limestone mountain with steep cliffs, jagged peaks, and sharp serrated teeth In addition to the ability to provide wood, bamboo, and cork, there are many rare and valuable species of animals and plants It is considered a main area for the conservation of plant genetic resources in the Northeast of Vietnam.

More over 25% of the natural area of the Bac Kan province, or 306,142 acres, is composed of up of the terrain The districts' borders are specifically divided by a strip of high mountain ranges Due to its topography, the region has a unique biodiversity In the Bac Kan region, genetic resources are still essentially intact It has a large natural forest area with many rare species of flora and fauna that were once considered important species under threat and needed to be preserved and listed in the Vietnam Red Book (2007) and IUCN Red List (2022) This area has a limestone mountain forest ecosystem typical of the transition area between theNorthwest mountains and the Red River Delta.

Seasonal variations in the climate of the province of Bac Kan include high summer temperatures and significant yearly rainfall The northeast monsoon has an impact on the winter, which has low temperatures and minimal precipitation The region's species diversity depends on its seasonally variable climate The province as a whole receives a lot of rainfall every year Due to high humidity and minimal wind, humid weather during the rainy season is favorable for the distribution and growth of many types of species Conversely, the seasonal differences of Bac Kan's climate have contributed to seasonal variations in the local flora and fauna.The manifestations and impacts of climate change have negatively impacted numerous sectors of the economy and the environment during the last several decades The composition and structure of species vary as a result of changes in habitat conditions as well as damage to the food and shelter sectors The majority of the species that suffer losses will either adapt or investigate new, better habitats As a result, there may be a reduction in species diversity and composition, a richness in phenotypes within a particular geographical unit, or both.

The river system in the province is short and steep In the rainy season, the water flow is strong with flooding In the dry season, the riverbed is dry, and the lower riverbed is narrow Due to the influence of topography and geological structure, the rivers and streams in the province have dominated Most of the hills and mountains are closer to the river and stream beds, which control the alluvial soil.Therefore, there are no large alluvial fields but only narrow and scattered alluvial deposits along the river and stream slopes in Bac Kan province.

In wet rice cultivation, the rice production efficiency is weak due to the poor irrigation system, and sometimes, the rice production is lost due to flooding in the field The native species become rare by building houses and barns for cattle and by turning to swidden agricultural cultivation (shifting cultivation) So, many plant species are lost when habitat changes; therefore, the biodiversity is deeply influenced by the province's rivers, canals, and irrigation systems.

4.1.2 Effect of socioeconomic conditions on Biodiversity

Biodiversity is faced with unexpected risks due to population growth, education level, and economic development pressure In recent years, biodiversity in the province has been threatened and severely reduced due to human population and natural exploitation The conservation of biodiversity has not been really effective, and the main reason is the difficulty of managing to border with neighbouring provinces due to complicated terrain.

In Kan Kan province, nearly 80% of the population lives in rural and is mainly agricultural workers People live in Bac Kan province areas, including many ethnic groups such as Tay, Dao, Nung, Mong, Dao, and Han According to the country's development momentum, expanding agricultural land is an inevitable law when the population, culture, and society are growing day by day Therefore, there has been increasingly shifting agricultural cultivation, and native species gradually lost their living place and also decreased in quantity In particular, exploiting precious medicinal plants for economic benefits is a major threat to rare species Shifting cultivation is an important cause that affects biodiversity in the receiving areas.

Moreover, low education level is associated with poverty because the local people in the study area do not know about scientific and advanced technology in agricultural production Therefore, the average income per capita in some districts, such as Bach Thong, Ngan Son, and Ba Be, is faced with the lower condition It is obvious that a small part of people's lives has to rely on natural resources through medicines, daily food, and land exploitation as food production Therefore, many layers of people and organizations in and outside the area exploit biodiversity in all forms, both legally and illegally.

Agro-forestry and industrial production activities have directly affected the living environment of humans and other living species The sources of waste and chemicals used in industrial and agricultural production directly lead to the current state of environmental pollution The impact of environmental pollution on biodiversity loss due to economic development activities is very large. Environmental pollution leads to the decline and poverty of biodiversity in polluted ecosystems In addition, rapid population growth in mountainous areas greatly pressures biodiversity Population growth requires an increase in the demand for living, food, building materials, and other necessities while resources are limited, especially production land for agriculture.

Biodiversity conservation is the most significant benefit to the present generation and still maintains the potential to meet the needs of future generations.Biodiversity in Bac Kạn has long been considered a precious resource with great significance in the development process In Bac Kan, the management and socio-economic development of the whole province The loss of biodiversity directly impacts people's lives because people's lives are largely dependent on agriculture and forestry.

