Cross- Cultural Communication.pdf

lOMoARcPSD|38362288 MINISTRY OF JUSTICE HANOI LAW UNIVERSITY GROUP ASSIGNMENT SUBJECT: CROSS- CULTURAL COMMUNICATION TOPIC: COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE GROUP 01 CLASS N03 Hanoi, 2023 Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|38362288 WORKING GROUP MINUTES Date: 22/03/2023 Time: 7:00 a.m Group: 01 Class: N03 Attendance: 04 Subject: Cross- cultural communication Topic: Communcation and culture On the purpose of determining the level of participation and participation results of each student in performing group assignment, the following results are shown in the table below: Student Teacher review Content review Studen Name ABC Student Mark Mark Definition of t ID sign (number (word) communication x and PowerPoint ) Communicatio x n and summary 453205 Nguyễn the assignment 453208 Thị Minh x Definition and 453212 related terms of 453216 Phạm Trần x Khánh culture Linh Culture Lê Thị analogies Lâm Huyền Trần Phương Uyên Hanoi, 22nd March, 2023 Leader Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|38362288 CATALOG INTRODUCTION: BODY: I COMMUNICATION: 1 Definition of communication: 1.1 What is communication? 1.2 Communication Process: 1.3 Types of Communication: 2 Characteristics of communication: .2 II CULTURE: Defining “culture” for the study of communication .3 Culture and related terms .5 Culture analogies 3.1 The Melting Pot 3.2 An Iceberg 3.3 Salad bowl CONCLUSION Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|38362288 INTRODUCTION: What is communication, why we communicate, how we communicate, and to what end, are all questions we ask in the study of communication At its most basic, communication is the exchange of information and meaning We are constantly communicating, in a wide range of different contexts, such as with each other (interpersonal communication), with different cultural groups or subgroups (intercultural communication), or to large audiences (mass communication), just to name a few Therefore, we choose this topic to understand more about communication and culture BODY: I COMMUNICATION: Definition of communication: 1.1 What is communication? Communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people create shared meanings 1.2 Communication Process: Communication is an ongoing process that mainly involves three components namely sender, message, and recipient The components involved in the communication process are described below in detail: Sender: The sender or contact generates the message and transmits it to the recipient He is the source and the first contact Message:It is an idea, knowledge, opinion, truth, feeling, etc produced by the sender and intended for reference Encoding:The message produced by the sender is encrypted in a symbolic way such as words, pictures, touches, etc before transfer The media:This is how the coded message is conveyed The message can be conveyed orally or in writing Recording:It is a process of modifying the signals sent by the sender After recording the message is received by the recipient Recipient:You are the last person in the chain and the message you sent was sent If the recipient receives the message and understands it correctly and acts on the message, only then the purpose of the communication is achieved Answer:Once the recipient confirms to the sender that you received the message and understood it, the communication process is complete Noise:Refers to any restrictions caused by the sender, message or recipient during the communication process For example, incorrect telephone connection, incorrect coding, incorrect recording, careless recipient, incorrect understanding of message due to discrimination or inappropriate touch, etc Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|38362288 1.3 Types of Communication: Verbal Communication and Non-Communication Verbal communication: Communication occurs through verbal, or written communication that conveys or conveys a message to others is called oral communication Non-verbal communication: It occurs with signs, symbols, colors, touches, body or facial features Insignificant communication is using body language, body language and facial expressions to convey information to others For example, you may have a smile on your face when you hear an idea or a piece of interesting or exciting information Open communication is helpful when you are trying to understand the thoughts and feelings of others Characteristics of communication: Communication Is Symbolic: Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated A symbol is a word, action, or object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning Meaning, in turn, is a perception, thought, or feeling that a person experiences and might want to communicate to others A message, then, refers to the "package" of symbols used to create shared meanings For example: the people in a class (perhaps even your class) could decide to change the symbols and refer to the teacher as a door, the students as cows, the blackboard as a pancake, the classroom as a bar, and the desks as pineapples A description of the classroom with these new and arbitrarily assigned symbols might read as follows: "When the cows entered the bar, they sat down at their pineapples, and the door began to write on the pancake." Although the sentence sounds strange (and perhaps quite humorous), if everyone consistently referred to the objects in the same way, the mean- ing that would be created in using these symbols would soon become widely shared Communication Is Interpretive: Messages not have to be consciously or purposefully created with the specific intention of communicating a certain set of meanings for others to be able to make sense of the