The Internet of Things IoT is a network of physical devices, automobiles, appliances, and other items that have sensors, software, and network connectivity to gather and exchange data..
Explore various forms of IoT functionality on an electronic platform (P1)
What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical devices, automobiles, appliances, and other items that have sensors, software, and network connectivity to gather and exchange data These "smart objects," as they are often known, can vary from basic equipment like smart thermostats to large industrial machines
The Internet of Things allows these smart gadgets to talk with one another as well as with other internet-connected devices such as smartphones and gateways This
Figure 1 IoT results in a massive network of networked gadgets that can share data and execute various activities on their own IoT applications are numerous, affecting industries such as manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, agriculture, and others.
History of IoT
The history of the Internet of Things (IoT) dates back to the 1980s, when machines were connected via local area networks (LANs) for monitoring and control In the 1990s, the internet and wireless connectivity technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth became popular, paving the way for widespread adoption of IoT The idea of IoT began to be mentioned in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when any processed object equipped with sensors and RFID chips could connect to the internet and share information From the 2000s onwards, IoT has developed rapidly, with the emergence of technologies such as embedded systems, sensors, wireless connectivity and the cloud Currently, IoT has expanded into many fields and is applied in healthcare, agriculture, transportation, home automation and many other fields.
Characteristics of IoT
IoT has numerous distinguishing features:
Ambient intelligence: Refers to smart environments that are aware of and responsive to the presence of individuals These environments possess independent and intelligent entities that can self-organize based on context,
Figure 2 Charateristics of IoT circumstances, or surroundings
Interconnectivity: In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), there is a seamless ability to connect any object or device to the global information and communication infrastructure
Services for Things: The IoT offers services specific to objects or devices while adhering to constraints such as privacy protection and ensuring semantic consistency between physical objects and their virtual representations The convergence of technologies in the physical and information realms is necessary to provide these services
Heterogeneity: IoT devices are diverse, using various hardware platforms and networks They can interact with other devices or service platforms through different communication networks
Dynamic changes are inherent in IoT environments States and contexts of devices can shift rapidly, with devices alternating between sleep and active modes, connecting and disconnecting from networks, and adjusting their location and speed Furthermore, the IoT landscape itself is fluid, with the number of devices subject to constant fluctuation.
Enormous Scale: The IoT entails managing a significantly larger number of devices than the current Internet Effective management of the generated data and its interpretation for various applications becomes crucial This involves considering the semantics of the data and developing efficient data handling techniques
Safety: With the advantages brought by the IoT, safety should not be overlooked As creators and beneficiaries of the IoT, it is essential to design with safety in mind This includes safeguarding personal data and physical well-being Establishing a scalable security paradigm is crucial to protect endpoints, networks, and the data transmitted and utilized throughout the IoT
Connectivity: Connectivity facilitates network accessibility and compatibility
Accessibility refers to the ability to connect to a network, while compatibility ensures the seamless exchange of data between entities.
Why Use IoT?
Efficiency and Productivity: IoT enables process automation and optimization, resulting in greater efficiency and production Smart city systems For example may improve transportation and energy utilization, lowering costs and environmental effect
Improved Decision Making: The Internet of Things creates massive volumes of data that may be studied to get important insights Data-driven decision- making enables preemptive planning, predictive maintenance, and informed decision-making across a wide range of fields
Cost Savings: IoT can help save costs by optimizing resource utilization, reducing waste, and enabling predictive maintenance For example, smart building systems can optimize energy consumption, resulting in reduced utility bills
Enhanced User Experience: By enabling smooth and relevant interactions, IoT devices and systems can improve user experience Smart home gadgets For example, settings can be automatically modified based on user preferences.
Application of IoT
Smart house: Internet of Things (IoT) gadgets in a smart house may manage lighting, temperature, security, and appliances, providing ease, energy efficiency, and security
Smart Car: Internet of Things (IoT) technology in automobiles offers features such as navigation, entertainment systems, vehicle diagnostics, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) for increased safety and convenience Smart Health: Internet of Things (IoT) devices and systems are utilized to monitor health metrics, provide remote patient monitoring, and aid in medical diagnosis and treatments
Smart Industry: The Internet of Things (IoT) allows smart manufacturing, asset tracking, predictive maintenance, and supply chain optimization, resulting in enhanced efficiency, productivity, and cost savings.