Insect Species found in Bac Kan province

The total number of insects from each of the three study sites—Kim Hieng Nature Reserve, Nam Xuan Lac Nature Reserve, and Thác Ging—in the research region (Bac Kan) is depicted in Figure 4.1 below.

Bac Kan province has 1158 insect species altogether, divided into 11 groups of insect compositions (Figure-4.1) These species were found in Ba Be National Park, Kim Hy Nature Reserve, Nam Xuan Lac Species and Habitat Conservation Area, and Thac Gieng Landscape Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Orthoptera, Mantodea, Phasmatodea, Dermaptera, Blattodea, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera were the insect orders that were observed Of the other insect orders, Coleoptera had the highest number of species (492 species, or 42%) compared to all of them.

Lepidoptera, which recorded 230 species (20%), was the second-largest insect order, while Heteroptera, which recorded 102 species (9%), was the third.The remaining insect orders were as follows: Hymenoptera had 93 species (8%),Diptera had 90 species (8%), Homoptera had 86 species (7%), Orthoptera had 42 species (4%), Phasmatodea had 9 species (1%), and Blattodea had just 3 species

Figure 4.1 Total number of insect species from Bac Kan province in 2021

Ba Be National Park demonstrated a more incredible diversity in insect species composition than the other research locations, as seen in Figure 4.2 It was found that the Ba Be national park had the most species of Coleoptera. Lepidoptera's butterfly species came in second place, while Ba Be National Park's Homonoptera ranked third Blattodea was the bug species that ranked last among all those discovered in Ba Be National Park.

The highest observed order among the other species in the Kim Hy NaturalReserve was Coleoptera Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera had the second and third greatest numbers of species, respectively, in the Kim Hy natural reserve In the Kim

Hy natural reserve, Phasmatodea was the lowest species order among all insect orders.

In the Nam Xuan Lac, Coleoptera was found to be the highest insect order, Lepidoptera was found to be the second highest, and Hymenoptera was found to be the third highest Phasmatodea had the smallest proportion of insect orders in the Nam Xuan Lac.

Figure 4.2 Number of recorded insects from three study sites in Bac Kan province in 2021

Among the other insect orders, Coleoptera were the most prevalent in theThac Gieng Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera came in second and third, respectively.

Phasmatodea was found to be the order of insects with the fewest members in the Thac Gieng.

Overall, across all survey sites, the Coleoptera ranked greatest among the insect orders According to the findings, there were 1158 different kinds of insects spread among the four research locations In comparison to the other research sites ,

Ba Be National Park has the most diversity in the species composition of insects, with 957 species (83%) being discovered The second-highest insect diversity was found at Nam Xuan Lac Nature Reserve, with 568 species (49% of total species). The Kim Hieng Nature Reserve has the third-highest diversity of insect species with

527 species (46%) identified there Thác Ging, the final research location, has 508 insect species, or 43% of the total.

Table 4.1 Comparison of Insect composition recorded in Bac Kan province (Year: 2015 and 2021)

The data from the present study of insect diversity, which was gathered in

2021, were compared to those from 2015 in Table (4.1) in order to evaluate their variations over time In Bac Kan province, the total number of insects reported was

1158 in 2021 and 1091 in 2015, according to the research results (Table 1). Between 2021 and 2015, 67 species were distinct from one another The outcome was that there were 53 more Hymenoptera species in 2021 than there were in 2015.

In 2021, Blattodea reported 02 more species compared to the data from 2015, while the Heteroptera got by 12 species When compared to the results of the study conducted between 2021 and 2015, the number and names of insect orders, including Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Homoptera, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Mantodea, and Phasmatodea, remained unchanged The comparison between the data from 2015 and 2021 (Table) revealed an increase in the overall number of insects gathered in 2021 compared 2015 In conclusion, the insect composition in the Bac Kan province remained highly accessible and rich.

4.2.2 Insect diversity between study sites

Insect diversity was examined using the species abundance index (d) and the insect diversity index (H) The province of Bac Kan's natural parks and nature reserves were compared in Table (4.2) for insect diversity.

Table 4.2 Comparing the levels of insect diversity between study sites

Nam Xuan Lac Species and Habitat

Simpson's Diversity Index (D) values range from 0 to 1 This index has a value of 1 for infinite diversity and a value of 0 for no diversity The results of this research indicated that the Ba Be National Park received a D (0.76), which indicates a higher species richness Simpson's Diversity Index (D) scores for the other research locations, Kim Hy Nature Reserve, Thac Gieng, and Nam Xuan Lac Species and Habitat Conservation Area, were 0.82 The results of these three study sites demonstrated the greatest diversity of insect species.

