conservation of codonopsis javanica blume hook f et thomson and amomum longiligulare t l wu in son la province

ET THOMSON AND AMOMUM LONGILIGULARE T.L.WU IN SON LA PROVINCE MAJOR: TROPICAL FORESTRY luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, lua

Trang 1

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

NGUYEN VU GIANG

CONSERVATION OF CODONOPSIS JAVANICA (BLUME) HOOK F ET THOMSON AND AMOMUM LONGILIGULARE

T.L.WU IN SON LA PROVINCE

MAJOR: TROPICAL FORESTRY

luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop

luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop

luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hopluan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop luan van tot nghiep, luan van thac si, luan van cao hoc, luan van tong hop

Trang 2

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out within the framework of the scientific research and technological development project in Son La province with the ministerial level of Education and Training Ministry, code B2019-TTB-03 The research implement in 5 districts such as Moc Chau, Van Ho, Song Ma, Thuan Chau, Sop Cop and Seed for propagation experiment were collected in 3 study area as Van Ho district, Song

Ma district, Thuan Chau For Codonopsis Javanica (Blume) Hook F et Thomson,

the results show that the fruit diameter is from 1.2 to 1.3cm, the purity of the seeds is from 88.0 to 91.0%, the average weight of 1000 seeds is 0.194g, there are from 810 to 893 seeds/fruit 5,076,142 - 5,208,333 seeds/kg; germination rate from 7.4 to 7.5 days Germination rate did not differ significantly between the seed lots and seed samples Seeds germinate from 89.0 - 91.3%, the best seed soaking temperature is 40oC The best medium for direct sowing of C.Javanica seeds is 70%

topsoil + 20% charred rice husks + 10% rotting manure Propagation by tubers gave survival rates from 87.8 to 91.1% and there was no difference between different tuber sizes After 45 days, the length of the tubers was from 8.9-11.5cm, the tubers were 1-1.5cm size for the best shoot growth Propagation by stem cuttings is not really suitable, the survival rate ranges from 23.33 to 63.33% The highest is NAA drug experiment with 400ppm concentrate with 20s drug immersion time IAA gave

the lowest survival rate, followed by IBA and the highest was NAA For Amomum

Longiligulare T L Wu, the species is being prioritized to focus on developing

large-scale plantation according to Decision No 1976/QĐ-TTg This species is easy to plant, the roots spread quickly, fast grow and has high productivity After 9 months, the results of the study indicated that shading has a significant effect on the survival rate, growth, diameter, and height of Sa mandarin purple seedlings The best intensity of shading at 9 months of age is 50% Plants should not be sown in unshaded conditions because the plants are often yellowed, have poor growth and very low survival rates The composition of the real potting intestine had a

Trang 3

significant effect on the survival rate, growth, diameter, and height of the seedlings The best potting composition is 70% topsoil +20% fine sand +10% farmyard manure (additional 2g phosphorus/pot) Survival rate reached 88.9%, root diameter reached 5.9mm, peak height reached 35.3cm Plants should not be sown with potting soil mainly on topsoil, the plants are often blocked with slow growth if there is additional manure

Trang 4

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i

CONTENTS iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v

LIST OF TABLE vi

LIST OF FIGURES AND CHARTS vii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4

2.1 Overview of research on medicinal plants 4

2.1.1 Review of medicinal plants in the world 4

2.1.2 History of using traditional medicinal plants in Vietnam 5

2.1.3 Research of Codonopsis javanica in the world and Vietnam 9

2.1.4 Research of Amomum longiligulare in the world and Vietnam 16

2.2 Study site, natural conditions and people 21

3.4.1 Data inheritance method 25

3.4.2 Field investigation method 26

3.4.3 Data processing and testing propagation in the experimental nursery 28

Chapter 4 RESULTS 34

4.1 The current status of distribution of C javanica and A longiligulare in Son La province 34

4.1.1 Results of the survey in Song Ma district 34

Trang 5

4.1.2 Results of the survey in Sop Cop district 35

4.1.3 Results of the survey in Moc Chau district 37

4.1.4 Results of the survey in Van Ho district 38

4.1.5 Results of the survey in Thuan Chau district 39

4.2 Results of Codonopsis javanica in Son La experimental propogations 41

4.2.1 Result of the Propagation from C.javanica seeds 41

4.2.2 Result of the effect of root tuber size on the growth of C.janvanica seedlings in the nursery stage 46

4.2.3 Results of propagation technique of Codonopsis javanica from stem cuttings 48

4.3 Results of experimental propogations Amomum longiligulare 53

4.3.1 Result of the effect of shading level on the growth of seedlings of Amomum longiligulare from seeds in the nursery stage 54

4.3.2 Result of the effect of potting soil composition on seedling growth from seed in the nursery stage 58

DISCUSSIONS 62

CONCLUSION 64

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 66

REFERENCES 67APPENDIX

123docz.net - File bi loi xin lienhe: lethikim34079@hotmail.com

Trang 6

123docz.net - File bi loi xin lienhe: lethikim34079@hotmail.com

Trang 7

LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1 Statistical data of Amomum species in Vietnam 17

Table 3.2 Investigating canopy cover form 27

Table 4.1 Indigenous knowledge of people about the growth of species 41

Table 4.2 Results of the experiment quality testing seeds 42

Table 4.3 Result of the germination rate, germination rate by seeds in 3 districts 43Table 4.4 Result of the germination rate, speed germination rate based on seed treatment temperature 44

Table 4.5 Result of the ratio of seedlings follow the formula of potting soil 45

Table 4.6 The results of budding in the experiments Effect of root tuber size on the growth of C.javanica seedlings 46

Table 4.7 Result of the survival rate and root length of root cuttings with immersion during 10s 48

Table 4.8 Result of the survival rate and root length of the cuttings with immersion time 20s 50

Table 4.9 Result of the survival rate and root length of the cuttings with immersion time 30s 51

Table 4.10 Result of the Effect of shading intensity on survival rate 54

Table 4.11 Results of the effect of shading on the diameter and hieght of A longiligulare seedlings 56

Table 4.12 Results of One-way analysis of variance Test 57

Table 4.13 Result of the effect of shading intensity on survival rate 58

Table 4.14 Results of the effect of potting components on the diameter and height of 9-month-old seedlings 59

Table 4.15 Results of testing the One-way analysis of variance on growth in diameter and height in the experimental pot 61

Trang 8

LIST OF FIGURES AND CHARTS

Figure 4.1 The map of investigate points in Song Ma, Son La province 34

Figure 4.2 The map of investigate points in Sop Cop, Son La province 36

Figure 4.3 The map of investigate points in Moc Chau, Son La province 37

Figure 4.4 The map of investigate points in Van Ho, Son La province 38

Figure 4.5 The map of investigate points in Thuan Chau, Son La province 40

Chart 4.1 The chart of average survival rate of shaded test after 9 months 55

Chart 4.2 The chart of the growth of the root diameter after 9-month-old seedling in the shading experiments 56

Chart 4.3 The chart of the growth and height after 9-month-old seedlings in the shading experiments 57

Chart 4.4 The chart of the growth of the root diameter after the 9-month-old seedling in the potting component experiments 60

Chart 4.5 The chart of the growth of the height after the 9-month-old seedling in the potting component experiments 61