symbols forming the message Rather, communication is always an interpretive process The first outcome of communication is understanding what the others are trying to communicate The second outcome is reaching agreement on the particular issues that have been discussed For example: it may or may not be communication if a man, who is dressed in unfamiliar clothes and who is obviously from another culture, walks up to you and, after bowing, utters some sounds that seem like they could be language but whose meaning is unknown to you If his purpose is merely to provide you with a ritualistic greeting and, recognizing this, you return his bow, then, relative to the purposes of the participants, we would say that the two of you have created shared meanings for your behaviors, and, consequently, communication has occurred However, if he is asking you for directions and you merely return his bow without even recognizing his in- tended goal, then shared meanings not exist, and communication has not occurred relative to the task at hand Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|38362288 Communication Is Transactional: To suggest that communication is transactional implies that all participants in the communication process work together to create and sustain the meanings that develop A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations Communication Is Contextual: All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship Thus, the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings within which messages are exchanged The Physical Context: The physical context includes the actual location of the interactants: indoors or outdoors, crowded or quiet, public or private, close together or far apart, warm or cold, bright or dark The Social Context: The social context refers to the widely shared expectations people have about the kinds of interactions that normally should occur given different kinds of social events The Interpersonal Context: The interpersonal context refers to the expectations people have about the behaviors of others as a result of differences in the relationships between them For example: Communication between teachers and students, even outside the classroom context, differs from communication between close friends Communication among friends differs from communication among acquaintances, coworkers, or family members Communication Is a Process: People, relationships, activities, objects, and experiences can be described either in static terms or as part of a dynamic process Communication Involves Shared Meanings: The interpretive and transactional nature of communication suggests that correct meanings are not just "out there" to be discovered II CULTURE: Defining “culture” for the study of communication Meaning of the word culture The word “culture” derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin “colere,” which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture” (Cristina De Rossi) In this sense culture is the man-made environment and the people living in a society actually grow their way of life over time Western culture, European culture, Pakistani culture, Pakhtoon culture etc Culture plays a major role in your communication As you work and socialize, you convey information to others and interpret what is conveyed to you Your culture's characteristics influence these communications Culture has multiple meanings: Example:  Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|38362288  Culture is communication, communication is culture  Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior; that is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning  Culture is the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life  Culture is NOT society-culture is a blueprint for how we live, think and act, while society is a group of people within a geographic area  Culture includes the traditions we inherit and pass on to the next generation  A culture a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, norms, and social practices, which affect the behaviors of a ralatively large group of people Components of culture Beliefs Ideas that people assume to be true about the world Beliefs are contexttual They arise from learned experiences, resulting from the cultural and environmental situations we have faced Beliefs grow from what we see, hearm experience, read and think about Values Values refer to what a group of people defines as good and bad or what it regards as important • Values indicate what people find important and morally right (or wrong) • Respect for parents, elders • Cleanliness • Generosity • Values are broad principles that support beliefs • Beliefs are specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true Norms Rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of themselves • These are rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members • There are two aspects of norms… - Proscriptive  Should not and must not ; prohibited  Laws that prohibit us from driving over the speed limit - Prescriptive  Must, should, may ;prescribed like medicine  Persons making a certain amount of money are expected to file a tax return and pay any taxes they owe Social practices The predictable behavior patterms that people typically follow Advantages of culture’s role in communication  It helps you to identify the cultural basis of beliefs When you may encounter beliefs that not make sense to you in areas such as gender roles, clothing, communication, indulgence, trustworthiness, and loyalty By learning about culture’s role in communication, you can identify the cultural characteristics that Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|38362288 have triggered these beliefs Then, you can make