Using the natural log (ln),Shannon-Wiener Index (H) can vary from 0 to the same The number of people would be evenly distributed across all the species if the value was close to 4.6 Values in the middle are ambiguous which is an obvious flaw of this index and, thus, care should be taken when using this index The values of Shannon–Weiner index was founded in the range from 1.71, 1.84, 1.90 and 1.87 in the Bac Kan province (Table 4.2) Shannon-Wiener Index (H) at the Ba BeNational Park was 1.71, indicating that all of the sample species there are identical.The Shannon-Wiener Index (H) value of 1.84, which was close to zero,demonstrated that all the species in the Kim Hy Nature Reserve are similar In theThac Gieng, the value of H was 1.90 and the results indicated that no the more diverse the species The Shannon-Wiener Index (H) at Nam Xuan Lac Species andHabitat Conservation Area was 1.87, and the results were consistent the species with those of the other research sites.

Aquatic plants found in Bac Kan province

In the study area, 29 species of aquatic plants had been identified, belonging to two phyla, ferns (Polipodiophyta) and Spermatophyta, distributed in water bodies of rivers, along rivers, in ponds, lakes, and low-lying fields The research region has no aquatic plants, according to the 2015 report In the extensive wetlands and water stands, aquatic plants were frequently seen Except for several seaweed species growing along rivers and streams, such as Myriophyllum verticillatum L.,Myriophyllum spicatum L., and Ceratophyllum demersum L., there were no common plant categories in water bodies Some species, including Marsilea quadrifolia L., Ludvigia repens L., Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr., Hygroryza water runs slowly or not at all) Aquatic plants belonging to the families Araceae, Convolvulaceae, Apiaceae, such as Colocasia esculenta L., Schott, Ipomoea aquatica Forssk., Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC., etc., were used by local people for food and livestock.

Aquatic plant groups in the area were common species that grow in many rivers, streams, ponds and fallow fields, which are habitats for other groups of aquatic organisms such as shrimp, crabs, snails and groups Aquatic plants belonging to the families Araceae, Convolvulaceae, Apiaceae, such as Colocasia esculenta L. Schott,Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.,Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC., etc., were used by local people for food and livestock.

These species usually do not have great economic value and do not adversely affect the environment of the water body In addition, the widely grown food crop in the study area is rice, and other species such as Nymphaea pubescens Willd was found in some lakes for ornamental purposes and for medicinal purposes Ipomoea aquatica Forssk was an almost indispensable food in the daily meals of local residents and was widely grown everywhere Aquatic plants were a group that participates in the natural cleaning process of water bodies Some species were used in the wastewater treatment stage of food production facilities and hospitals, such as

Phragmites australis subsp australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (water hyacinth) They retained part of the waste before going through other treatment stages and prevent the water body from pollution In the basin of Cau River and other rivers and streams, aquatic plants do not grow plants, such as Phragmites australis subsp australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud., and

Polygonum hydropiper L., plants of the Cyperaceae family, were found along the river In the areas of riverbanks and streams, indigenous people grow a few species of aquatic plants as food and vegetables and to get the food for livestock such as yams, water hyacinth, water spinach and celery Due to the influence of the water in the rainy season, aquatic plants with economic value are not planted regularly but only planted for local needs.