Trang 9

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Vietnam is a Southeast-Asia country which located at the tropical regions, due to its high and globally significant biodiversity values is recognized as one of the nations where the conservation of biodiversity should be prioritized In 1994, Vietnam became a signatory to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and ranked 16th in 25th countries in the world that have the most biodiversity (MONRE, 2005)

Biodiversity contributes a crucial role to develop and maintain the economic and environment It is very important in the supply of pharmaceutical raw materials also In the past, our ancestors knew how to take advantage of the wild plant for healing and making medicine However, Vietnam has great potential for medicinal plants but has not been promoted Currently, those species are being exploited in the wild by local people to maintain their livelihood, this leads to degrading in a number of species and narrow the distribution area Medicinal plant resources are being depleted, many valuable medicinal herbs are in danger of extinction, natural forests are degraded in terms of both area and forest volume, conditions The forest's ecology is no longer suitable for a number of tree species to grow and develop Overexploitation leads to many types of trees that are no longer able to regenerate Management has not had a macro policy to conserve and develop medicinal resources in natural forests as well as genetic resources of these plants If this situation continues, these precious medicinal species are in danger of extinction in nature

socio-The non-wood forest products (NWFP) sector (collection, cultivation, trade and processing) in Viet Nam affords employmentto hundreds of thousands of people, including the inhabitants of urban areas (Luong Van Tien 1991) NWFP exports reached $40 million USD annually between 1986 and 1990 (NTFP Project Document 2000) After 1995, People moving from the rural areas tend to maintain

Trang 10

their consumption patterns in the cities and the urbanization of the population has increased the demand for NWFP Currently, deregulation and more free market access for NWFP is taking place

It is about 4000 different types of medicines ranging from traditional herbal cures to modern remedies introduced from the west are produced in Viet Nam The low productivity and obsolete technology of the Vietnamese pharmaceutical industries can currently meet only 30 percent of the total demand, while 70 percent of the domestic demand has to be supplied by imports (VFFSCP 1997)

It is about 300 species are harvested for domestic and commercial purposes

(including domesticated medicinal trees) Valuable plants include Acathopanax spp (Ngũ gia bì gai), Schefflera spp (Ngũ gia bì chân chim), Polygonum multiflorum (Hà thủ ô đỏ), Lonicera spp (Kim ngân), Polygonatum and Disporopsis (Hoàng

tinh), Strychnos wallichiana (Hoàng nan), Draceana spp (Huyết giác), Codonopsis

spp (Đẳng sâm), Artemisia annua (Thanh hao hoa vàng), Stephanis rotunda (Bình vôi) and Cibotium barometz (Cẩu tích) (Nguyen Tap 2001) It has been estimated

that 80–90 percent of the medicinal plants produced in northern Viet Nam are exported in the form of dried plants or extracts and that only 10–20 percent of the medicinal plants are consumed or processed domestically (Lecup 1996)

Son La is a mountainous province located in the Northwest of Vietnam which has the total land area of this province is 14,125 km², in which, the total natural area of the province with 357,000 ha of forest It has a richness in biodiversity and ethnic diversity with twelve ethnics There are three the most prevalent ethnics such as Muong, Thai, Mong Through thousands of year, the progenies has been indoctrinated by word of mouth their traditional customs and uniquely indigenous knowledge of folk cure by using medicinal plants Son La province is rich and potential in herb plants because of its large natural forest area,

such as Morinda officinalis (Ba kích), Codonopsis javanica (Đẳng Sâm),

Polygonum multiflorum (Hà thủ ô), Drynaria fortunei (Cốt toái bổ), Amomum villosum (Sa nhân đỏ), and Amomum longiligulare Based on biological

characteristics, distribution, efficiency, consumptional and commercial value

Trang 11

According to the Prime Minister's Decision No 1976/QĐ-TTg dated 30 Octorber 2013 approving Planning project on development of the pharmaceuticals from 2020 to 2030 The project was carried out in 08 places in the Northwest regions of Vietnam, in which, Son La is one of provinces belongs to the project

According to Decision No 3256 /QĐ-UBND dated December 21, 2017 of the People's Committee of Son La province, promulgating the approval of the Planning project on development of medicinal plants in Son La province from 2020 to 2030

Both Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook F et Thomson and Amomum

longiligulare T L.Wu are consider as “Ethnobotany” The word combination

between enthnic people and plants such as the use of plants available in the wild for medicine by local people Those species are native species distributed naturally in poor secondary forest, these species also have medicinal and economic value, its

harvestable after 2~3 years These species: Đẳng sâm (Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook F et Thomson) and Sa nhân tím (Amomum longiligulare T L.Wu)

In the Vietnam Red Book (2007) published by the Publishing House of Natural

Science and Technology, Codonopsis javanica is listed as Vulnerable (VU A1a, c, d + 2c, d); and Amomum longiligulare, which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family is

currently classified as 'Least Concern' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2013)

From the fact that, I carry out this research with the title: “Conservation

Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook.f et Thomson and Amomum longiligulare

T.L.Wu in Son La province” to study for conservation and development of

medicinal plant resources not only in Son La province but in Vietnam also

Trang 12

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Overview of research on medicinal plants

2.1.1 Review of medicinal plants in the world

According to De Beer and Mc Dermott (1996), NTFPs are “all biological materials other than wood that are harvested from natural forests to serve human consumption needs Non-timber forest products include foodstuffs, medicines, spices, essential oils, resins, glues, latex, tanh, dyes, ornamental plants, wildlife (live products and animals), substances burning and raw materials, rattan, bamboo, bamboo, small wood and fiber wood” It is clear that De Beer's concept of NTFPs only indicates tangible products, it is not mention about other intangible values of the forest According to Mendelsohn (1994), NTFPs in the tropics play an important role for the conservation, maintenance of forest sustainability and have economic value The another advantage is that natural forests can be kept intact, while people can still benefit from forests

Tropical rainforests are home to more than 60% of the known higher plant species on the earth The forests meet the human needs including the need for medicinal herbs to treat diseases The pharmaceutical industry has recently discovered that tropical rainforests are the most complete source of chemical substances that no other ecosystem can match, which is an important advantage to develop medicines to cure diseases and contribute to the increase of national income In the past, medicinal plants have played an important role in human life and today that role is still retained in Asian countries In China, India, Indonesia and Nepal, people not only grow medicinal plants for themselves but also for commercial purposes According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 1995, there were nearly 20,000 species of plants (out of 250,000 known species) using as medicine or providing active ingredients for drug processing In which, India has about 6,000 species, China has about 5,000 species Countries with

