recovery of palm oil wastewater through application of bacteria consortium at sri andal lestari factory south sumatra indonesia

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Ilham Mulawarman Student

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

ILHAM MULAWARMAN

RECOVERY OF PALM OIL WASTEWATER THROUGH APPLICATION OF BACTERIA CONSORTIUM AT SRI ANDAL LESTARI FACTORY

SOUTH SUMATRA INDONESIA

THAI NGUYEN, JUNE 2022

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student name Ilham Mulawarman Student ID DTN 1554290050 Thesis Title

Recovery of Palm Oil Wastewater Through Application of Bacteria Consortium at Sri Andal Lestari Factory South Sumatra Indonesia

Supervisor Dr Ir Mulawarman M.Sc Prof Nguyen The Hung

Abstract:

Recovery of palm oil wastewater through application of bacteria consortium at Sri Andal Lestari factory South Sumatra Indonesia The objecstudy's objectives were to characterize the bacteria consortium recovery oil palm mill wastewater, observe the changing of visual characteristics of recovery palm oil mill wastewater after the application of the bacteria consortium, and oil palm mill wastewater into standard water parameters The research methodology were the isolated consortium bacteria from palm oil wastewater pond by plating on dish and followed visual observation on bacteria coloni such as color, shape, elevation, margin, size, appearance, optical property, texture, and pigmentation shape The visual of wastewater after being treated by bacteria observed in the jar bottle and erlenmeyer including color, odours, and turbidity Recovery water index after being treated by bacteria consortium noted by measurement such pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD).The result showed that there were two genus of

bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus the first Pseudomonas was gram-negative,

circular single colony, low convex of elevation, smooth margin, medium size, translucent in optical property, mucoid texture, yellow colony pigmentation, and thin long-rods cell The second genus was Bacillus, which was gram positive, regular shape, flat elevation, entire margin, thin long-rods, bamboo appearance, property optical property, the texture rough, and white pigmentation In 6 days, there were 3 comparisons of concentration in (ml) First day, entire samples of odor were extremely strong In day 3 the sample was declined, 10 ml treatment was the most significant decreased from 6 to 4.67 in average (strong), and control or 0 ml concentration no change at all For the last observation in day 6 found that there were changing of all concentration 0 ml/control decrease to (5.67) very strong, 5 ml number was 3 (distinct), and 10 ml decreased to 1.33 (faint) COD pre-treated was 42.240 mg/L to 510 Before treatment BOD was 11.400 mg/L to 746 mg/L pH fro 4 to 6 The consortium bacteria Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus sp were able to degrade palm oil mill effluent

Keywords Bacteria Consortium, Parameter, BOD, COD, NA Media, Palm Oil Mill Wastewater, Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), Bacillus,

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

All Praise be to Allah Subhanawata’ala the creator of the earth for the gracious mercy and tremendous blessing that enables me to accomplish this thesis entitled: Recovery of Palm Oil Wastewater in Palm Oil Mill Through Application of Bacteria Consortium at Sri Andal Lestari (SAL) Factory South Sumatra Indonesia And to the honorable majesty Prophet Muhammad, may we all get intercession from him Appreciation and thanks to Mr Dr Ir Mulawarman M.Sc who has given his best to be my supervisor and a beloved mother Dr Dra Nurul Aryanti, MP who has put all her love, affection, and attention to moral as well as the material I also thank dr Rido Mulawarman, dr Monica Trifriana and Hisham Mulawarman who really care about my study and gave me uncountable advice May Allah always bestow grace, health, gift, and blessings in the world and in the hereafter Appreciation and thanks to Mr Prof Nguyen The Hung, I feel honored and proud that you as the vice director of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry and the director of AEP is willing to accommodate me as your guidance student Especially Pak Hamdan, who helped me a lot in collecting the data and I have learned so many things about how the process of wastewater recovery at the factory Lastly, a massive thanks to Ica, Dicky, and Rian who were always beside me during study at the university, I hope Allah will show us the way to a bright future which as shine as the great people Importantly, we can bring the knowledge that we have learnt from the university to become a useful person for the country, nation, community, and religion