Table 4.3 List of aquatic species found in the Bac Kan province

No Scientific Name Family Name Common Name

1 Azolla pinnata R Br Azollaceae Mosquito Fern,

3 Colocasia esculenta(L.) Schott Araceae Taro

5 Eleocharis dulcis(Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch.

6 Haloragis micrantha R.Br ex Haloragaceae Small-Flower

8 Ipomoea aquaticaForssk Convolvulaceae Water Spinach

9 Lemna minorL Araceae Common Duckweed

11 Ludvigia repensL Onagraceae Creeping Primrose-

13 Marsilea vestitaHook & Grev Marsileaceae Hairy Water-Clover

14 Myriophyllum spicatumL Haloragaceae Spike Watermilfoil

15 Myriophyllum verticillatumL Haloragaceae Water Milfoils

16 Nymphaea nouchaliBurm.f Nymphaeaceae Blue Lotus

17 Nymphaea pubescensWilld Nymphaeaceae Pink Water-Lily

18 Mnesithea veldkampii Potdar, Poaceae Jointtail Grass

19 Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC Apiaceae Water Celery

21 Phragmites comunis Poaceae Water Reed

22 Polygonum hydropiper L Polygonaceae Water Pepper

23 Potamogeton malaianusMiq Potamogetonaceae Pond Weed

26 Scirpus mucronatusL Cyperaceae Ricefield Bulrush

28 Vallisneria spiralisL Hydrocharitaceae Tape Grass

29 Nymphoides indica(L.) Kuntze Menyanthaceae Indian Waterlilly

Plants living on the water: Roots or underground stems grow in the mud, leaves protrude from the water Distribution of this group of plants in areas from 0- 1.5 m, there are many species growing on wet banks (swampy plants) These species are largely grown in water (mainly roots and underground stems) They grow more strongly on land than they grow in the water, so when the water recedes, the place of growth is not over hanged from the water, they live and grow So in the wet areas off the coast, this species also appears When the water rises, they do not grow well, until they are completely flooded, they can not live anymore The area has plants on the water surface, often there are many species both in the water and in the shallow such as rhubarb, lettuce, at the same time there are some typical aquatic species such as Haloragis micrantha R.Br ex Siebold & Zucc.,

Myriophyllum verticillatum L., Ludwigia adscendens L H.Hara Marsilea vestita Hook & Grev.,Sagittaria sagittifoliaL.with morphology changes also grow in this area.

Figure 4.3 Image of the Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (water hyacinth)

Leafy plants that float on the water have roots or subterranean stems at the bottom of the water This area is dispersed down to a depth of 3m, and occasionally much deeper, although it is unused This group's leaves frequently differ in their growth between floating leaves and leaves submerged in the soil It can be identified by two kinds of leaves: While floating leaves have the morphology and structure appropriate for floating, submerged leaves resemble plants that remain underwater On the water, this plant frequently grows alternately with other plants. Typical species are Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f., and

Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze Floating leafy plants found on the shore along with floating plants on the water.

Floating plants are those that are entirely submerged in or floating on water. About 15 species have roots that are often degenerative or inadequate Their leaves resemble floating leaf plants in structure These species have leaves that resemble those of underwater plants, and they are entirely immersed in the water Lemna minor L.,Salvinia cucullataRoxb ex Wall., and Azolla pinnataR Br were typical species Ceratophyllum demersum L and Lemna minor L are examples of species that float on the surface of the water The vegetation around the beach usually has these plants.

Plants that are submerged in water have stems that are completely buried and roots that develop in mud When they lack water, these species frequently died quickly Some plants, such Potamogeton malaianus Miq., Myriophyllum being submerged in water with organs that have been morphologically and structurally adapted to life on the soil When these plants bloom, many of them, like the blooms ofVallisneria spiralis L or theHaloragis micrantha R.Br ex Siebold & Zucc., protrude from the water or float on it These plants can be found near the water.

The majority of aquatic organisms are naturally occurring species of wildlife that are frequently discovered in water basins where people have not had an important influence Major vascular plants that are given to livestock include seaweed, bark, , and some of them, because of their large biomass, have the effect of green manure The IUCN list of 100 invasive species includes Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms as one of the invasive species.

Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin ex Hensch., Scirpus mucronatus L.,

Nymphaea pubescens Willd., and Ludvigia repens L were the most dense aquatic plants that are typically found in the low-lying area (in the area of lagoons, natural ponds) These species provide a substantial amount of biomass in pure clusters that are distributed in dense clusters These are wild, naturally growing plants that are often observed in aquatic environments and haven't been significantly influenced by human activity.

Aquatic plants have been found in most of the province of Bac Kan's natural wetlands This is an essential source of nutrient-rich food for livestock as well as a haven for aquatic organisms to live and thrive In particular, seaweed species like

Ceratophyllum demersum L., Phragmites comunis, and others are among the aquatic plants that help to clean the local water environment.

Figure 4.4 Percentage of the families of the aquatic species found in the Bac

For the aquatic species in the Bac Kan province, there were found 29 aquatic species under 20 families and the families were Azollaceae, Ceratophyllaceae,Araceae, Pontederiaceae, Cyperaceae, Haloragaceae, Poaceae, Convolvulaceae,Scrophulariaceae, Onagraceae, Marsileaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Apiaceae,Polygonaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Alismataceae, Salviniaceae, Nelumbonaceae,Hydrocharitaceae, Menyanthaceae Poaceae Family had the most species among them, and Haloragaceae had the second-highest number of species discovered in theBac Kan The families Nymphaeaceae, Onagraceae, Cyperaceae, and Araceae had the third-highest number of members There were the same number of species in each of the remaining families.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Discussion