Trang 13

increasing use of medicinal plants such as China consumed 700,000 tons of medicinal herbs, and traditional medicinal products estimated approximately more than 1.7 billion USD in 1986 In 1979, Japan imported 21,000 tons medicinal herbs, by 1980 increased to 22,640 tons equivalent to 50 million USD This proves that in developed countries, medicinal plants for traditional medicine thrive Medicinal plants are economic plants, providing many traditional and modern medicines in the protection and care of human health There are many rare plant species in the world, but due to indiscriminate exploitation activities by humans, they have been gradually depleted and many species have become extinct According to Raven (1987) and Ole Harmann (1989), within the last 100 years about 1,000 plant species have become extinct, up to 60,000 species may be at risk or their survival is very fragile By the middle of the next century, if this trend continues, plant species are increasingly threatened with extinction, many of which are used for medicinal

purposes For example, in Bangladesh there is a species of Tylopora cindica (Blum.F.) Mer Used to treat asthma, the species Zanonia indica L used for

cleansing was previously abundant, but due to overexploitation, it is now in danger

of extinction The species of three antlers (Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth Ex Kus)

has been exploited for decades in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Thailand with a volume of 400-1,000 tons of bark and roots per year for export to the European and American markets have made them exhausted, and even in some Indian states, local authorities have suspended exploitation of this plant Some other medicinal plants found in Northeast India, Coptis teeta, were formerly exploited to sell to East Asian countries, but with overexploitation, this species is in a very endangered status Therefore, in parallel with the study of the use of medicinal plants, one problem is to conserve medicinal plants

2.1.2 History of using traditional medicinal plants in Vietnam

Vietnam is one of countries which has a tropical forests very diverse and rich plant resources in the Southeast Asia Currently, it has about 12,000 species of higher plants, 600 species of fungi, 800 species of mosses and hundreds of species

Trang 14

of large algae: of which more than 3,200 species of higher and lower plants are used as medicine to protect health and healing people is distributed throughout the different site conditions in our country According to incomplete statistics in Gia Lai - Kon Tum, there are about 921 species of plants that people use as medicine; Phu Khanh has 782 species; Dak Lak has 777 species; Quang Nam - Da Nang has

735 species; in which there are many precious medicinal plants such as C javanica,

Cibotium azomets (Coscinium usitatum), Amomum xanthioides, and Schefflera octophylla, (Nguyen Tap)

Besides, Vietnam has many ethnic groups, through the development process of each ethnic groups, that valuable knowledge is gradually accumulated and widely circulated among the people associated with different cultures, different knowledge and experience in using medicinal plants that a combination leads to the diversity of medicinal plants in Vietnam

According to Dai Viet historical records, during Hung King's time, he knew

how to use plants to stimulate eating and cure diseases (Coix lachryma - jobi L.), Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth) During the Tran Dynasty (1225-

1399), there was an event that Pham Ngu Lao collected and planted a large medicinal garden to treat the soldiers on the mountain under the orders of Hung Dao Vuong Tran Quoc Tuan At the present, there still has relics in a hill in Hung Dao commune, Chi Linh district, Hai Hung province

In the Tay Son and Nguyen dynasties (1788 - 1883) Nguyen Quang Tuan published the book "Nam duoc", "Nam duoc chi danh truyen", "La Khe Phuong duoc" which recorded 500 traditional herbal medicines used to cure disease at that time

During the period 1884 - 1945, the French colonialists carried out the policy of stupidity repression in Vietnam, they excluded traditional medicine from the protection policy However, there are still botanists and pharmacologists who do research with the purpose of exploiting natural resources and there are many works on medicinal plants and Indochinese herbs by French authors In 1907, the French

Trang 15

botanist Henri Lecomte and a number of authors surveyed the flora of Indochina and compiled the book "Floregénérale de L' Indochine" which mentioned many Vietnamese medicinal plants (the flora of Indochina)

At the same time, EM Prot and Hurrier published the book "Matière mesdicale et pharmacopéc simoan namite" (Chinese-Vietnamese Pharmacology and Pharmacopoeia) Summary of the research program on medicinal plants in the Central region, Vietnam Ch Crevost and A Petelot published the "Catalogue desprocuiits de l' Indochine" (List of products in Indochina) (1928 - 1935) In which, in volume V (Produils médicinaux 1928) (Part of Medicinal Plants) 368 species of medicinal plants and medicinal herbs are described as flowering plants In 1952, Alfred Petelol added and built the statistic series "Les plantes m'edicinales du Cambodge, du Laos et du - Vietnam" (Medicinal plants in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam) consisting of 4 volumes with 1,482 medicinal herbs in 3 countries of Indochina, of which there are about 1,281 species of medicinal plants distributed in Vietnam

In 1945, André Foueaud published the book "Contribution àl' etsucie des plantes médicinales du Nord Vietnam" (Contribution to the study of medicinal plants in the North of Vietnam), in which he gave an overview of medicinal plants in North Vietnam From 1962 to 1995, Prof Dr Do Tat Loi has published a series of "Vietnamese medicinal plants and herbs" which introduced more than 700 medicinal plants species after many years of the research This is a book of great value on science and practice, combining folk science and modern science, it was described the scientific name, distribution, use, chemical composition, dividing all medicinal plants into different groups of diseases

In 1993, in the training program on medicinal ingredients, the authors: Do Huy Bich, Nguyen Tap, Tran Toan, Vu Ngoc Le, Doan Thi Nhu, Pham Duy Mai and Bui Xuan Chuong published the book "Resources of Vietnamese medicinal plants", in which the Vietnamese names of medicinal plants have been arranged alphabetically In addition, the book also has a lookup table of medicinal plants by scientific name and a table of synonyms

Trang 16

In 1996, Vo Van Chi published the book "Dictionary of Vietnamese medicinal plants" which described 3,200 Vietnamese medicinal plants in 3,100 headings arranged in Vietnamese rhyme, in each heading including the name of the plant, description, and usable parts, place of living, collection, prescription and notes This is a work of great scientific and practical significance for the pharmaceutical and botany industry Thus, it can be said that the plant source is medicinal uses are very diverse.In addition, the problem of finding new sources of drugs from plants in Vietnam is also promising.According to the publication of Tran Ngoc Ninh (1994) and Le Tran Duc (1995), Vietnamese scientists initially extracted Taxol compounds from Red Pine (Taxus spp.) species with anti-cancer effects There are many studies on their conservation and development Huynh Van Keo, Tran Thien An, Tran Khac Bao, in 2001 did research on biodiversity of medicinal plants in Bach Ma national park, This is an important study contribute to the conservation of medicinal plant resources in the study area

According to the data of the Vietnam Pharmaceutical Corporation (1997) and the National Institute of Medical Substances (1998) The total demand for herbal medicines and medicinal herbs is very large about 50,000 tons/year The annual amount of medicinal herbs used in traditional medicine is about 30,000 tons (not including the need for use in the pharmaceutical industry about 20,000 tons) In 1998, Vietnam Pharmaceutical Corporation exported 13 million USD of pharmaceutical products, of which medicinal herbs, essential oils and active ingredients extracted from medicinal plants accounted for 74% Medicinal materials are also an important source of export goods of our country, the needs of the markets of other countries annually need about 500 tons of fenugreek, 5,000-6,000 tons of cinnamon bark, and thousands ton of others The annual supply of medicinal herbs can reach a turnover of 500-800 billion VND, in which medicinal herbs for export can be from 20 - 50 million USD, with a volume of 5,000 - 10,000 tons However, the deforestation and exploitation in recent years have caused the depletion of medicinal plants and now the pharmaceutical industry has to import

Trang 17

raw material from abroad According to Do Nguyen Phuong (1997) [57], there are many reasons lead to the depletion of the natural resource that the lack of policies for plants and animals, the forgotten practice of medicinal plants, shifting cultivation, nomadism The restoration and reforestation of the people without paying attention to protection and regeneration many species of medicinal plants in

nature are under threat or in danger of disappearance as Coscinium usitatum,

Codonopsis javanica… Up to 80 species of rare medicinal plants and animals are in

danger of extinction

2.1.3 Research of Codonopsis javanica in the world and Vietnam

2.1.3.1 Classification

Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species:

Plantae Tracheophyta Magnoliopsida Astarales

Campanulaceae Codonopsis Wall

Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook F et Thomson Source: Global biodiversity information faculty (gbif.com)

Vernacular Names: In Vietnamese: Đẳng Sâm, Đùi Gà, Sâm leo, Sâm

dây, Cang Ho (H’mong), Mằn Rày Cáy (Tay), Co Nha Dòi (Thai)

In Chinese: Dǎngshēn, Jin Qian Bao, Tu Dang Shen In Laos: Man Kha Ka

Common/English Names:

Bastard C javanica , Bellﬂower, Bonnet Flower,

Trang 18

Codonopsis species can reduce insulin induced by a long term fructose supplement diet and antioxidant effect However, this study was only tested on rats

C javanica is a very popular medicinal plant in the world to treat anemia,

spleen, stomach, cough, kidney, albumin-containing urine Medicine Traditional Chinese named this species as Dangshen in 1751 by the author Wu Yiluo, then Zhao Xuemin in 1765 Codonopsis sp are growing wild in the wild mostly in Asia Its root is harvested in autumn after 3 years of growth, it was seemed as nutritional sustenance or remedy with a slightly sweet (Do Tat Loi)

According to Sun N X et al (2008), In Gansu Agricultural University, China

they has sown the seeds of Codonopsis tangshen Oliv in late spring and early

summer on a composting substrate supplemented with gibberellin in a greenhouse and kept moist regularly, after 4-6 weeks at 20 C the seeds begin to germinate

The research of Prof Dr Zhang Y H et al (2011), it conducted in vitro

propagation of Codonopsis pilosola Franch by apical shoot culture and recorded the

role of BA and NAA in multiplication shoot clustered shoots in vitro

According to Slupski W et al (2011), using axillary buds for micropropagation

of Codonopsis pilosola (Franch) Nannf achieved good results

According to Huang P et al (1999), it was recorded that the average yield

and tuber diameter of Codonopsis pilosula Franch were positively correlated with

high N fertilization under cultivation The yield is 3,750 kg/ha, the average root neck diameter is > 1.5 cm Effects of 3 main fertilizers on yield and tuber diameter were K > P > N The amount of fertilizer 155 kg N, 250 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O calculated for 1 hectare (1:1.6:0.4) ) will achieve high yield Fertilizers have a

positive effect on the yield of C.Javanica

According to Ji - Hyun Park et al (2014), the root rot after harvesting has

been detected in the warehouses of Codonopsis lanceolata in a market in Seoul, Korea since 2012 The cause by Rhizopus oryzae This is the first record of

Rhizopus-associated root rot in Codonopsis lanceolata

Trang 19

2.1.3.3 Research In Vietnam

In the scientific reseach of medicinal plants, Codonopsis javanica (Blume)

Hook f et Thomson is one of medicinal plants which listed as Vulnerable species (VU A1a, c, d + 2c, d) in the Vietnam Red Book (2007) published by the Publishing House of Natural Science and Technology It is distributed in the East Asia – subtropical to temperate areas, in China, Japan, Vietnam, Laos, northern Thailand, Myanmar to Nepal, Bhutan, North east India In China it is found up to 2,400 m altitude in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang and also in Taiwan

Description: Slender perennial twining herb with tuberous roots and milky juice Leaves opposite, cordate ; margins entire or denticulate Flowers campanuiate, ivory·yellow, violet·veined inside, solitary at the leaf-axil Berry globose, violet; seeds numerous Flowering period: October - May Distribution: Grows wild on meadows and waste lands or at forest edges in mountainous areas.Parts used: Roots The best time for harvesting is in autumn Separated from the stem, the roots are washed clean, then dried in the sun or in dryers Chemical composition: The roots contain sugars, fatty subscances, essential oil, the glucoside seutellarin and a small amount of alkaloids Therapeutic uses: The root is a stomachic, expectorant and diuretic It is recommended in treating general debility, anaemia, fatigue, cough, jaundice, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, nephritis, albuminuria, oedema, haemorrhoids, metroptosis, metrorrhagia and lymphatic system diseases It is administered in a daily dose of 15 to 30g in the form of an infusion, decoction, pills, powder or elixir

Osbon et al (2004) when studying medicinal plants among the Dao ethnic minorities in Ta Phin commune, Sa Pa identified 208 species of medicinal plants, in

which 13 species are at threats level, including Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook

Trang 20

Son La at altitudes of 500 – 1,600 m and in the highland in South Vietnam Lam Dong, Kon Tum and Quang Nam at an elevation of 1,500 m

According to Le Thi Dien et al (2013), in the study “Building a key to

identify some species of the genus Codonopsis”, a key to classify 9 species in the genus C javanica was established, including C javanica The classifier is based on

stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed characteristics and is easy Along with the classification key, the study details the morphological characteristics as well as the distribution of these species

According to Hoang Minh Chung et al (2002), they studied the chemical

composition of C javanica roots and obtained initial results: In Vietnamese Codonopsis (Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f.), raw root and processed

glucoses, saponins, amino acids and lipids In particular, Its root has 17 types of amino acids, although the content is not high, but there are all necessary amino

acids for the body The same group of authors announced the C javanica party has

Saponin Triterpenoid ingredient

The research results of Hoang Minh Chung and Pham Xuan Sinh have

proven that chemical composition is related to the tonic effect of Codonopsis

javanica (Blume) Hook F et Thomson The study only determined the total

Saponin content but did not identify any specific saponins However, the results of

this study confirm that the C javanica party is a valuable medicinal plant, based on the saponin content that is the main ingredient that confirms the quality of the C

javanica , the Vietnamese C javanica has even better medicinal value with C javanica varieties of the same type of some countries in the world

According to Pham Hoang Ho (2003), It has the scientific name Codonopsis

javanica (Blume) Hook F et Thomson; synonym name is Campanumoea javanica

Blume; The name of the locality is chicken drumstick, mallow (Tay), cang hô

(Meo), cucumber, and C javanica Vietnam currently has two species of the genus

Codonopsis: the wild lily (Codonopsis celebia Blume) and (Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f.)