Thai Nguyen, June, 19th, 2023

Sincerely

ILHAM MULAWARMAN

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 15

2.1 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 15

2.1.1 Palm Oil Mill History 15

2.1.2 Palm oil mill plantation 16

2.1.3 Palm oil mill process 18

2.2 Palm oil mill effluent 20

2.2.1 Palm oil mill effluent management 20

2.2.2 Palm oil mill effluent process 23

2.2.3 Palm oil mill effluent recovery 24

2.3 Consortium bacteria for recovery water effluent of palm oil mill 25

2.3.1 Bacteria for degrade palm oil mill effluent 25

2.3.2 Some bacteria for degraded palm oil mill effluent 26

2.3.3 How bacteria degraded effluent 26

2.4 How to formulate bacteria for consortium 29

PART III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 30

3.1 Time and Place 30

3.2 Instruments and Materials 30

3.3 Methodology 30

3.4 Research Protocol 31

3.4.1 Character of bacteria consortium 31

3.5 Consortium bacteria changing the visual color and odor of pome 33

3.6 The standard main parameter to standard water parameters 33

3.7 Parameter observation protocol 35

3.7.1 The charteristics of bacteria consortium colony by fenotip observation and morphology : 35

PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36

4.1 Morphology of Bacteria 36

4.2 The visual of characters 38

4.3 Recovery water index after treated by bacteria consortium 41

4.4 Discussion 42

PART V CONCLUSION 45

5.1 Conclusion 45

REFERENCES 46

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2 The isolated colony bacteria consortium from palm oil mill effluent (POME)

Figure 3 The odor assessment after treated with three different concentration of bacteria consortium

Figure 4 The treated pome with the bacteria consortium

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 The Research Progress of Recovery Palm Oil Effluent Mill at SAL Factory …

Table 2 The parameter recovery of pome after treated with consortium bacteria………

PART I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Rationale

South Sumatra Province is located at 1°- 4° South Latitude and 102°-106° East This province has a wet tropical climate with average rainfall ranging from 1 - 650 mm per year The average of air temperature ranges from 26.5°C - 28.4°C, while the humidity is between 72% - 89% The temperature and the humidity of the region are suitable for palm oil plantations Therefore, palm oil has been grown by some plantation companies Hence, the government is encouraged to establish South Sumatra province as one of the big palm oil mill areas in Indonesia The total area of oil palm plantations in South Sumatra reaches 1.1 million hectares, both managed by private and public companies (BPS, 2018)

Elaeis guineensis Jacq or palm oil is categorized as coconut (the Cocos) The

genus Elaeis was named after Jacquin in 1763 who gave it to palm trees Elaeis comes from the Greek word Elaion, which means oil, and the specific name guineensis indicates that Jacquin assigned it to the Guinea coast The African and American oil palms, Elaeis guineensis and E Oleifera, are now the only two recognised species of

Elaeis WesselBoer (1965) renamed the third species, previously known as Barcella odora, Elaeis odora; it is not farmed, and little is known about it The genetic distance

between E odora and the other two species of Elaeis was similar (Corley & Tinker,

2015) Palm oil fruit is usually found in the tropic area which is located at altitudes of down to 1600 feet above sea level Furthermore, it contains a high number of carotenoids (pigments found in plants and animals) that give their red color and major characteristics of glycerides (Oktafor, 2015)

The process of palm oil fruit or better known as fruit fresh bunch (FFB) in mill is covered through sterilization, threshing, digestion and pressing (Foong, Y, Z et al., 2018) FFB is processed by mills into crude palm oil (CPO) and palm karnel oil (PKO), those are transformed to make some derivative products such as cooking oil, margarine, oleo-chemical, detergents, and cosmetics Currently, some countries have utilized it as feedstock for their energy supply from biofuels (Rifai et al., 2014) However, before the derivative product it will be shown the process of CPO which start from the sterilization process, sterilizing FFB is using steam for cooking the fruits Through this process, the heat enters into the pericarp FFBs and makes certain chemical changes physically for the good oil This is also for the inactivation of lipase enzyme to kill the unnecessary microorganisms such as free fatty acid The threshing station used to separate the palm fruits from palm bunches efficiently with a strong vibration by beating the fruit Maintain the oil losses and karnel losses at below the recommended level, this provides a well-distributed beating area on the fruit Digestion is the process of separating the palm oil in the fruit into breaking down of the oil-bearing cells The digester is from a cylindrical vessel fitted rotating shaft carrying out a number of beaters Through the action of the rotating beater arms, the fruit is pounded Forth, to apply in extracting oil from digested material there are 2 methods, first it can be

employed as mechanical presses so-called the “dry” method, and another system is “wet” method uses hot water to leach out the oil (Wampe, 2015)

