Additionally, residents living in citiestend to often experience higher noise pollution levels, further impacting on physical as wellas mental well-being of their people.. Hence, the con
lOMoARcPSD|39107117 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN KHOA NGÔN NGỮ ANH PORTFOLIO ACADEMIC WRITING C1 Họ và tên: Nguyễn Thị Yến Nhung Mã số sinh viên: 2257011086 Lớp: 22CLC02 Giảng viên: TS.GVN Võ Thị Nữ Anh 1 Downloaded by ANH TRAM (bachvan13@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|39107117 CAUSE-EFFECT ESSAY Bản chưa chỉnh sửa THE EFFECTS OF OVERCROWDING IN BIG CITIES Over the past centuries, megacities have been proven to be places of job opportunities, cultural diversity, and technical development Therefore, overpopulation in cities has been witnessed as a hot issue due to a remarkable shift from rural living to urbanization However, this urbanization brings challenges of overcrowding, which has far-reaching consequences on urban life This essay will explore the effects of overcrowding in cities from higher levels of pollution and the healthcare system to the quality of life First and foremost, overcrowding in cities inevitably leads to a surge in pollution levels As city populations swell, so does the number of vehicles in the city Traffic congestion in metropolitan areas happens routinely, especially at rush hours, leading to extended commute times and vehicular emissions that taint the air quality Therefore, having been taking poor air quality daily, urban civilians tend to be caused with health risks, such as some respiratory issues like asthma or bronchitis at a very young age Additionally, residents living in cities tend to often experience higher noise pollution levels, further impacting on physical as well as mental well-being of their people Such as the constant clamor of traffic noise contributing to heightened stress levels, reduced sleep quality, and diminished productivity Secondly, pressure on the healthcare system has been considered as a result of overcrowding in urban areas With a higher-density of population, the risk of infectious diseases has increased dramatically, which potentially overwhelms healthcare facilities and personnel For example, in the COVID-19 pandemic, the death tolls in megacities outweigh the number of people who died in rural areas, due to the dense population in cities which makes it easier for contagious diseases to spread faster within a short time Moreover, this not only affects the well-being of inhabitants but also healthcare professionals who work under strenuous conditions Hence, the concentration of people in urban areas can put immense pressure on healthcare systems Thirdly, overpopulation can have direct and negative impacts on the quality of life in megacities Residents in urban areas may face challenges of commuting due to the strain on public service and infrastructure leading to overburdened public transportation For example, in some densely populated areas like Mumbai, India, overcrowding has led to notorious 2 Downloaded by ANH TRAM (bachvan13@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|39107117 traffic congestion, which takes commuters hours stuck in traffic jams before reaching their desired destinations Therefore, these factors can result in not only increasing anxiety levels but also decreasing a sense of well-being Furthermore, residents living in metropolitans tend to have struggles of finding affordable and suitable places to live, and lack of personal space can lead to social and psychological stress For example, in some cases, people resort to living in cramped, illegal, or substandard housing conditions due to the scarcity of affordable options In conclusion, as these three effects unambiguously demonstrate, overcrowding has been a key factor resulting in higher levels of pollution, the healthcare system, and the quality of life These problems require comprehensive approaches to mitigate the consequences of overcrowding, cities can still maintain the hub of opportunities and prosperity while simultaneously enhancing the well-being of their inhabitants The need for well-planned and sustainable urban growth has never been more critical in our rapidly urbanizing world Reference: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/covid-19-10-most-congested-world-cities-c ongestion-traffic/ https://inrix.com/scorecard/ https://www.tomtom.com/traffic-index/ranking/ 3 Downloaded by ANH TRAM (bachvan13@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|39107117 Bản đã chỉnh sửa THE EFFECTS OF OVERCROWDING IN BIG CITIES Over the past centuries, megacities have been proven to be places of job opportunities, cultural diversity, and technical development Therefore, overpopulation in cities has been witnessed as a hot issue due to a remarkable shift from rural living to urbanization However, this urbanization brings challenges of overcrowding, which has far-reaching consequences on urban life This essay will explore the effects of overcrowding in cities from higher levels of pollution and the healthcare system to the quality of life First and foremost, overcrowding in cities inevitably leads to a surge in pollution levels As city populations swell, so does the number of vehicles in the city Traffic congestion in metropolitan areas happens routinely, especially at rush hours, leading to extended commute times and vehicular emissions that taint the air quality Therefore, having been taking poor air quality daily, urban civilians tend to be caused with health risks, such as some respiratory issues like asthma or even death at a very young age According to WHO (2019), “In Vietnam, around 60 000 deaths each year are air