reading practice 02

PASSAGE 3 The issue of equality for women in British society first attracted national attention in the early 20th century, when the suffragettes won for women the right to vote.. In the

READING PRACTICE 2

PASSAGE 1

Jonas Salk is the American physician and medical researcher who developed the first safe and

effective vaccine for poliomyelitis It provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease Salk

received his M.D in 1939 from New York University College of Medicine, where he worked with Thomas Francis Jr., who was studying how to develop vaccines from killed viruses Salk joined Francis in 1942 at the University of Michigan School of Public Health and became part of a group that was working to develop

a vaccine against influenza

In 1947, Salk became associated professor of bacteriology and head of the Virus Research Laboratory

at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, where he began research on poliomyelitis Working with scientists from other universities in a program to classify the various strains of the polio virus,

Salk corroborated other studies in identifying three separate strains He then demonstrated that killed virus

of each of the three, although incapable of producing the disease, could induce antibody formation in monkeys

In 1952, he conducted tests of his killed-virus vaccine, first on children who had recovered from polio and then on subjects who had not had the disease The results of both tests showed that the children’s antibody

levels rose significantly and no subjects contracted polio from the vaccine His findings were published the

following year in the Journal of the American Medical Association In 1954, a mass field trial was held, and

the vaccine, injected by needle, was found to safely reduce the incidence of polio On April 12, 1955, the vaccine was released for use in the United States

Salk served successively as a professor of bacteriology, preventive medicine, and experimental medicine at Pittsburgh, and in 1963, he became fellow and director of the Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, California, later called the Salk Institute Among many other honors, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977

1 What is the main idea of the passage?

A how Salk and his colleagues learned to kill viruses

B how Salk was promoted to important positions at the University of Pennsylvania

C how the medical research of Jonas Salk led to the development of the polio vaccine

D how Jonas Salk trained to be a physician of medical researcher

3 Which does the word “it” in line 2 refer to?

A researcher C poliomyelitis

B vaccine D physician

3 Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word “vaccine” used in line 2?

A medicine that creates immunity against a disease

B medicine designed to cure a disease temporarily

C medicine designed to kill viruses that are fatal to children

D medicine designed to kill any kind of viruses

4 In the first paragraph, what was Thomas Francis Jr studying?

A how to prevent the spread of influenza in Michigan

B how to develop vaccines from killed viruses

C how to get a degree in medicine from New York University

D how to work with physicians from Manhattan

5 Which sentence in the second paragraph describes Salk’s first work at the University of Pittsburgh?

A the second sentence C the first sentence

B the third sentence D none are correct

6 All of the following statements about killed virus vaccine are true EXCEPT _

A it was incapable of producing the disease

B it had three strains that scientists worked with

C it helped monkeys from antibodies

D it did not induce antibody formation in monkeys

7 Which of the following words or phrases from the previous sentence does the word “findings” refer to?

A vaccine C results

B polio D antibody levels

8 From the passage, it can be inferred that the experimental polio vaccine was given to people by _

A surgery C pill

B injection D liquid

9 In the passage, it is implied that the Salk Institute was

A originally the University of Michigan School of Public Health

B originally called the Institute for Biological Studies

C originally the Virus Research Laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh

D originally the medical school at New York University

PASSAGE 2

We live in a world of tired, sleep deprived people In his book Counting Sheep, Paul Martin – a behavioral biologist – describes a society which is just too busy to sleep and which does not give sleeping the importance it deserves

Modern society has invented reasons not to sleep We are now a 24/7 society where shops and services must be available all hours We spend longer hours at work than we used to, and more time getting to work

Mobile phones and email allow us to stay in touch round the clock and late-night TV and the Internet tempt

us away from our beds When we need more time for work or pleasure, the easy solution is to sleep less The average adult sleeps only 6.2 hours a night during the week, whereas research shows that most people need eight or even eight and a half hours‟ sleep to feel at their best Nowadays, many people have got used to sleeping less than they need and they live in an almost permanent state of sleep debt‟