5.1.1 Assessment of the effect of natural and socioeconomic conditions

The result of this study had shown that the diversity of the species composition and richness of the species declined due to climate change and seasonal differentiation of high temperatures and heavy rainfall The same result was found that species richness was significantly correlated with temperature fluctuation (Oliveira-filho et al., 2015) Moreover, Climate change continues to accelerate species diversity loss, shifting species and resulting in the loss of biodiversity (Tangwa et al., 2022) For agricultural production especially in rice, the production is not high because of the problem of the irrigation system and also native species are depletion by building the house and by the shifting agricultural cultivation The shifting cultivation also forces deforestation leading to destroying of native habitats (IWGIA et al., 2009) So, the natural condition such as seasonal differentiation, and the hilly region of the study area have forced to the depletion of the biodiversity The results from this study have shown that the biodiversity in the province has been pressured due to socio-economic factors such as the human population, low education level of the local people, agro-forestry and industrial production activities that leads to the increase of environmental pollution.

5.1.2 Assessment of Insect found in the Bac Kan province

Insect species composition

Insects are vital within our food supply chains, performing valuable ecosystem services (Jankielsohn, 2018) Insect biodiversity is important for crop pollination, as well as the magnitude of the pollination service depends on the richness and diversity of wild insects in the crops (Miủarro, Garcớa and Martớnez- Sastre, 2018).

In this research, the four study areas (Ba Be National Park, Kim Hy Nature Reserve, Nam Xuan Lac Nature Reserve and Thac Gieng), there were found 11 species orders such as Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Orthoptera, Mantodea, Phasmatodea, Dermaptera, Blattodea, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera and the total number of species were 1158 species Among the 11 insect orders, Coleoptera was the most significant number among the other insect orders.

Overall, the findings showed that Bac Kan has a relatively high diversity of insect species Since the entire province receives a lot of rainfall each year, the order of coleopteran species had the greatest quantity and variety among insect species The same finding indicated that coleopteran (beetle) variety was influenced by microclimatic circumstances, with the rainy season showing the highest abundance and richness (Righi et al., 2018).

When comparing the data from 2021 and 2015, the total number of insects in

2021 is more than in 2015 and showed that the increase in the number of species protection of forests in Bac Kan province have been well implemented, which has helped maintain and restore natural forest ecosystems (2) The survey implementation at different times (month, season), routes and the number of routes,and the number of surveyed types, are different (3) Human resources, such as collecting samples in the field and experts to analyze and identify the type of specimens In conclusion, the insect composition in the Bac Kan province still remains high but should maintain forward to an eco-friendly environment by conserving the native insect species.

Insect diversity between study sites

As part of a conservation strategy for the Ba Be National Park, the then- Ministry of Forestry and other relevant agencies were entrusted with performing surveys and developing an investment strategy for the land (Be & Park, 2003). Therefore, Ba Be National Park contains the most insects of the four research sites because it is a old protected area for tourism development than the other three study locations The other study sites are the new national park and reserve This research's findings for species diversity showed that all study locations had the maximum species richness.

5.1.2 Assessment of aquatic species between study sites

Aquatic plants are primary components of many freshwater The majority of aquatic plants are naturally occurring wild species that occur in water bodies that have not been strongly influenced by humans Vascular plants are valuable as fodder for livestock, such as seaweed, water hyacinth Some had the effect of making green manure due to their large biomass.

Almost all natural wetlands in Bac Kan province have aquatic plants This is a rich source of nutritious food for livestock as well as creating a substrate, a sure hiding place for aquatic animals to survive and develop Aquatic plants are also a group contributing to cleaning the water environment in the area, especially algae such as Ceratophyllum demersum L., Phragmites comunis, and Lemna minor L The dense aquatic plants commonly found in low-lying areas (in lagoons and natural ponds) are paddle algaeVallisneria spiralisL., Ceratophyllum demersumL ,

Myriophyllum verticillatum L.; Phragmites comunis, Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin ex Hensch.,Scirpus mucronatus L., Nymphaea pubescens Willd., Ludvigia repensL.

Insects may increase their metamorphic phases, survival, and rate of reproduction in response to both biotic (host, vegetative biodiversity, crowding, and nutritional) and abiotic (temperature, humidity, and light) stresses.This study has proved the ability of natural, socioeconomic conditions, insect species and aquatic species in the Bac Kan province, Vietnam.