pollution-related.” Additionally, residents living in cities tend to often experience higher noise pollution levels, further impacting on physical as well as mental well-being of their people For example, Ho Chi Minh City is located in the middle of the key economic region of the South, so it is affected by industrial activities and urbanization from provinces, the constant clamor of noise from traffic and factories contributing to heightened stress levels, reduced sleep quality, and diminished productivity Secondly, pressure on the healthcare system has been considered as a result of overcrowding in urban areas With a higher-density of population, the risk of infectious diseases has increased dramatically, which potentially overwhelms healthcare facilities and personnel For example, in the COVID-19 pandemic, the death tolls in megacities, such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh city outweighs the number of people who died in rural areas, due to the dense population in cities which makes it easier for contagious diseases to spread faster within a short time Moreover, this 4 Downloaded by ANH TRAM (bachvan13@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|39107117 not only affects the well-being of inhabitants but also healthcare professionals who work under strenuous conditions Negative effects on clinics have been reported in many studies, according to Journal of Education and Health Promotion (2017), “ Employees’ burnout and dissatisfaction, nosocomial infections, mortality, patients’ negative outcomes, discomfort and dissatisfaction, increased medical errors, and reduction in patient safety.” Hence, the concentration of people in urban areas can put immense pressure on healthcare systems Thirdly, overpopulation can have direct and negative impacts on the quality of life in megacities Residents in urban areas may face challenges of commuting due to the strain on public service and infrastructure leading to overburdened public transportation For example, according to Ha and Dung (2022), “As of the end of 2021, Ho Chi Minh city was home to more than 8.4 million vehicles, including 819,000 cars and 7.6 million motorbikes.” Thus, living in densely populated areas such as Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Nha Trang or Ho Chi Minh city, overcrowding has led to notorious traffic congestion, which takes commuters hours stuck in traffic jams before reaching their destinations Furthermore, residents living in metropolitans tend to have struggles finding affordable and suitable places to live due to little supply of low-income houses; therefore, many low-income people cannot afford a house at a reasonable price According to data from the Ministry of Construction (MoC) (2021), “The latest data and reports from realty research firm Savills Vietnam said household size in HCM City has tended to decrease over the past ten years.” Besides, due to the scarcity of affordable options, lack of personal space has also been a crisis in densely populated areas For example, district 8 in Ho Chi Minh city is renowned for its slum areas, where people resort to living in cramped, illegal, or substandard housing conditions; this, in turn, may lead to social and psychological stress Therefore, overpopulation not only can result in decreasing a sense of well-being but also increasing anxiety levels In conclusion, as these three effects unambiguously demonstrate, overcrowding has been a key factor resulting in higher levels of pollution, the healthcare system, and the quality of life These problems require comprehensive approaches to mitigate the consequences of overcrowding, cities can still maintain the hub of opportunities and prosperity while simultaneously enhancing the well-being of their inhabitants The 5 Downloaded by ANH TRAM (bachvan13@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|39107117 need for well-planned and sustainable urban growth has never been more critical in our rapidly urbanizing world Reference: Ha,T., Dung,T (2022, October 1) Traffic congestion costs Ho Chi Minh City $6 billion each year The Tuoi Tre News Retrieved from https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/society/20221001/traffic-congestion-costs-ho-chi-minh-city-6-bi llion-each-year/69343.html World Health Organization: WHO (2019, April 4) Air pollution in Viet Nam Retrieved from https://www.who.int/vietnam/health-topics/air-pollution Journal of Education and Health Promotion (2017, April 19) Factors affecting the overcrowding in outpatient healthcare The National Library of Medicine Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5433641/ The Ministry of Construction (MoC) (2021, June 12) Việt Nam still lacks low-priced apartments The Vietnam News Retrieved from https://vietnamnews.vn/economy/972291/viet-nam-still-lacks-low-priced-apartments.html 6 Downloaded by ANH TRAM (bachvan13@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|39107117 MINH CHỨNG Ha,T., Dung,T (2022, October 1) Traffic congestion costs Ho Chi Minh City $6 billion each year The Tuoi Tre News Retrieved from https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/society/20221001/traffic-congestion-costs-ho-chi-minh-city-6-bi llion-each-year/69343.html 7 Downloaded by ANH TRAM (bachvan13@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|39107117 8 Downloaded by ANH TRAM (bachvan13@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|39107117 World Health Organization: WHO (2019, April 4) Air pollution in Viet Nam Retrieved from https://www.who.int/vietnam/health-topics/air-pollution 9 Downloaded by ANH TRAM (bachvan13@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|39107117 10 Downloaded by ANH TRAM (bachvan13@gmail.com)