Until the invention of the electric light in 1879 our daily cycle of sleep used to depend on the hours

of daylight People would get up with the sun and go to bed at nightfall But nowadays our hours of sleep are mainly determined by our working hours (or our social life) and most people are woken up artificially by an alarm clock During the day caffeine, the world’s most popular drug, helps to keep us awake 75% of the

world’s population habitually consume caffeine, which up to a point masks the symptoms of sleep

deprivation

What does a chronic lack of sleep do to us? As well as making us irritable and unhappy as humans,

it also reduces our motivation and ability to work This has serious implications for society in general Doctors, for example, are often chronically sleep deprived, especially when they are on night call, and may get less than three hours‟ sleep Lack of sleep can seriously impair their mood, judgment, and ability to take

decisions Tired engineers, in the early hours of the morning, made a series of mistakes with catastrophic

results On our roads and motorways lack of sleep kills thousands of people every year Tests show that a tired driver can be just as dangerous as a drunken driver However, driving when drunk is against the law but driving when exhausted isn’t As Paul Martin says, it is very ironic that we admire people who function on very little sleep instead of criticizing them for being irresponsible Our world would be a much safer, happier place if everyone, whatever their job, slept eight hours a night

1 According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE about Paul Martin?

A He shows his concern for sleep deprivation in modern society

B He gives an interesting account of a sleepless society

C He is a scientist who is chronically deprived of sleep

D He is a famous writer

2 The phrase “round the clock” in the second paragraph is similar in meaning to

3 The writer mentions the Internet in the passage as

A a temptation that prevents us from sleeping

B an easy solution to sleep deprivation

C an ineffective means of communication

D a factor that is not related to sleep deprivation

4 According to the third paragraph, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

A Our social life has no influence on our hours of sleep

B The sun obviously determined our daily routines

C The electric light was invented in the 19th century

D The electric light has changed our daily cycle of sleep

5 The word “which” in the third paragraph refers to

6 Which of the following is TRUE, according to the last paragraph?

A Doctors on night call do not need more than three hours of sleep a day

B Our motivation decreases with the bigger number of hours we sleep

C Sleep deprivation has negative effects on both individuals and society

D Thousands of people are killed every day by drunken drivers

7 The word “catastrophic” in the last paragraph probably means

8 Which of the following would the writer of the passage approve of?

A Our world would be a much safer place without drinkers

B Both drunken drivers and sleep-deprived people should be criticized

C There is no point in criticizing irresponsible people in our society

D We certainly can function well even when we hardly sleep

PASSAGE 3

The issue of equality for women in British society first attracted national attention in the early 20th century, when the suffragettes won for women the right to vote In the 1960s feminism became the subject

of intense debate when the women's liberation movement encouraged women to reject their traditional supporting role and to demand equal status and equal rights with men in areas such as employment and pay

Since then, the gender gap between the sexes has, been reduced The Equal Pay Act of 1970, for instance, made it illegal for women to be paid less than men for doing the same work, and in 1975 the Sex Discrimination Act aimed to prevent either sex having an unfair advantage when applying for jobs In the same year, the Equal Opportunities Commission was set up to help people claim their rights to equal treatment and to publish research and statistics to show where improvements in opportunities for women need to be made Women now have much better employment opportunities, though they still tend to get less well-paid jobs than men, and very few are appointed to top jobs in industry

In the US, the movement that is often called the "first wave of feminism" began in the mid-1800s Susan B Anthony worked for the right to vote Margaret Sanger wanted to provide women with the means

of contraception so that they could decide whether or not to have children, and Elizabeth Blackwell, who had

to fight for the chance to become a doctor, wanted women to have greater opportunities to study Many feminists were interested in other social issues The second wave of feminism began in 1960s Women like Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem became associated with the right to get equal rights and opportunities for women under the law An important issue was the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which was intended to change the Constitution Although the ERA was not passed, there was progress in other areas It became illegal for employers, schools, clubs, etc to discriminate against women But women still find it hard to advance beyond a certain point in their careers, the co-called glass ceiling that prevents them from having high-level jobs Many women also face the problem of the second shift, i.e the household chores

In 1980s, feminism became less popular in the US and there was less interest in solving the remaining problems, such as the fact that most women still earn much less than men Although there is still discrimination, the principle that it should not exist is widely accepted