Palm oil mill produces several kinds of effluent both solid and liquid the main liquid effluent is palm oil mill effluent (POME) (Winanti et al., 2019) Pome is mostly produced in the mill during oil extraction, washing, and cleaning process, and it contains cellulose material, fat, oil, and grease Then with the percentage mixed of 95-96% water, 0.6-0.7% oil, and 4-5% solid (Bala et al, 2014) It is greatly polluting because that contains the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are both high (COD) are both high (Hadiyanto et al., 2013)

One-ton empty fruit bunch (EFB) could produce approximately 0.7 – 0.8 m3 the effluent/POME Usually, the temperature of effluent that runout from the process is high, ranging between 70o– 80o C Furthermore, the pH around 4.56 – 4.98 The Total Suspended Solid (TSS) ranges 0.23 – 4.55 g/liter, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is about 57.000 – 60.400 mg/liter (Winanti et al., 2019), BOD (Biological oxygen Demand) with the amount 25.000 mg/liter, then 4.000 mg/liter of oil and grease (Bala et al., 2018)

Based on the water quality classification of Al-Diwaniyah Sewage Treatment Plant, in order to assess the effluent, the wastewater is categorized into 6 groups from excellent water amount to very polluted water, this unit is in mg/liter Firstly, <50 mg/L means excellent, 50 – 100 mg/L is good However, 100 – 200 mg/L imply as poor, 200 – 300 mg/L as well as very poor, and there is the value that already contaminated with the amount of 300 – 400 mg/L, then the last one is very polluted approximately >400 mg/L Furthermore, from the standard values of parameters of the effluent which

according IQS said that the normally the standard of COD is 100 mg/L, with BOD about 40 mg/L, and TSS is about 60 mg/L Those amount are the standard of the good quality of water (Khudair et al., 2018)

There are several methods to recover the water effluent in palm oil mill (Wafti et al., 2017) state that activated carbon (AC) can be used and that has been successfully applied in wastewater industry which clean the effluent Then, chemical-biological sedimentation, coagulation-flocculation, solvent extraction, and membrane technology had been applied to solve this problem However, they reported an unexpected result The bacteria are the microorganisms that could have a significant impact on removing COD and changing in nutrient, pH, temperature, and have pollutant concentration that have been widely used for environmental safety from environmental pollution (Nwuche et al., 2014) Another method is using Chitosan, it is claimed potential to recover the residual oil and well-known as biological control agents due to their non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible properties This method is believed as the high natural polymer as well as own a positive effect on the biodiversity of the rhizosphere (Hassan & Chang, 2017)

The research conducted by (Bala et al., 2015) applied Stenotrophomonas

maltophilia 102PB, Micrococcus luteus 101PB, Bacillus cereus 103PB, Providencia vermicola 106PB, Klebsiella pneumonia 105PB and Bacillus sutillis 106PB to recover

POME It was found that that total suspended solid (TSS), oil and grease were reduced dynamically with the treatment for 5 days The highest contributed during this activity was Bacillus cureus103PB, it reduced TSS (71.63%), with the oil and grease decrease about 85.14%

Currently, microorganism applied to recover wastewater in industry used only single species However, due to several polluting components inside the POME, it is not easy to degrade polluting components in effluent by using one species Moreover, the community of mixed bacteria can recover POME faster rather than individual species in anaerobic pond In addition, to dissolve unnecessary substances, it needs broad enzymatic capacities (Nwuche et al., 2014) Therefore, it can be concluded that bacteria consortium is potential to recover water effluent in palm oil mills

Based on the explanation above, the writer intends to conduct research aimed at recovering palm mill wasterwater into water quality standar using bacteria consortium It observe how long the process take place and wheter the genus Pseudomonas was the prominant

1.2 Research Question and Hypotheses

1.2.1 Research Question

This study would like to address the following questions;

1 What are the charteristics of bacteria consortium for recovery oil palm mill waterwaste ?

2 Do the application of the bacteria concortium changing the visual characteristics of recovery palm oil mill wastewater ?