This study proved that based on the results questions The associations between natural and socioeconomic conditions are important for the maintenance and conservation of biodiversity The statistical relationship between biodiversity and environmental factors is strengthened and contextualized by prevailing socioeconomic conditions The result of this study had shown that the diversity of the species composition and richness of the species declined due to climate change and seasonal differentiation of high temperatures and heavy rainfall For agricultural production especially in rice, the production is not high because of the problem of the irrigation system and also native species are depletion by building the house and by the shifting agricultural cultivation So, the natural condition such as seasonal differentiation, and the hilly region of the study area have forced the depletion of the biodiversity The results from this study have shown that the biodiversity in the province has been pressured due to socioeconomic factors such as the human population, low education level of the local people, agro-forestry and industrial production activities that lead to the increase in environmental pollution The loss of biodiversity directly impacts people's lives because people's lives are largely dependent on agriculture and forestry It concluded that seasonal differentiation, low education level and pressure of the population impact on the biodiversity conservation in the Bac Kan province.

Among the four research areas, the Ba Be national park has the largest amount of insect diversity than the other three, based to the assessment of insect diversity In terms of insect composition, the findings indicated that 11 insect orders had been discovered, including Cooleoptera having the largest number of insect species among the 11 orders throughout all research sites It ultimately reached the conclusion that there were still high and average numbers at the four study sites in the province of Bac Kan Fort the assessing of the aquatic species found in the Bac

The survey and data collection are intended to create a database and add to the province of Bac Kan's information system and environmental database the role of managing the province's biodiversity data To further enhance the e-data management ecosystem of the natural resources sector, this study offers insight into to create a database system on biodiversity contributing to improving the management and conservation of biodiversity in the province.

Nevertheless, the biodiversity in the Bac Kan area needs to conserve for sustainability in the future There is a need for the establishment and coordination of technical support from affected agencies for purposes of planning for both short- and long-term management programmes It is thus possible that counting on other sources of knowledge, such as including the local communities in the detection and knowledge gathering of the spread and control techniques, could significantly improve the efficiency of the conservation of the genetic resources and biodiversity in the Bac Kan province, Vietnam.

Aborisade, B., & Bach, C (2014) Assessing the pillars of sustainable food security.European International Journal of Science and Technology,3(4), 117-125.

Aerts, R., Honnay, O., Nieuwenhuys, A.V., 2018 Biodiversity and human health: mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces Br Med Bull 127, 5-22 https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldy021.

Arable Crops Journal of Applied Ecology, 51, 142-151 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365- 2664.12171

Basset, Y., Springate, N.D., Aberlenc, H.P., & Delvare, G (1997) A review of methods for sampling arthropods in tree canopies.Canopy Arthropods,35, 27–52.

Be & Park, (2003) Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam, Second Edition Updated 4/23/04.

Blackburn, T M., Bellard, C., & Ricciardi, A (2019) Alien versus native species as drivers of recent extinctions Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 17(4), 203- 207.

Bộ Nông Nghiệp Và Phát Triển Nông Thôn Handbook for the forest sector Classification of land use, planning and allocation of forest land, 101 p., Management of pests and diseases in planted forests, p 118.

Briggs, J C (2017) Emergence of a sixth mass extinction? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,122(2), 243-248.

Da Silva, L V A., Araújo, I F., Benício, R M A., da Silva, A., Cruz, G V., Fabricante, J.R., & Calixto-Júnior, J T (2022) Plantas exóticas na Chapada do Araripe (Nordeste

De Groot, R.S., Wilson M.A and Boumans, R.M.J (2002) A Typology for the Classification, Description and Valuation of Ecosystem Functions, Goods and Services Ecological Economics, 41, 393-408 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921- 8009(02)00089-7

De Silva M, Howells J Innovation ambidexterity and public innovation Intermediaries: The mediating role of capabilities Meyer MJournal of Business Research, (2022),149,14-29)

Decision No 1582/QD-UBND dated September 1, 2020 on issuing the climate assessment report of Bac Kan province.

Decision No 354/QD-UBND dated March 4, 2022 on announcing the status of forests in

Decree No 06/2019 ND-CP dated January 22, 2019 of the Government on management of endangered, rare forest flora and fauna and implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

Decree No 84/2021 ND-CP dated September 22, 2021 of the Government amending and supplementing a number of articles of Decree No 06/2019/ND-CP dated January 22,

2019 of the Government on management of endangered, rare forest flora and fauna and implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

Department of Plant Protection, 2010 List of harmful organisms on some post-harvest crops and crop products in Vietnam (2006-2010 survey) Agricultural PublishingHouse, 1187 p.

Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), (2003) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.

Fischer, J., Brosi, B., Daily, G C., Ehrlich, P R., Goldman, R., Goldstein, J., & Tallis,

H (2008) Should agricultural policies encourage land sparing or wildlife‐friendly farming?.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,6(7), 380-385.