Trang 21

Research on morphological characteristics of C javanica plant by Hoang

Minh Chung, Pham Xuan Sinh (2003), based on existing classification courses in

Vietnam, the team confirmed that the wild C javanica species in Sa Pa, Lao Cai belongs to the Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f Species This study has clearly described the botanical characteristics of the C javanica plant and has been classified into two species: the wild C javanica party (Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook F.) And the cultivated C javanica (Codonopsis Wall) This is the first research result in the country on the botanical characteristics of the C javanica species, which has greatly contributed to the identification and classification of C

javanica plants for the next research

According to Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga (2012), for the first time evaluating

genetic diversity of some Vietnamese medicinal plants belonging to the genus C

javanica (Codonopsis sp.) By barcode DNA technique Research results of Nguyen

Thi Thanh Nga confirmed that in Vietnam, there are currently 2 species of Codonopsis: Codonopsis tangshen was imported from China in 1961 by the Institute

of Medicine and Codonopsis javanica grows wild The barcode DNA consensus

technique allows for species identification and sub-species identification for the research on conserving precious medicinal genetic resources in Vietnam From that, there are currently 3 species of Condonopsis species, including 1 species imported

from China called the Codonopsis pilosola (Franch) Nannf., 2 species growing wild, currently cultivated is Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f And Thomson

and Codonopsis celebica Blume

According to Vo Van Chi and Tran Hop (2002), the genus Codonopsis

Blume has 44 species in the world, distributed mainly in subtropical and humid

temperate regions of Asia and Europe Codonopsis javanica is a sub-tropical

species which recognized in China, Myanmar, India, Laos, Vietnam and Japan In

Vietnam, Codonopsis javanica distributed in in the wild of the northern

mountainous provinces and the Central Highlands such as Lai Chau, Lao Cai, Ha Giang Son La, Yen Bai, Tuyen Quang, Cao Bang, Lang Son entered the provinces of Kon Tum, Lam Dong, and Quang Nam

Trang 22

According to Dinh Thi Hoa and Doan Thi Thuy Linh (2003), when studying

the distribution characteristics of Codonopsis javanica in Copia nature reserve,

Thuan Chau district, Son La province achieved the following results: The distribution in the elevation of the natural reserve has a popular altitude of 600 -

1,500 m Codonopsis javanica distributes in the upper position but mainly at

altitudes less than 1,000 m (685 - 1,000 m), there are 48 by 71 trees reach to the height below 1,000m accounting for 67.61% and above 1,000 m accounting for only 32.39%

Distribution characteristics of the C javanica in different habitat types:

Copia NR is divided into 6 types of habitats, namely plantation forest, shifting cultivation, rehabilitation forest, primeval forest on mountains, rocky mountain

forest and grasslands Research results show that the C javanica party is very

diverse distribution across all types of habitats However, the amount of distribution

in the habitats was different The C javanica party is widely distributed in

mountainous areas of the people (23.94%), followed by planted and restored forests (21.13%), grasslands (16.90%), primary forests above mountainous land (12.67%) and the least is rocky mountain forest (4.23%)

- Distribution of C javanica according to location (foot - rib - top): The number of party C javanica distributed in different positions, mainly concentrated

in the mountainside (46.48%), mountain foot (38, 03%) and mountain top (15.49%) - Characteristics of regeneration: + Density: The ratio of regenerated trees and mature trees is 13/29 (45%), showing that the number of regenerated and mature trees is approximately the same, regenerated trees have the number of branches Average is 1.69 branches / tree

+ Height of regenerated trees: Number of regenerated trees with height <0.5 m accounts for main proportion (61.54%), trees with height from 0.5 - 1 m, accounting for 38.46 %

+ Origin of regeneration: Party C javanica regenerated from the seed or

from the body, tubers The rate of regenerated plants from seeds is 53.85%, and regenerated from stems and tubers accounts for 46.15%

Trang 23

+ Quality of regenerated trees: 70% of regenerated trees are good, medium ones account for 28.08%, bad ones make up 7.69%

This is the study of distributional and regeneration characteristics with a great contribution in terms of science and practice The results of the study show that the distribution characteristics of this species are concentrated mainly on the

slopes and foothills, all habitat types have C javanica but mainly in the

slash-and-burn fields The study results also showed the regeneration characteristics of this species: seeds, stems and tubers all develop into seedlings This conclusion is very

meaningful in the research of propagation for C javanica production and business

The limitation of this study is the narrow scope of the study, the altitude is only from 600 to 1,000 m, the problem is that the lower limit and the upper limit of

the height distributed by C javanica ? Which ecological factors are mainly affecting the distribution of C javanica party ? Is it possible to migrate this species

to lower altitudes for planting ? The above issues will be clarified through the research content of the thesis

To sum up, from the result of the researches on Codonopsis sp in the world

as well as in Vietnam:

- In the world, there are 44 species of Codonopsis sp recorded, mainly

distributed in temperate and subtropical regions The species is widely distributed in countries such as Myanmar, China, Japan, India, Laos and Vietnam

- Vietnam currently has two species of Codonopsis sp grown for medicinal purposes: Codonopsis pilosola, which was imported from China by the Institute of Medicine in 1960, and Codonopsis javanica, which grows wild and is commonly

grown in the mountainous areas of Lao Cai provinces , Lai Chau, Son La, Quang Nam, Gia Lai, Kom Tum, Lam Dong

- Codonopsis javanica has a form of climbing stem and grows in a yearly

cycle The root part was used as medicine, the composition of root has full of 17 amino acids

- Codonopsis javanica often grows wild on the grass layer of forests with

an elevation of 400 - 2200 m The species is moisture and light-loving but can tolerate shade

Trang 24

- Codonopsis javanica grows and thrives on mountainous and midland soil

rich in humus, porous and well-drained Propagation by seeds and roots are the two main methods Planting and tending techniques do not have a process suitable to the production experience of indigenous people

- Codonopsis javanica is a precious medicinal plant with very high value of

medicine and economic but the planting area and output were not meeting the needs of the society It is very necessary to research to come up with a prospectively planting model and suitable with the local people experience From that, people can

improve their livelihoods and quality of life

2.1.4 Research of Amomum longiligulare in the world and Vietnam

2.1.4.1 Classification

Class: Sub-class: Order: Family: Sub-family: Genus: Species:

Liliopsida Commelinidae Zingiberales Zingiberaceae Alpinioideae Amomum

Amomum longiligulare T.L Wu

Vernacular Names: Chinese: Hai Nan Sha Ren;

French: Amome A Ligule Longu;

Vietnam: Sa nhân tím, Mé Tré Bà, Co Nẻnh

(Thai group), Mác Nẻng (Tay group), Sa Ngần (Dao), Pa đoóc (K’dong), LaVê (Ba Na)

Common/English Names: Hainan Amomum, Malabar Cardamom,

Tavoy Cardamom

Source: Tran Minh Chau, 2010

A number of species belongs to the genus of Amomum sp in Vietnam It is found in Vietnam as the Table 2.1:

Trang 25

Table 2.1 Statistical data of Amomum species in Vietnam

No Latin name Vietnamese

name Distribution

var T.L Wu Sa nhân đỏ Hoa Binh, Bac Can, Thai Nguyen, Phu Tho, Nghe An

Quang Nam, Dak Lak, Hoa Binh

Dak Lak

Thanh Hoa 7

A.echinosphaera K.Schum

(same with Amomum

villosum Lour var T.L Wu)

Sa nhân đỏ Ba Vi, Thanh Hoa, Phu Yen

10 A.vespertilio Gagnep Sa nhân, thầu

dầu se đất

Yen Bai, Bac Kân, Thai Nguyen, Phu Tho

11 A.schmidtii Gagnep Sa nhân hồi Lai Chau - Son La

12 A.thyr Soideum Gagnep Sa nhân hoa thưa Ninh Binh

13 A repens Sorner Sa nhân rễ gấm Lao Cai, Ninh Binh

14 A.davieanum Pierre Sa nhân Lai Chau - Son La

15 A.cardamomum Willd Bạch đậu khấu In middle regions

(Source: MARD, 2006)

There are some species of Amomum be exploited for commercial purpose,

in which commomly Amomum villosum and Amomum longiligulare Currently,

Amomum longiligulare is the most species of Amomum that grows in the wild It has

2 crops, firstly flowering in July – September and November – December fruiting; secondly fruiting in April – May and fruiting in July - August If they are researched for conservation and propogation, they can get higher productivity and provide economic values for local people