3 Are the application of concortium bacteria be able to recover standard water parameters ?

1.2.2 Research Objective

This research specifically aims to;

1 To charaterize the bacteria consortium recovery oil palm mill waterwaste 2 To observe visually the characteristics recovery palm oil mill wasterwater after

treated the concortium bacteria

3 To bring standard parameters on palm oil mill wastewater

1.3 Limitation

Limitations that are expected to be encountered throughout the study:

1 Time The study will be conducted for 3 months only This is to observe whether

bacteria consortium can recover water effluent/wastewater in palm oil mill

2 Knowledge The writer has no much of knowledge about this field However,

this research will be helped by researchers and supervisors

1.4 Significance of study

This research will be significant to the following;

1 Students The results of study will serve as a secondary data for further research

and study

2 Factory The results of study will determine that bacteria consortium can be

used to clean water effluent in palm oil mill and further actions that are necessary in the future

3 University The results of study will be used as reference for another researcher

In addition, the digital library will be enriched with the report of this study

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

2.1.1 Palm Oil Mill History

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) had become one of the dominants which found in West Africa Elaeis guineensis Jacq, the oil palm, is classified alongside Cocos nucifera (the coconut) Elaeis was named for palm trees Jacquin gave its botanical name (1763)

Elaeis comes from the Greek word elaion, which means oil, and the specific name guineensis indicates that Jacquin assigned it to the Guinea coast The African and

American oil palms, Elaeis guineensis and E oleifera, are the three recognised species of Elaeis WesselsBoer (1965) renamed the third species, previously known as

Barcella odora, Elais odora; it is not farmed, and little is known about it The genetic

distance between E odora and the other two species of Elaeis was similar (Corley &

Tinker, 2015)

Palm oil has been used for thousands of years historically, with the earliest evidence going back to 3,000 BC Archaeologists discovered palm oil in a tomb near Abydos, Egypt, in the late 1800s The oil is thought to have been brought to Egypt by Arab traders Several kilograms of palm oil were discovered in a vessel enclosed in an Abydos tomb in 3,000 BC Furthermore, written records of European travelers to West Africa using palm oil as a local food source date back to the mid-fifteenth century When European powers invaded the continent, they quickly realized that they could profit from trading palm kernels and palm oil, initially from natural palm

stands and quickly followed by the establishment of large-scale plantation, most of

which were based on either forced or slave labor, and the appropriation of

community land (Carrere, 2013) Red palm oil become an important component in the growing commerce network supplying caravans and ships in the atlantic slave trade from the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries When the British industrial

revolution in the eighteenth century created a demand for palm oil for candle-making and machine lubrication This was provided by a small amount of export trade from West Africa European traders started to spread the plantation in Southeast Asia and Central Africa in nineteenth century as well as technological advancements in edible oil refining and transportation are driving the use of non-hydrogenated palm oil in Western foods (Sustainability, n.d.)

2.1.2 Palm oil mill plantation

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the most important oil bearing

crops in the world (Low et al., 2008) Thizs tree produces one of the most nutrious and most popular cooking oils of high nutritional value that contains some nutrients such as carotene and vitamin E (in the form of tocopherols and tocotrienols) that are very beneficial to people health (Purnama, Okta et al., 2020) This kind of plant is typically found in warm climates at altitudes of below 1600 feet above sea level and contain high amount of carotenoids (pigments found in plants and animals) that provide their red color and major kinds of glycerides (Oktafor, 2015) It is a renewable resource that capable to replace fossil fuels and petrochemicals for more sustainable system (Lim et al., 2021) Economically, these products are essential to livelihoods of many communities, government GDP, and to achieve of several sustainable development

goals (SDGs) including poverty alleviation, hunger eradication, and decent work and economic growth (Ayompe et al., 2021)

Globally, Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) is the very exceptionally used as

vegetable oil to meet ordinary call for fat and oils is grown for manufacturing of palm oil merchandise because of its stability, excessive yield, and occasional cost It is grown because of the stableness of merchandise, excessive yield and low cost (Foong, Y, Z et al., 2018) The worldwide palm oil marketplace skilled an exceptional growth because the year 2000 Since palm oil may be used for biodiesel manufacturing, the world enlargement of oil palm cultivation has been related to the worldwide biofuel growth (Marin-Burgos & Clancy, 2017)

2.1.2.1 Palm oil mill plantation in Indonesia

Malaysia and Indonesia account for ninety percentage of global exports of palm oil, forming one in every of the most agricultural clusters withinside the world (Giacomin, 2018) Almost 70 percent of Indonesia's oil palm plantations are located in

around 30 percent is largely found on the island of Kalimantan (Jakarta Globe, 2019).