Garibaldi, L A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Winfree, R., Aizen, M A., Bommarco, R., Cunningham, S A., & Klein, A M (2013) Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance science, 339(6127), 1608-1611.

Gaston KJ, Williams PH (1996) In Biodiversity: A biology of numbers and difference (Ed.) KJ Gaston,Blackwell Science, Oxford.

Giam, X., & Wilcove, D S (2012) The geography of conservation ecology research in Southeast Asia: current biases and future opportunities The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 25, 29-36.

Girma, E (2017) Genetic Erosion of Wheat (Triticum spp.): Concept, Research Results and Challenges.Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 7, 72-81.

Glacier Farm Media (2021) Canada explores bilateral trade in Southeast Asia. https://www.producer.com/news/canada-explores-bilateral-trade-in-southeast-asia/

Glowka, L., Burhenne-Guilmin, F., Synge, H., McNeely, J A., & Gündling, L (1994) A guide to the convention on biological diversity.

Government of Socialist Republic of Vietnam Decree No 32/2006/ND-CP dated March

30, 2006 on management of endangered and rare forest flora and fauna.

Government, 2010 Decree 65/2010/ND-CP on detailed regulations and guidelines for the

Government: Decision No 45/QD-TTg signed on January 8, 2014 approving the Master Plan for biodiversity conservation of the country to 2020, orientation to 2030.

Hakim, L., & Hong, S K (2018) Home gardens of the local community of Pancasila Village in Tambora Geopark, Sumbawa Island: biodiversity conservation and ecotourism sites development Development, 8(2), 192-199. https://doi.org/10.11594/jtls.08.02.14.

Hakim, L., (2011) Cultural Landscapes of the Tengger Highland, East Java In Landscape Ecology in Asian Cultures (pp 69-82) SpringerTokyo https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 4-431-87799-8_6.

Haroon, A M (2022) Review on aquatic macrophytes in Lake Manzala, Egypt The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 48(1), 1-12.

Hoang Duc Nhuan, 1982-1983 It's a family of ladybugs in Vietnam Volumes I and II. Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi.

Jacob, K., Binder, M., & Wieczorek, A (2004) Governance for Industrial Transformation: Proceedings of the 2003 Berlin Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change.

Jankielsohn, A (2018) The importance of insects in agricultural ecosystems Advances in Entomology, 6(2), 62-73.

Karl I, Stoks R, De Block M, Janowitz SA, Fischer K Temperature extremes and butterfly fitness conflicting evidence from life history and immune function Glob Change Biol 2011; 17: 676-687.

Kazemi, H., Klug, H., & Kamkar, B (2018) New services and roles of biodiversity in

Kc, S., & Lutz, W (2017) The human core of the shared socio-economic pathways: Population scenarios by age, sex and level of education for all countries to

Keylock, C (2005) Simpson diversity and the Shannon–Wiener index as special cases of a generalized entropy Oikos, 109(1), 203-207.

Khaliq, A M., Javed, M., Sohail, M., & Sagheer, M (2014) Environmental effects on insects and their population dynamics Journal of Entomology and Zoology studies,2(2), 1-7.

Khuat Dang Long, 2001 Butterflies are common in Vietnam Labor and Social Publishing House.

Kruess, A., & Tscharntke, T (2002) Contrasting responses of plant and insect diversity to variation in grazing intensity.Biological conservation,106(3), 293-302.

Le Xuan Hue, 2008 Insect diversity associated with the honey bee family (Hym.: Apoidea) in Vietnam Scientific report of the 6th National Insectology Conference, Hanoi 9/10/2008: 934-938.

Levin, S A (2013) Encyclopedia of Biodiversity Elsevier Science.(Swingland, 2013)

Lucas-Barbosa, D., van Loon, J J., & Dicke, M (2011) The effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on interactions between plants and flower-visiting insects.Phytochemistry,72(13), 1647-1654.

Luu Mien, Dang Duc Khuong, 2000 Vietnamese journalism animals Episode 7 The locust family (Orthoptera) Acrididae); Edge mites (Heteroptera) Coreidae) Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi. insects in northern Vietnam Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi, 43- 245.

Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: a synthesis. Washington, DC: Island P.

Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam Institute of Science and Technology (2007), Vietnam Red Book (Part I: Animals), Publishing House Natural Science and Technology, Hanoi.