Review standard architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and APIs available for use in IoT development (P2)
Architecture of IoT
The perception layer, the network layer, the application layer, and the business layer are the four levels of IoT architecture
Perception Layer: This layer contains a number of sensors, gadgets, and actuators that gather data from the physical environment Temperature sensors, motion detectors, and cameras are examples of devices in this layer These devices collect data and send it to the network layer
Network Layer: Data is sent from the perception layer to the application layer via the network layer Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks are examples of such technologies Gateways and routers are critical in ensuring that devices and the cloud communicate smoothly
Application Layer: The perception layer's data is processed, analyzed, and used at the application layer Cloud platforms, data analytics systems, and machine learning algorithms are all part of this layer It converts raw data into meaningful insights and actionable data
Business Layer: The business layer is where organizations use the application layer's insights and information to make educated decisions and take action This layer contains apps, dashboards, and interfaces that allow users to monitor and operate Internet of Things devices and systems It enables organizations to streamline operations, increase productivity, and provide better user experiences.
Frameworks of IoT
IoT frameworks are software platforms or frameworks that provide a structure or collection of tools for designing, deploying, and managing Internet of Things (IoT) applications and solutions These frameworks provide a basis and a set of common features to ease development and enable smooth integration of diverse IoT devices and technologies There are several popular frameworks used in IoT development Here are a few examples:
Arduino: Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform that makes it easy for beginners to construct IoT projects It provides a wide choice of microcontroller boards with integrated development environments (IDEs) for programming as well as a large support and resource community
Raspberry Pi: Raspberry Pi is a single-board computer that may be used to build IoT applications It offers a full computing platform with a variety of models and functionalities, enabling more complex and powerful IoT applications It is compatible with a wide range of programming languages and operating systems
Microsoft Azure IoT, a cloud-based platform, offers comprehensive services and tools for building and managing IoT applications Its capabilities encompass device connection, data collection and storage, analytics, and machine learning Designed to support a wide range of devices, Azure IoT ensures scalability and security, catering to the diverse needs of IoT deployments.
AWS IoT is a cloud-based platform that offers secure and scalable architecture for IoT applications It includes device management, message brokerage, data storage, and analytics capabilities Moreover, AWS IoT seamlessly integrates with other AWS services, enabling the effortless development of comprehensive IoT solutions.
Google Cloud IoT Core, a managed service on Google Cloud Platform, enables secure device connectivity and data management It simplifies device registration and data ingestion, facilitating data analytics and integration with other Google Cloud services like Pub/Sub, BigQuery, and Dataflow.
Describe how Arduino boards and end devices work
Arduino boards and end devices collaborate harmoniously to bring electronic projects to life Acting as the central hub, Arduino boards serve as the hardware foundation, incorporating a microcontroller, input/output (I/O) pins, and additional components Meanwhile, end devices, encompassing sensors, actuators, and displays, establish a connection with the Arduino board
Assuming the role of the control center, the Arduino board receives input from end devices via its I/O pins This input can encompass sensor measurements, button presses, or any other pertinent data The board subsequently processes this input and executes programmed instructions to govern the behavior of the interconnected end devices
Programming for Arduino boards takes place within the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Equipped with a user-friendly interface, the IDE facilitates the creation, compilation, and uploading of code to the board The code itself is crafted using a simplified language based on C/C++
The code provides instructions to the Arduino board on how to interact with the associated end devices For instance, it can collect data from sensors, make informed decisions based on that data, and exert control over the actuators or display information on a screen Additionally, the board can incorporate communication protocols such as serial communication or I2C to interface with other devices
Once the code is uploaded, the Arduino board tirelessly carries out the specified instructions autonomously The board can be powered through various means, such as a USB connection, an external power supply, or batteries, depending on the specific requirements of the project
In essence, Arduino boards and end devices collaborate seamlessly, enabling communication and control By receiving input via I/O pins and executing programmed instructions, the Arduino board interfaces with and governs the behavior of the interconnected devices This dynamic duo facilitates the realization of an extensive array of electronic projects, ranging from simple sensor-driven systems to sophisticated IoT applications.