Trang 26

It is a perennial herb belongs to hygrophilous and shade loving species, occurs in dense clusters in forest edges or along the banks of streams It is usually found in the cool, humid forest of the mountainous areas under the shade of big trees

2.1.4.2 Research in the world

China is a country that soon conducts research into growing the tree According to documents from the China Tropical Forestry Research Institute, Zheng Haishui and He Kejun (1991) said that the species currently being grown in

southern China is the best result is Amomum longiligulare

In a publication on NTFPs in 15 countries in tropical Asia by EC - FAO Partnership Program, in September 2002 in Laos there were 3 species of wild-

grown marmiculture: A Longiligulare grown in the Poloven plateau; A Ovoideum and A villosum grown in Champasac and Sa La Van

According to Catherine Aubertin (2004), in a project on NTFPs in Font Xa

Li (Laos), A Villosum var was planted Xanthioides imported from China After 2 years

of testing, the plant is growing well, but there are no numbers on the final results Thus, at present, there are 3 species of Amomumai being planted more in

Laos and China, Amomum longiligulare species is most interested in research

The average annual production of sardine in the world is about 30,000 - 35,000 tons, and the average export is 23,000 tons The main producing countries of sardine are: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Brazil, Nigeria, India, Thailand, Nicaragua, South Africa, Laos, Vietnam, Nepal Previously, India produced and exported The world's largest exporter of safflower in the 1980s - 1990s After that, Guatemala took the lead in production and export, accounting for 55 - 66% of the world market share

Countries in the West of Asia consume 59% of the world's sardine products, Europe accounts for 30%, Japan 3%, the rest is consumed in the US and other countries

The ten main countries importing sarcophagus account for 80% of the world market: Saudi Arabia (26%), India (19%), Singapore (12%), Pakistan (8%), China

Trang 27

China (7%), United Arab Emirates (7%), Bangladesh (6%), Hong Kong (6%), Vietnam (4%), Jordan (2%)

Vietnam is both an importer and an exporter of salamander to the world market In 2000 - 2003, Vietnam exported 15.4 tons to Japan on average each year, the average price was 5,500 USD/ton, the total annual revenue was 84,000 USD In 2002, Vietnam exported about 11 tons to Saudi Arabia with the price of 8,636 USD/ton, with a turnover of 95,000 USD Vietnam has imported about 1,017 tons of safflower at a cost of 975,000 USD (2002), Indonesia is the main supplier to Vietnam: 647 tons, priced at 705 USD/ton; Hong Kong: 319 tons (price 1,316 USD/ton, FOB); Singapore: 51 tons (price 1,667 USD/ton)

2.1.4.3 Research in Vietnam

In Viet Nam there are three important species of cardamom (local name Sa

nhan, trade name Wild Cardamom): Amomum villosum Lour; Amomum xanthioides Wall and Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu More than 80 percent of the cardamom

production is gathered from the wild with the remainder being cultivated (Tu 1990) The quality of the products is, however, higher in the plantation forests since in the wild the fruits are often collected too early as the collectors are afraid that other collectors will harvest the products before them, the harvesting season is in June and July

The authors Vo Van Chi (1997), Do Tat Loi (1999), Le Mong Chan (2000),

Nguyen Tap (2007) all agreed on the same name as Amomum longiligulare TLWu,

belonging to the genus Amomum Roxb, Ginger family Zingiberaceae

The Vietnam Non-Timber Forest Products (2007) has described in detail the morphological features, other information on flora, distribution, and biological characteristics of the cyanobacteria

According to the author Truong Van Chau, 2007, selected purple safflower species to study and plant in Khanh Hoa province and gave positive results

Nguyen Tap, Pham Thanh Huyen, Le Thanh Son have researched to plant purple safflower in Quan Chu, Dai Tu - Thai Nguyen, the research team of the

Trang 28

Institute of Medicinal Materials found that in a population of 2.09 ha here, the same

species A Longiligulare has 2 types of fruit: round fruit and slightly elongated fruit

The round fruit (large) is preferred by collectors over the long fruit

According to Nguyen Tap (2007), A Longiligulare can be grown in the hot

and humid tropical monsoon climate Average monthly temperature of the year is from 23-27 degrees Celsius; the average rainfall is 1500 - 2800 mm / year and the average humidity is over 80% Purple kumquat can be grown in many places from low mountains (below 700m high) to the Midlands and in the plain

As for the cultivated land of purple safflower in Phu Yen, according to Nguyen Thanh Phuong (2006), humus content, NPK are from the average level and above and pH: 4.2 - 4.5 Marijuana plants grown here give good results

In Vietnam, A longiligulare has been investigated since 1984 by a project in Tay Nguyen but after 1986 A longiligulare had named from the difference between biological features of A villosum and A longiligulare Seedlings of both species

have been experimental planted at the Pharmaceutical Research Station in Dak Lak province with the area sample plot about 500 m2 Though this experiment got a good result, a project was ended in 1985 so there were not recorded by any

documents after that By 1992, on the different national project, A longiligulare

was one of several specialty medicinal plants selected for research into trial planting Seedlings were taken in Vinh Son commune, Vinh Thanh district, Binh

Dinh province and planted under the canopy of Acacia auriculiformis plantation in

Tan Lac Forest Enterprise, Hoa Binh province with a total area of two places near

02 ha By the end of 1994, when the whole program ended, A longiligulare had not

been harvested but the topic also gave some important initial conclusions such as:

A longiligulare can be grown in many places with high level in soil humidity; The

seedlings to be planted are twigs in the spring; planted distance of 1x1m/branch (10,000 trees/ha); Without fertilizing the plants, after 18-24 months some individuals have flowers Unfortunately, the project has only been implemented for 2 years, until the end it was still not achieved the final results

Trang 29

In addition, Vietnam is a big market which required a high number of medicinal herb and plants for drug production According Ministry Of Health’s report, Vietnam have to import 70% medicinal plants for pharmaceutical production mainly from China, Taiwan, and Singapore Domestic pharmaceutical demand is about 60 thousand tons / year, while Vietnam only supplies about 15,600 tons / year to the market

Source of indigenous medicinal plants mainly exploited by the ethnic minorities from the natural forest, lack of control In addition, it has no models of propagation and planting medicinal herbs in the community Therefore, the source of medicinal herbs is in poor conditions

2.2 Study site, natural conditions and people

2.2.1 Study area

- Investigate the current status of distribution, exploitation, use and consumption

market of C.javanica and A longiligulare in Son La

- mPreliminary investigation: There are five main study sites in Son La

province such as Song Ma, Sop Cop, Thuan Chau,Moc Chau, Van Ho

2.2.2 Natural conditions

2.2.2.1 Geographic location

Son La is a center of Northwest regions which a province far away from Hanoi about 320 km The area of Son La province is 14.174 km2 occupied 4.28% land area of Vietnam

The province located in 20 degree 39’ to 22 degree 02’ Latitude and 105 degree 02’ longitude Son La has 11 communies including 1 city and 10 provinces with borders follow as:

- The North and Northwest borded Yen Bai, Lai Chau; - The East borded Phu Tho, Hoa Binh;

- The West borded Dien Bien;