Nag, A & Nath, P (1991) Effect of moon light and lunar periodicity on the light trap 209 catches of cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) moths Journal of Applied Entomology,

Nguyen, H K L., Nguyen, Q T., Dong, T., Le, N T T., Pham, G T., Le, T A., & Nguyen, V B C (2020) An update and reassessment of vascular plant species richness and distribution in Bach Ma National Park, Central Vietnam Journal of Vietnamese Environment,12(2), 184-192.

NOBANIS (2015) Invasive Alien Species: Pathway Analysis and Horizon Scanning for Countries in Northern Europe Nordisk Ministerrồd.

Ortiz Ríos, R., & Ortiz Ríos, R (2015) Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture.Plant Breeding in the Omics Era, 19-39.

Overgaard, J., & Sứrensen, J G (2008) Rapid thermal adaptation during field temperature variations in Drosophila melanogaster.Cryobiology,56(2), 159-162.

Plant Protection Institute, 1976 Results of Insect Investigation 1967-1968 RuralPublishing House, Hanoi, 579 pp. diseases in Vietnam (1997-1998): Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, 162 p.

Prado, M.M., García, D.J., & Sastre, R.M (2018) Los insectos polinizadores en la agricultura: importancia y gestión de su biodiversidad.

Prendergast, J R., Quinn, R M., Lawton, J H., Eversham, B C., & Gibbons, D W. (1993) Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies.Nature,365(6444) https://doi.org/10.1038/365335a0

Régnière J, Powell J, Bentz B, Nealis V Effects of temperature on development, survival and reproduction of insects: Experimental design, data analysis and modelling. Journal of Insect Physiology 2012; 58(5):634-647.

Reid, W., & Raudsepp-Hearne, C (2005) Millenium Ecosystem Assessment.

Rwomushana I, Beale T, Chipabika G, Day R, Gonzalez-Moreno P, LamontagneGodwin J, Makale F, Pratt C, Tambo J Tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta): impacts and coping strategies for Africa Wallingford: CABI; 2019.

Samways, M (0000) Insects in biodiversity conservation: some perspectives and directives.Biodiversity and conservation, 2, 258-282 doi: 10.1007/BF00056672.

Samways, M.J (1993) Insects in Biodiversity Conservation: Some Perspectives and

Directives Biodiversity & Conservation, 2, 258-282. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00056672.

Scanning for Countries in Northern Europe (2015) https://doi.org/10.6027/TN2015-517.

Schmidt, M R., & Wei, W (2006) Loss of agro‐biodiversity, uncertainty, and perceived control: a comparative risk perception study in Austria and China Risk Analysis: AnInternational Journal,26(2), 455-470.

Sisk, T D., Launer, A E., Switky, K R., & Ehrlich, P R (1994) Identifying extinction threats.BioScience,44(9), 592-604.

Stewart-Oaten, A (1993) Evidence and statistical summaries in environmental assessment.Trends in Ecology & Evolution,8(5), 156-158.

Swingland, I R (2001) Biodiversity, definition of Encyclopedia of biodiversity, 1, 377- 391.

Ta Huy Thinh, 2000 Vietnamese journalism animals 6 Family Diptera, Calliphoridae: Scientific & Technical Publishing House, Hanoi, 334 p.

Ta Huy Thinh, 2009 List of species belonging to the Department of Leather Wings (Insecta spp Dermaptera) in Vietnam Scientific Report on Ecology and Living Resources, Third National Scientific Conference Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, 342-356.

Ta Huy Thinh, Dang Thi Au, Hoang Vu, Tran Shao, Pham Hong Thai, 2003 Results of insect diversity research in three protected areas and National Parks in the North of Vietnam Scientific Reports, National Conference on Basic Research Issues in Life Sciences Science and Engineering Publishing House, Hanoi, 238-240.

Ta Huy Thinh, Hoang Vu, 2004 Study of similarities in the composition of butterflies (Lepidoptera) Rhopalocera) between several Conservation Areas and National Parks in Vietnam Journal of Biology, 26(3A): 1-7.

Ta Huy Thinh, Hoang Vu, Tran Shao Du, Pham Hong Thai, 2004 The diversity of insects in some National Parks and Nature Reserves of Vietnam Journal of Biology,26(4):1-12.

Tiêu đề	Assessment of Biodiversity in the Bac Kan Province, Vietnam: Species Composition of Insects and Aquatic Macrophytes
Tác giả	Thet Hnin Swe
Người hướng dẫn	Dr. Nguyen Duy Hai
Trường học	Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry
Chuyên ngành	Environmental Science
Thể loại	Master Thesis
Năm xuất bản	2023
Thành phố	Thai Nguyen

Định dạng
Số trang	74
Dung lượng	2,41 MB