Sensor
A sensor is a device that detects and transforms physical or environmental characteristics into electrical impulses or digital data Sensors of many sorts are utilized in IoT applications, including:
Temperature Sensors: These sensors measure and monitor temperature levels They are widely used in applications such as smart homes, industrial automation, and weather monitoring
Motion Sensors: Motion sensors detect movement and can be used for security systems, occupancy detection, and gesture recognition
Light Sensors: Light sensors detect the intensity of light and are used in applications such as automatic lighting controls, brightness adjustment in displays, and energy-saving systems
Gas Sensors: Gas sensors detect the presence and concentration of various gases in the environment They are used in applications like air quality monitoring, gas leak detection, and industrial safety
Pressure Sensors: Pressure sensors measure the force applied by gases or liquids They are used in applications such as automotive, healthcare, and industrial control systems.
API for use in IoT development
APIs, or Application Programming Interfaces, play a crucial role in IoT develop ment by facilitating communication and interaction between devices, services, and applications Here are a few APIs commonly used in IoT development:
CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) API: CoAP is a customized protocol built for Internet of Things (IoT) devices with restricted resources, such as low power and memory It enables devices to communicate via the Internet in a lightweight and effective manner
OMA LwM2M (Open Mobile Alliance Lightweight M2M) API: LwM2M is a device management protocol built primarily for IoT devices with little resources It provides a standardized method for remotely managing and updating IoT devices
AWS IoT API: AWS provides a complete API for developing IoT applications Device administration, data intake and processing, security, and interaction with other AWS services are all included
Google Cloud IoT API: Google Cloud IoT provides an API that developers can use to connect, manage, and analyze IoT devices and data on the Google Cloud platform It supports device registration, data intake and storage, and real- time analytics
WebSocket API: WebSocket is a communication protocol that allows web browsers and servers to communicate in real time and in both directions It is often used in Internet of Things applications that demand real-time updates and two-way communication
Blynk API, a cloud-based platform, empowers developers to build connected applications and IoT projects It simplifies complex tasks like device management, data processing, and push notifications Blynk's user-friendly design and wide range of features make it an ideal choice for developers seeking to create innovative and efficient IoT solutions.
Investigate architecture, frameworks,tools, hardware, and API techniques available to develop IoT applications (P3)
Choose suitable architectural models for the product
For a smart home project, the most suitable architectural model for my project is the 3-Tier model The 3-tier model separates the smart home system into three layers: perception, network, and application Perception Layer: This perception layer is the physical layer of the IoT architecture Sensors and embedded systems are mostly employed in these applications Based on the needs, these capture significant volumes of data Network Layer: The information gathered by these devices must be dispersed and saved The network layer is in charge of this It connects intelligent things with other intelligent/smart objects It is also responsible for data transport The network layer connects smart items, network devices, and servers It is also employed in the distribution and analysis of sensor data Application Layer: This application layer connects with the user It is in charge of offering software resources to the consumer The application layer is in responsible of supplying application-specific resources to the consumer It defines several IoT applications, such as smart homes, smart cities, and smart health Here's why the 3-tier model is a good choice for a smart home my project:
Scalability: The 3-tier model allows for scalability and modular design Each layer can be expanded or modified independently without affecting the others For example, if you want to add a new user interface or integrate additional devices, you can do so without changing the underlying application logic or data layer, making it easier to scale the system as your needs evolve
The three-tier model of Presentation, Application, and Data layers promotes separation of concerns in smart home systems The Presentation layer handles the user interface, while the Application layer manages business logic The Data layer is responsible for data storage and retrieval This separation simplifies development, maintenance, and troubleshooting tasks.
Flexibility: With the 3-tier model, each layer can be developed using different technologies or programming languages, as long as they can communicate through well-defined interfaces This flexibility enables you to choose the most suitable tools and frameworks for each layer based on your requirements and preferences, without being tightly bound to a specific technology stack
Security: The 3-tier model enhances security by separating sensitive data and logic into the application and data layers The presentation layer can focus on user interaction without directly accessing critical information, minimizing any potential vulnerabilities This segregation helps in enforcing access controls and protecting the smart home system from unauthorized access or attack s.