- The South borded Thanh Hoa, Hoa Binh and Laos

Trang 30

2.2.2.2 Topography

Son La has unique features of mountainous areas in the North of Vietnam, the natural area of the region is about 14,055 square kilometers, accounting for 4.27% of the entire national area The physical features of this region exhibit the diversity of plateaus, valleys, ravines streams, and plains with altitudes ranging between 100 and 2879 m above sea level By high elevation of the mountains, Son La has advantages in hydropower plant, and the topography was fragmented by 2 rivers that is Da and Ma rivers

2.2.2.3 Soil contents

- Red yellow Feralit soil above clay soil layer that is the largest area about 879,834 ha, occupied 62.1% of the natural area distributed in Sop Cop, Song Ma, Thuan Chau district

- Light yellow color of Feralit on sandy rocks with soil layer over 50cm thick There are a lightly components, dry and detached soil It was easily eroded and landslide, this type of soil is distributed in the region of Ma river

- Red brown and yellow brown Feralit soil: Area 380,466 ha, accounting for 26.8% of the natural area, with medium to heavy mechanical composition, above average humus, soil layers range from 50 to 80 cm thick, distribution weak in Thuan Chau, Phu Yen and Moc Chau

- Humus soil on high elevation about 29,878 ha, occupied 2.1% of the natural area distributed in the mountains

- Muddy and peatland about 223 ha occupied 0.02% of natural area, distributed in some valleys

- Carbonate soil included 128 ha, about 0.01% of the natural area, the soil has rich in mineral components (calcium, magnesium) distributed at the foot of limestone mountains

Trang 31

summer (from May to September) and cold and dry in winter (from November to January) The average annual rainfall is between 1200 to 1600 mm and average air humidity is 81%

Like many provinces in Vietnam, Son La also suffers from the influence of the dry and hot wind from Laos in summer which makes the weather intolerable sometimes Son La’s climate is divided into two distinct seasons Winter lasts from October to March of the next year, and summer from April to September The average annual air temperature of Son La is 21.4° C The annual average temperature of Son La is lower than that of the surrounding areas such as Hoa Binh (23°C), Dien Bien (23°C) Such cool climate is considered as an ideal one in a tropical country like Vietnam

In recent years, the average air temperature/year tends to increase over 20 years ago from 0.5 ° C - 0.6 ° C (Son La town from 20.9 ° C to 21.1 ° C , Yen Chau from 22.6 ° C to 23 ° C); the average annual rainfall tends to decrease (urban area is from 1,445mm to 1,402mm, Moc Chau from 1,730mm to 1,563mm)

- Ma River originates from Tuan Giao and Dien Bien - Lai Chau Itpasses through Son La on a length of 93 km and has basin area of about 3,978 km2

- Besides the two main river systems, Son La province also has 35 major streams and hundreds of small streams located on steep terrain with many waterfalls

2.2.2.6 Land resource

The natural area of Son La province is the 5th biggest among 64 provinces in the country The land being in use accounts for 39.08% Fertile soil with thick layers and various types of soil allow the province to develop variety of plants and

Trang 32

animals whichproduce high economic value The unused land and area of streams, rivers accounts for 60.92% The land fund in Son La is specifically distributed as following:

- Agriculture land: 823,216 ha; - Non-agricultural land: 48,233 ha; - Unused land: 702,740 ha

2.2.2.7 Forest resource

Son La has many kinds of plants and animals which are very abundant and diverse Son La Forests have many genetic resources of precious species and special used forests which are valuable for scientific research such as Sop Cop, Xuan Nha (Moc Chau), Ta Xua (Bac Yen), Copia (Thuan Chau), Ngoc Chien (Muong La) The mountainous forest environment habitats a very large number of plant species, with 1187 species of vascular plants and ferns 645 genera and 161 families reported

2.2.3 Ethnic group

According to the statistics in 2018, Son La population was 1,242,700 people The population density is about 90 persons/ km Son La is home of 12 ethnics involving Thai, Kinh, H'mong, Muong, Dao, Kho Mu, Xinh Mun, Khang, La Ha, Lao, Tay, and Hoa In which, Thai is the largest community in Son La accounting for 54% of the population The percentage of Kinh, H'mong, Muong, and Dao is respectively 18%, 12%, 8.4%, and 2.5% The rest is figure of Kho Mu, Xinh Mun, Khang, La Ha, Lao, Tay, and Hoa All ethnics have their own history and long periods of interaction with each other’s ethnicities in this region

Trang 33

- Identifying the current status of distribution of C javanica and A

longiligulare in Son La province

- Evaluating the experiments of propagation for the growth of C javanica

and A longiligulare in different conditions

- Providing recommendations for the research

3.3 Research questions

- What are distribution of C javanica and A longiligulare in Son La

province?

- How to propagate experiment C javanica and A longiligulare?

- Which experiments are good for planting model of C javanica and A

longiligulare ?

3.4 Methodology

3.4.1 Data inheritance method

- To collect and analyse documents related to natural conditions, climate, hydrology, land, topography, forest resources, socio-economic conditions: population, labor, ethnicity, farming practices in study area

- To collect and analyse documents related to propagation, topical and research topics on propagation of medicinal plants and non-timber forest products in general

- To collect and analyse documents related to rare and precious plant species and conservation solutions for precious and rare plants in Vietnam and around the world

Trang 34

- To collect and analyse documents related to socio-economic, hydrometeorology,

report on the current state of forest resources, distributing areas of C javanica and

A longiligulare mainly in the locality, research topics, implemented projects and

programs of the research areas related to the 2 species (if any), the status map

3.4.2 Field investigation method

- Based on experiences from local foresters and indigenous peoples of communes/districts, protected areas and forests to get initial information on the

main distribution areas of C javanica and A longiligulare; synthesize information

on the basis of references on ecological characteristics of the two species;

- On the basis of aggregating initial information, select the site exist C

javanica and A longiligulare widely distributed as the core area for detailed

- On the transects, to collect information on two species of C javanica and

A longiligulare species: The number of individuals, the growth and development

situation, regenerated dust, mature bush, animal, factors ecological (soil, fresh shrubs, canopy, climbing substrate, height, etc.), exploitation status

- Tentative transect: 5 transects/ district Total transects are 25 routes The length about greater than 1km by a transect

- Using GPS to determine the distribution of species to establish status map - Using camera to record images on survey transects

- Survey by line: In 5 districts, continue to survey the opinions of local officials such as rangers, village heads Each place establishes 5 transect lines so that total 25 survey lines The routes are over 1 km in length, extending from the center to the two sides, each side is 5m as a basis for assessing the forest status,

distribution and regeneration of C javanica The routes went through the following

Trang 35

types of habitats: natural forest of mountainous terrain, natural forest of rocky mountains, shifting cultivation, and grass

+ On the transects, collecting information about C javanica including:

Number of individuals (dust), regenerated dust (average length of dust <1m), mature dust (average length of dust ≥1m), material Queen; ecological factors (swidden cultivation/secondary forest, fresh carpet of shrubs, canopy, climbing medium, altitude ), exploitation status (if any)