1 It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that in the 19th century,

A British women did not have the right to vote in political elections

B most women did not wish to have equal status and equal rights

C British women did not complete their traditional supporting role

D suffragettes fought for the equal employment and equal pay

2 The phrase "gender gap" in paragraph 2 refers to

A the social distance between the two sexes

B the difference in status between men and women

C the visible space between men and women

D the social relationship between the two sexes

3 Susan B Anthony, Margaret Sanger, and Elizabeth Blackwell are mentioned as

A American women who had greater opportunities

B pioneers in the fight for American women's rights

C American women where were more successful than men

D American women with exceptional abilities

4 The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A was not officially approved

B was brought into force in 1960s

C supported employers, schools, and clubs

D changed the US Constitution

5 In the late 20 th century, some information about feminism in Britain was issued by _

A the Equal Pay Act of 1970

B the Sex Discrimination Act

C the Equal Opportunities Commission

D the Equal Rights Amendment

6 Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A The US movement of feminism became the most popular in the late 20th century

B The women's liberation movement in the world first began in Britain

C The movement of feminism began in the US earlier than in Britain

D The British government passed laws to support women in the early 20th century

7 The phrase "glass ceiling" in paragraph 4 mostly means _

8 Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?

A Many American women still face the problem of household chores

B An American women once had to fight for the chance to become a doctor

C British women now have much better employment opportunities

D There is now no sex discrimination in Britain and in the US

9 It can be inferred from the passage that

A the belief that sex discrimination should not exist is not popular in the US

B women in Britain and the US still fight for their equal status and equal rights

C the British government did not approve of the women’s liberation movement

D women do not have better employment opportunities despite their great efforts

10 Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

PASSAGE 4

Most forms of property are concrete and tangible, such as houses, cars, furniture or anything else that

is included in one’s possessions Other forms of property can be intangible, and copyright deals with

intangible forms of property Copyright is a legal protection extended to authors of creative works, for

example books magazine articles, maps, films, plays, television shows, software, paintings, photographs, music, choreography in dance and all other forms of intellectual or artistic property

Although the purpose of artistic property is usually public use and enjoyment, copyright establishes the ownership of the creator When a person buys a copyrighted magazine, it belongs to this individual as a tangible object However, the authors of the magazine articles own the research and the writing that went into creating the articles The right to make and sell or give away copies of books or articles belongs to the authors, publishers, or other individuals or organizations that hold the copyright To copy an entire book or

a part of it, permission must be received from the copyright owner, who will most likely expect to be paid

Copyright law distinguishes between different types of intellectual property Music may be played

by anyone after it is published However, if it is performed for profit, the performers need to pay a fee called

a royalty A similar principle applies to performances of songs and plays On the other hand, names, ideas

and book titles are excepted Ideas do not become copyrighted property until they are published in a book a painting or a musical work Almost all artistic work created before the 20th century is not copyrighted because it was created before the copyright law was passed

The two common ways of infringing upon the copyright are plagiarism and piracy Plagiarizing the

work of another person means passing it off as one’s own The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin plaglarus, which means “abductor” Piracy may be an act of one person, but, in many cases, it is a joint effort

of several people who reproduce copyrighted material and sell it for profit without paying royalties to the creator Technological innovations have made piracy easy and anyone can duplicate a motion picture on videotape a computer program, or a book Video cassette recorders can be used by practically anyone to copy movies and television programs, and copying software has become almost as easy as copying a book Large companies zealously monitor their copyrights for slogans, advertisements, and brand names, protected by a trademark

1 What does the passage mainly discuss?

2 The word “extended” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

3 It can be inferred from the passage that copyright law is intended to protect _

A The creator’s ability to profit from the work

B paintings and photographs from theft

C the user’s ability to enjoy an artistic work

D computer software and videos from being copied

4 The word “principle” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

5 Which of the following properties is NOT mentioned as protected by copyright?

6 It can be inferred from the passage that it is legal if _

A two songs, written by two different composers, have the same melody

B two books, written by two different authors, have the same titles

C two drawings, created by two different artists, have the same images

D two plays, created by two different playwrights, have the same plot and characters

7 With which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree?

A Teachers are not allowed to make copies of published materials for use by their students

B Plays written in the 16th century cannot be performed in theaters without permission

C Singers can publicly sing only the songs for which they wrote the music and the lyrics

D It is illegal to make photographs when sightseeing or traveling

8 The phrase “infringing upon” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

9 The purpose of copyright law is most comparable with the purpose of which of the following?

10 According to the passage, copyright law is