Indonesia is presently the most important palm oil manufacturer withinside the world In 2011, there had been round 608 palm oil processing factories The swiftly increasing palm oil enterprise needs higher agricultural, industrial, and sustainable practices Methane seizes and conversion of biogas into electricity provide an opportunity for palm oil factory to lessen environmental effect whilst generating renewable electricity (Rahayu et al, 2015)

(Jakarta Globe, 2019) shows production of palm oil has grown rapidly in Indonesia from 2008 to 2016 However, increasing of production made the price up and down and decrease year by year The data was collected in 2008 with the result of 19.2 million tons production as well as 15 million tons of export that earn 15 billion USD In 2012 Indonesia earned 21 billion usd with 26 million tons, compare to 2011 the price of palm oil export was decrease sharply almost two times Because, it can be seen the production in 2011 was 23 million tons earning 20 billion USD There was no changing in 2015 and 2016 the price got lower compares to 2014

2.1.3 Palm oil mill process

The palm oil mill is a factory that processes fresh fruit bunches (Fresh Fruit Bunch) into Crude Palm Oil (Ivannemoy, 2012) In addition to CPO production, palm oil mill also produces coconut kernels in the form of kernels become processed into palm kernel oil at other processing plants (Kernel Crushing Plant) The finished products of CPO are butter, cooking oil, soap, pharmaceutical industry (vitamin A), lubricants (making steel sheets), wax, and etc Meanwhile, finished products using palm kernel oil as a raw material, the finished products are soap, vegetable oil, cosmetics, etc A mill producing 30 tonnes of FFB per hour requires at least 6000 hectares of garden space Oil palm fruits are usually harvested after 3 years of age, fruit with a tree age of 3 years does not have a little oil and is usually called sand fruit Rejuvenated (regenerated) palm trees are usually 25 years old (Ivannemoy, 2012)

The by product is produced in palm oil extraction mill, in which crude palm oil (CPO) and kernels are produced from the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) At the

extraction mill, the upstream production process consists of a number of process steps for production of CPO and kernel (Thoncianus, 2018) The stages of the palm oil processing process including receiving fresh fruit bunches (FFB), sterilization, threshing, pulverizing, clarifying, purifying, removing water, and storing (Purnama, Okta et al., 2020)

Figure 1 Unit operations in typical palm oil mill (Source : (Foong, Y, Z et al., 2018))

2.1.3.1 Crude palm oil production in Indonesia

Currently, Southeast Asia countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand are the largest producers of palm oil in the world (Iskandar et al., 2018) Annually, there are over 13 million tons of crude palm oil (CPO) produce and the plantations

covering 11 % of the Malaysian zone soil (Yusoff & Hansen, 2007) Indonesia's oil palm plantation and processing industry is a key industry to the country's economy the export of palm oil is an important foreign exchange earner while the industry provides employment opportunities to millions of Indonesians In terms of agriculture, palm oil is the most important industry of Indonesia contributing between 1.5 - 2.5 percent of

producer of palm oil with a CPO of over 20 million tonnes crude palm oil (CPO) The annual growth rate is about of 10% (Maitah et al., 2016) However, to meet both domestic and international demand, a total 51 million tonnes of crude palm oil will be needed in 2025 This would require up to 6 million hectares of additional land at current yelds.(Khatiwada et al., 2021)

2.2 Palm oil mill effluent

2.2.1 Palm oil mill effluent management

Palm oil mill effluents (POME) constitute one of the most prevalent pollutants particularly in developing countries The rate of contamination of our natural water-bodies increases with increased human activities especially in the agro-industries/POME and domestic spheres (Aigbodion et al., 2014) This wastewater from the crude palm oil process (POME) has a very high value of organic matter and it can cause severe waterway pollution and other environmental problems (Wenten et al., 2020) According to the journal of (Madaki & Seng, 2013), Oil palm wastewater has

been singled out by the operators as the most expensive and difficult waste to manage It shows the presence of residue oil and suspended solid, its potentials to pollute both ecological niches have been attributed to the most intricate environmental turmoil for the 21 st century (Mosunmola & Olatunde, 2020)