The 3-tier model enhances maintainability by enforcing a clear separation of concerns This modular approach simplifies system upkeep by allowing modifications to one layer without affecting the others Consequently, debugging, testing, and ongoing maintenance become more straightforward, extending the system's lifespan.
Select frameworks if applicable for the product
I use the Blynk framework to develop IoT applications Blynk is an IoT framework that provides many features and capabilities to support the development of IoT and smart home applications It provides a user-friendly interface, allowing developers to easily create, connect, and control IoT devices Blynk enables seamless integration with a variety of hardware and sensor platforms, allowing developers to collect data and interact with connected devices
The reasons for choosing Blynk as the framework for your smart home project can vary depending on your specific requirements Some potential reasons may include:
Extensive functionality: Blynk offers many features and functions specifically designed for IoT applications These include device management, data collection and analysis, remote control, and integration with other platforms
Easy integration: Blynk provides seamless integration with a variety of hardware and sensor platforms, allowing you to easily connect and manage your IoT devices This makes the development process more efficient and simpler
User-friendly interface: Blynk provides a user-friendly interface that simplifies the development and management of IoT applications Its intuitive design and drag- and-drop functionality make it easier for developers to create and customize their apps
Flexibility and scalability: Blynk is designed to be flexible and scalable, allowing you to expand and adapt your smart home system as your needs evolve It can easily accommodate new devices, sensors and functions without requiring significant modifications to existing infrastructure
Community Support: Blynk has a strong and active community of developers who provide support, resources, and guidance This can be valuable when facing challenges or looking for guidance during development.
Choose hardware components
Table 1 components the project in
Controls and coordinates the s ystem components
IoT projects, web connectivity, remote control
Fire Sensor Detects fire or f lames Sends signals to trigger an alar m or alert
Heat Sensor Measures temp erature
Monitors temperature levels in the environment
Rain Sensor Detects rainfall Activates or deactivates based on rain presence
Module Relay ower devices or circuits
Home automation, robotics, in dustrial control
Motor with Fan Creates airflow Provides ventilation or cooling i n an area
LED Light Produces light Indicates status or provides vis ual feedback
LCD1602 Scree n Displays inform ation Provides visual output for data or messages
4 Identify which APIs can be utilized in the product
I choose to use Blynk HTTP RESTful API for my projects because The Blynk platform offers many APIs for smart home applications that enable connection and control of IoT devices The Blynk HTTP RESTful API is the most often used Blynk API for smart home projects You may use HTTP requests to interface with the Blynk Cloud using this API You may send commands and receive data from your connected devices using the Blynk HTTP RESTful API This means you can operate lights, thermostats, and locks, as well as retrieve sensor data from temperature sensors, motion sensors, and door/window sensors.The features made me choose to use Blynk HTTP RESTful API because device management is very convenient I can control my devices and configure them as well as remove devices from the system I can use the API to read and write data to virtual pins, allowing you to control devices or receive sensor data I can create a user interface because in Blynk there are many different widgets that allow me to interact with these useful widgets It can also give me warnings or notifications based on changes in the environment or certain sensors I can use the Blynk API to write data from my device to Blynk cloud storage This information can then be accessed for analysis or visualization.
Determine a specific problem to solve using IoT (P4)
Develop a product development plan
Do Hoang Nhan - Project Initiation: Responsible for determining the specific goals of the smart home project and determining necessary resources This includes identifying customer requirements and defining the project scope
To Phuoc Thanh - Project Planning: Carry out detailed planning for the project This includes identifying the specific tasks, scheduling, resources, and budget needed for each part of the project
Phan Quoc Thanh - Project Execution: Responsible for implementing project work according to plan This includes the installation of sensors, control equipment and software development
Tran Minh Chien - Monitoring and Controlling: Responsible for monitoring project progress, ensuring that everything goes according to plan, and controlling risks or problems that arise during project implementation
The project's completion and closing were a collaborative effort among all members (Do Hoang Nhan, To Phuoc Thanh, Phan Quoc Thanh, Tran Minh Chien) Their responsibilities included system installation and comprehensive testing to guarantee optimal functionality of all features within the residence.