+ On the transects, collecting information about A longiligulare by assessing the plants found in nature, observing and evaluating the A longiligulare planting

patterns encountered on the route during the survey (if any) Count the total number of mature plants and the total number of shoots (which are the sprouts that have just sprouted from the ground, without true leaves), and determine the average height of the whole cluster by measuring the height of a representative of the mature trees in the plant dust is taken as the general height, the height of the growing place, the climate, the ecological factors of the growing place

3.4.2.2 Sampling methods

Use the sample plots The plot area is 1000m2 (25m x 40m) Tentatively to make 1 plot per a transect The total number of sample plots expected in the survey area is about 25 plots:

- Establishing sub-plots of 25m2 (5m x 5m) for investigating: number of bushes, number of individuals, growth, sprouts, regenerated trees, mature trees, quality grading , height of trees; exploitation status

- Estimation of forest canopy cover, the survey results are recorded in the

Table 3.2:

Table 3.2 Investigating canopy cover form

No of plot: Slope: Date: Coverage: Slope direction: Transect: Coordinate: : Elevation: : Location: :

Trang 36

No 1 0.5 0

1 2 3 100

To Estimate Forest Canopy Cover, applying the method of 100-point

Set value 1% with dense canopy cover in sight (not see - through), 0.5 % is canopy sparsely covered (see - through), 0 % with no canopy cover (empty in sight) Look at the forest canopy in the sample plot following as the vertically perpendicular to the ground

3.4.3 Data processing and testing propagation in the experimental nursery

3.4.3.1 Data processing

Data is processed in Microsoft office – Excel, Draw maps by ArcGIS software The experimental propagation will be carried out at the experimental garden

of Tay Bac University, Son La Methodology of experimental propagation for

Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f et Thomsons and Amomum longiligulare T L Wu 3.4.3.2 Experiments for propagation of Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f et Thomsons

a Experiments for propagation by seeds

- Seeds are collected from the fruit of the species in natural forests

- Testing the quality of seeds based on Standard 04TCN 33:2001 - testing methods for issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development [1x]

+ The purity of seeds : The mass of sample was 1gram per seed The sample of seeds divided into 3 components: pure seeds (complete, large, smooth, shiny), impurities (gravel, small stones, bark, leaf bark, fruit skin ) and nuts The purity was calculated by the formula as:

Trang 37

a - Mass of pure seeds (g);

A - Total mass of the components of the test sample (g); K - Seed purity (%)

+ In each survey plot, fruits were collected from 10 mother trees Each tree randomly picked 4 fruits/tree, totaling 30 fruits/lot The fruits are harvested and dried in the shade for 7-10 days

- Assessment the impact factors to the growth rate of germination

* Experiment 1: Evaluating the effect of seed types on the growth rate and speed of germination: It includes 100 pure seeds for each batch, repeat 3 times the soaked seeds under warm water with the initial temperature of 40 degrees Celsiusfor 12 hours then took them out and put them in a clean and wet paper and sour wash after each 24 hours Observing the number of germinated seeds daily until there are no more germinated seeds after 3 days

Trang 38

In which:

S – Germination rate;

“ai” is the i-day monitoring the ni seed germinating

Compare the germination rate between seed lots using the standard by test of significant (2) with 95% confidence

* Experiment 2: Evaluating the effect of temperature on germination rate of

C javanica seeds: Using the batch of seeds with the best germination rate to

implement 4 experiment tests (ET):

+ ET1: Soak seeds at normal temperature (control); + ET2: Soak seeds at an initial temperature of 40 oC; + ET3: Soak in water at an initial temperature of 50 oC; + ET4: Soak in water at an initial temperature of 60 oC

For a experimental test was performed with 300 pure seeds Soaking and incubation time, sour wash as described above Then calculate the germination rate and compare the germination rate among experimental tests

* Experiment 3: Evaluating the effect of components of the potting soil on the growth rate of seedling from germination

Implemented 3 experimental tests: 30-days follow-up from seeding stage + ET1: 100% sand

+ ET2: Mixture of 70% topsoil + 20% charred rice husk + 10% fertilizer (farmyard manure)

+ ET3: Mixture of 90% topsoil + 10% fertilizer (rotted manure)

Using the seed batch for the highest germination rate, soaking the seeds at the best seed treatment with temperature for 12 hours, 2000 pure seeds/experiment Fungal diseases are treated before sowning beds and periodically Seeds are sown on the surface of the bed, then sprinkle fertilizer (soil) as a layer about 1cm thick and cover the bed surface with a black net to prevent seeds from drifting when watering Removed the cover when the seed begin to germinate Then monitor and observe the germination process; calculate the rate of seedling formation after 20

Trang 39

days, after 30 days; Compare the rate of seedling formation among experimental tests using the standard by test of significant (2) with 95% confidence

b Experiments for propagation by root tubers

- This experiment to assesst the effects of tuber sizes on the growth rate of the species in the stage of seedlings

The experiments implement 3 test as following: + ET 1: size of tubers <1cm

+ ET 2: size of tubers from 1 - 1,5cm + ET 3: size of tubers >1,5cm

- The tubers are removed all the leaves above Transplant the tubers into the pot how to the eyes of the tubers lied on the ground surface about 0.5 - 1cm The experiment were repeat 3 times, arranged in a randomized complete block design, to assesst 30 tubers for each time repeat with the size of the potting soil is 10 x 15cm, 50% light cover; The composition of the potting intestines: 20% charred rice husks + 20% sand + 10% farmyard manure + 50% fine sieved topsoil The data are need to be collected includes:

+ Rate of germination = (the number of germinated tuber / total number of tubers)*100

+ The length of bud: Measure the longest bud from the root of the tuber to the growing top, measuring unit (cm) Therefrom, the average length of shoots for each experimental test was calculated

+ Count the number of branches/potted plants formed Thence, Calculating the average number of branches/potted plants/experiments

- Comparison the survival rate and the number of branches formed among the experimental tests using the standard by t test of significant (2) with 95% confidence

- Comparison of the bud length among 3 experiments by one-way Anova analysis

Trang 40

c Experiments for propagation by cuttings

- The experiments were arranged as randomized complete block design with 2 factors (chemical drugs and concentrate), 3 drugs: IAA, IBA, NAA with concentrates of 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm The experiment was repeated 3 times, 30 cuttings/an experiment The drug immersion time is 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds Compare with the experiment without chemical drugs

- In the soil pot, it has 100% clean sand, disease treated by RidomlGold - 68 WG solution with 0.3% concentrate, 50% light shading and a arch cover high above 50 cm top for each bed The arch is opened periodically during the day

- The cuttings are selected from the growing plant, the lenght should be 9-11 cm, 2 leaves, and it is disinfected with RidomlGold - 68 WG solution 0.3% for 10 minutes

- The data to be collected include: Periodically observe the number of cuttings that produce leaves, shoots and time point of shoots formation

- At the end of the experiment, record the data of survival plants which are cuttings with roots or/and fresh), the root length (measure the longest root)

- Comparison the survival rate of cutting plant and the number of branches formed among the experimental tests using the standard by t test of significant (2) with 95% confidence

- Comparison of the root length between the experiments by 2 way Anova analysis

3.4.3.3 Methodology of experimental propagation for Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu

- Seeds are collected from the mother plant, growing well and bearing fruit * Experiment 1: Studying the effect of shading level on the growth of seedlings Conduct 04 the experiment tests:

+ ET 1: 25% light shading; + ET2: 50% light shading; + ET3: 75% light shading;