Without proper management of palm oil mill, it has the potential to pollute the environment in the form of water quality degradation, air quality degradation and groundwater quality degradation Hence, Environmental problems are highly becoming important to solve globally, an example like the discharge of palm oil mill with such a high concentration of pollutants would be harmful to the environment The industries commonly use open ponding systems to treat the POME In most cases, these processes could not produce satisfactory effluents In the journal of (Madaki & Seng, 2013) has quoted saying that to adopt and manage effluents, there is an international trend standard system as a reference of promoting pollution prevention through cleaner production, which is based on the 5R policy Therefore, the recognition of the emerging 5R policy which is namely such as replacement, reduction, reuse, recovery, and recycling into palm oil mill (POME) management through environmentally sound biotechnologies will change the status of POME from waste to resource

Palm oil mills are growing rapidly This is in line with the increasing waste produced by palm oil, namely Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is found in palm oil mill from the process of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) In fact, according from the journal of (Madaki & Seng, 2013), over 70% (by weight) of the processed of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) is usually produced as palm oil wastes/effluent

The wastes products from oil palm processing consist of oil palm trunks (OPT), oil palm fronds (OPF), palm karnel cake (PKC), empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm press fibre (PPF), shell palm oil mill sludge (POMS), and palm oil mill effluent (POME) (Zainal et al., 2018)

From the research of (Bala et al., 2015) has explained that after taking from palm oil mill the characteristics of palm oil mill effluent (POME) visible thick which is contain of mud and oily, dark with brown in color The raw sample consists of high COD concentration up to 75,900 mg/L, BOD 34,393 mg/L, TSS 14,467 mg/L, oil & grease 191 mg / L and pH 4.74

Although palm oil mill effluent (POME) may pollute the environment, it is one of the extremely potential renewable energy (RE) to use as an energy material which is contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by capturing methane gas and converting biogas into electrical energy which generate from anaerobic digestion of wastewater (Mohtar et al., 2017) The COD value generated from oil palm liquid waste energy as an alternative to power generation in palm oil mill by using minimum and maximum COD is obtained values of 240,034.40 kg COD/year up to 360,051.60 kg COD/year The production of CH4 which is produced from palm oil waste energy as an alternative to electricity generation uses a minimum and maximum COD of 75,610,834 Nm3 CH4/year up to 113,416.25 Nm3 CH4/year The potential of electrical energy generated from palm oil waste energy as an alternative to electricity generation using minimum and maximum COD is 287,321,192 kWh/year and 430,981.75 kWh/year (Mirnandaulia et al., 2019) Furthermore, POME also afford to use as organic fertilizer, it proofs that the sludge of wastewater has tested and produced

significant effect which it is important used as an organic fertilizer Indeed, further research on plants response are on going to show the invention (Khairuddin et al., 2016)

2.2.2 Palm oil mill effluent process

During CPO Milling, large quantities of steam and hot water are used to clean the fruit and separate the shell and cake from the palm fruit This water and steam are washed away on the mill floor to open drains and directed to waste ponds This product is known as POME, consisting of 35% of CPO and rest of its water The ponds serve as a natural filter and treatment of this effluent The oil and water separate naturally in the pond and the water is allowed to seep into the ground leaving only the oil and some surface water The process continues as new effluent is diverted to the pond and more and more water is filtered down into the earth The pond continues to get enriched with the remnant CPO that has been accumulating As time goes by, the oil content increases at the top of the pond Exposure to oxygen in the presence of water causes oxidation of the oil which also increases its free fatty acid (FFA) content This waste product is generally known as POME and has different levels of FFA and water content depending on the time of extraction from the ponds (Zafar, 2015)

(Poh et al., 2010) has quoted that palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a wastewater produced from 36% after sterilization, 4% in hydrocyclone waste, and from sludge separator which is the highest produce about 60% Hence, during crude palm oil production where separator sludge and sterilizer effluent are the two major sources of POME which contribute to the highly polluting characteristics of the wastewater Whereat, from the journal of (Hasanudin & Haryanto, 2018) wrote that POME has

extremely much of concentration of organic matter The organic matter in POME consist and in the form of volatile suspended solid (VSS), total suspended solid (TSS), total solid (TS), oil and grease (O&G) that influence increase of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) if left untreated (Bala et al., 2015)