Define the problem to be solved
Problem: In the context of the increasingly rapid development of IoT technology, applying IoT to smart homes poses many problems and opportunities The main question is how to leverage the power of IoT to create an efficient and convenient smart home
Integrating All Devices: A key issue is how to integrate devices and sensors into a single system Smart homes can have a variety of devices, from lights, temperature, security, energy monitoring, to audio and video controls How to manage and control them all effectively?
Security and Privacy: With data collection from multiple devices in the home, security and privacy become an important issue How to ensure that users' personal data and sensitive information are protected?
Standards and Protocols: There are many different standards and protocols in the smart home industry How to ensure integration between devices that use different standards and protocols?
Data Management and Cloud Service Integration: Smart homes generate large amounts of data How to manage and analyze this data effectively? How to integrate cloud services to provide premium and customized features to users?
Energy and Sustainability: Smart homes can consume a lot of energy How to manage energy effectively and ensure sustainability?
Continuity and Maintenance: To ensure that every device and system in a smart home operates continuously, a maintenance and monitoring system is necessary
Project goal: The goal of the smart home project is to leverage IoT to create a safe, efficient, convenient and sustainable smart home We aim to solve the above problems by developing an IoT system that integrates, secures and manages data, as well as ensures system continuity and availability Our project aims to provide users with a convenient, safe and enjoyable smart home experience
3 Specify the purpose of the product
Convenience: The main purpose of the product is to provide users with a convenient and easy- -use smart home The product will help users take advantage of smart to features to simplify daily life For example, users can control lights, temperature, security, and other devices in the home through a mobile app or control device Control Devices in the Home: The product helps users control and manage devices in the smart home easily Users have the ability to turn devices on/off, set automated schedules, and even interact remotely This helps them improve home management and save time and effort
Security and Safety: The product provides security and monitoring systems to protect homes and users Users can monitor security remotely and receive alerts in case of problems
Exciting Conveniences: The product provides an enjoyable experience with features such as controlling room sound and lighting, creating customized entertainment spaces, and creating a comfortable and enjoyable environment for the family
Remote Control enables remote management of smart homes through a mobile application, making it convenient for users to control their homes while away, such as during travel.
Automatic Schedule: Users can set up automatic schedules for devices in the house For example, they can schedule lights to turn off automatically in the evening or turn up the temperature when they get home
This essay covers IoT on electronic platforms, as well as the standard architectures, frameworks, tools, hardware, and APIs available for IoT development To develop IoT applications, study architectural methods, frameworks, tools, hardware, and APIs Finally, choose a specific problem to solve with IoT Overall, IoT offers several prospects for technical advancement and practical problem solutions by utilizing its capabilities and choosing the right tools and hardware
(No date) IBM Available at: https://www.ibm.com/cloud/architecture/architectures/iotArchitecture/reference-architecture/ (Accessed: 19 October 2023)
AlYasfo, M (1573) Internet of things (IOT), LinkedIn Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/internet-things-iot-mohammad-alyasfo (Accessed: 19 October 2023)
Architecture of internet of things (IOT) (2023) GeeksforGeeks Available at: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/architecture- -internet-of of-things-iot/ (Accessed: 19 October
Blynk for developers (no date) Blynk for Developers Available at: https://blynk.io/developers (Accessed: 19 October 2023)
Contributor, T (2021) What is a 3-tier application architecture? definition from searchsoftwarequality, Software Quality Available at: https://www.techtarget.com/searchsoftwarequality/definition/3-tier-application (Accessed: 19 October 2023)
Hübschmann, I (2023) A complete guide to rest apis in IOT [2023 update], Nabto Available at: https://www.nabto.com/rest-api-iot-guide/ (Accessed: 19 October 2023)
IOT architecture: Complete explanation with examples (no date) Celona Available at: https://www.celona.io/network-architecture/iot-architecture (Accessed: 19 October 2023)
Pal, S., D az, V.G and Le, D.-N (2022) IOT: Security and privacy paradigm, Amazon Available at: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/iot/latest/apireference/Welcome.html (Accessed: 19 October 2023)
What is the internet of things (IOT)? with examples (no date) Coursera Available at: https://www.coursera.org/articles/internet-of-things (Accessed: 19 October 2023)
What is the internet of things? (2022) McKinsey & Company Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-the-internet- -of things (Accessed: 19 October 2023).