(Bello & Abdul Raman, 2017) quoted from the process of palm oil involves several stages, each producing large quantity of POME The quantity of POME generated is directly related to the amount of crude palm oil processed Each ton of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) produces about 0.75 – 0.90 m3 of POME or equivalent to approx 3.33 m3 of POME per ton of CPO production (Hasanudin & Haryanto, 2018) Palm oil industry in Malaysia produce of POME of about 66.8 million tonnes per year Thus, it was estimated that for every 100 tonnes of fresh fruit bunches processed, 78 tonnes ended up as wastes (Salihu & Alam, 2012)

2.2.3 Palm oil mill effluent recovery

There are some methods to recover POME such as charcoal/active carbon (AC), chitosan, and microbe (bacteria) These kinds of ways are still identified by researchers However, this also can be reference and example for palm oil industry that to recover water pollutant is not using chemical and expensive methods only But, it can be also used environmentally and economically

The study also aims to evaluate the application of AC as adsorbent in palm oil mill effluent treatment (POME) This is in order to reduce the pollutant levels in its final discharge The AC was prepared from empty fruit bunch (EFB), by pyrolisis (to produce bio-char), followed by physical activation The bio-chars with higher carbon

content were selected for the preparation of the AC The EFB-based AC was able to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand of POME These studies suggested that EFB AC could be useful as a low-cost alternative adsorbent in wastewater treatment (Wafti et al., 2017) Chitosan-magnetite particles showed better parameter reductions with much lower dosage consumption, compared to chitosan, even at the original pH of POME At pH 6, the optimum chitosan-magnetite dosage of 250 mg/L was able to reduce turbidity, TSS and COD levels by 98.8%, 97.6% and 62.5% respectively (Saifuddin & Dinara, 2011) The last method, The bacteria are the microorganisms that play an important role in removing COD and changing in nutrient, pH, temperature, and have pollutant concentration that have been widely used for environmental safety from environmental pollution (Nwuche et al., 2014)

2.3 Consortium bacteria for recovery water effluent of palm oil mill

2.3.1 Bacteria for degrade palm oil mill effluent

Environmental biotechnology provides some promising technologies for purifying environmental pollution In the modern industrial era, everything is provided challenges to the environmental science In the journal of (Bodor et al., 2020) the success of bioremediation depends primarily on the survival and activity of the local microbial community and its interactions with the introduced microorganisms Isolating and characterizing bacteria from food is important to identify and differentiate beneficial or detrimental effects of microbiome in a particular sample (Arcales & Alolod, 2018) There are some materials for isolating bacteria such as nutrient agar plates, sample, flash, micropipet etc (Khan et al., 2006) For the media bacterial isolation can be done using a general medium, wherein various bacteria can

grow, and selective media that allows growth of specific genera Examples of general media are nutrient agar (NA), tryptic soy agar (TSA), and brain heart infusion agar (BHIA) Examples of selective media are thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar (TCBS) for vibrios, and glutamate starch phenol red agar (GSP) for aeromonads and peudomonads Media are supplemented with 1-2% sodium chloride (NaCl) if to be used for marine species Adjust the pH of the culture media to 7.2-7.4 by adding 0.1 N NaOH Furthermore, (Ruangpan & Tendencia, 2004)

2.3.2 Some bacteria for degraded palm oil mill effluent

A total of 70 facultative aerobic colonies were isolated from POME, which were cultured on two different media such as nutrient agar and nutrient broth A potential cure for POME was that 10 colonies had the ability to reduce decolorization and COD (Soleimaninanadegani & Manshad, 2014) The presence of these species as well as

Clostridium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Micrococcus species suggests the potential

for degradation of POME environmentally unfriendly contents (Imo & Ihejirika, 2021) Depending on the characteristics, the constituents present such as the biodegradable organic substances, nutrients, inorganic fractions, metals, and thermal effects in addition to the odor were being studied well At the same time, the microbiological aspect is also overlooked The diverse microbial communities are known to play a

critical role in palm oil mill effluent (POME) degradation (Tan et al., 2015)

2.3.3 How bacteria degraded effluent