informed decisions that can improve your communication  It helps you to identify cultural behaviors You’re more likely to identify behaviors that emanate from a culture This enables you to separate individual behaviors, which are unique to a person, from cultural behaviors, which are unique to a culture Then, you can tailor your communication strategy to address the latter type  It improves your skill set for working with multinationals Many businesses operate in countries with different cultures, so learning about how cultural characteristics impact communication can improve your qualifications for working in them  It makes you a better communicator Based on your knowledge of culture’s role in communication, you develop stronger communication strategies Then, you become a better communicator Culture and related terms Terms like nation, race, ethnicity and culture have become a part of our everyday language We often use them interchangeably to define who we are But, in fact, these terms don’t mean the same thing So, how are they different? Nation Nation is a political term referring to a government and a set of formal and legal mechanisms that regulate the political behavior of its people These regulations often encompass such aspects od a people as how leaders are chosen, by what rules the leaders must govern, the laws of banking and currency, the means to establish military groups, and the rules by which a legal system is conducted The culture, or cultures, that exist within the boundaries of a nation-state certainly influence the regulations that a nation develops, but the term culture is not synonymous with nation Although one cultural group predominates in some nations, most nations contain multiple cultures within their boundaries Race Race commonly refers to certain physical similarities, such as skin color or eye shape, that are shared by a group of people and are used to mark or separate them from others Because society has decided which features are important for categorizing people, race is considered to be a social construct However, once people have been categorized, society treats them differently As a result, racial categories can differ in vulnerability to illness, access to health care, and health outcomes Ethnicity Ethnic group is another term often used interchangeably with culture Ethnicity is actually a term that used to refer to a wide variety of groups who might share a language, historical origins, religion, nation-state, or cultural system Ethnicity categorizes people based on common cultural characteristics Ethnic groups may or may not share physical characteristics When we talk about someone’s ethnic background, we are often thinking more about a combination of ancestry and learned behaviours, such as language or diet Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|38362288 For example, two people, such as an African American and West Indian might both identify their race as Black, but distinguish their ethnicity based on where they were raised Conversely, ethnic groups such as British or Canadian include people from many racial backgrounds such as Black, white, or Asian Subculture and Co-culture Subculture is also a term sometimes used to refer to racial and ethnic minority groups that share both a common nation-state with other cultures and some aspects of the larger culture A subculture is a group of people within a culture that differentiates itself from the parent culture to which it belongs, often maintaining some of its founding principles - Subcultures develop their own norms and values regarding cultural, political and sexual matters  the concept of subcultures was developed in sociology and cultural studies Signal each other  Fashion style  Stereotypical behaviors  Use of secret language created to prevent outsiders from understanding them Involves the study of symbolism  Clothing  Music  Also the ways that these same symbols are seen and understood by members od the dominate culture Co-culture has become more commonly used in an effort to avoid the implication of a hierachical relationship between the European American culture and these other important cultural groups that form the mosaic of the United States Co-culture is the idea that no one culture is inherently superior to other coexisting cultures in a given environment So what’s the difference? Subcultures are distinct cultures within a larger culture, such as the gullah culture in the southeast, and southeastern culture in the US Example:  Furries  Furries for Trump  Ethnicities  Immigrants  & many more True Co-cultures understand both cultural planes, for example Native Americans abide by both US laws and customs as well as tribal laws and customs Example:  Native Americans  Second-gen immigrants  Regional American cultures Culture analogies Metaphors are a powerful tool that we use to understand and communicate complex concepts They allow us to describe abstract ideas in a more concrete and relatable way, Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|38362288 making it easier for us to understand and discuss them We will be showing some common metaphors for diversity and how they help us to understand and appreciate the complexity and richness of diversity, particularly in culture Therefore, we can gain a deeper understanding of this important concept and how it shapes our world 3.1 The Melting Pot - A melting pot is a metaphor for a society where many different types of people blend together as one America is often called a melting pot Some countries are made of people who are almost all the same in terms of race, religion, and culture Then there are places like the United States, where there are many different types of people A place like that is a melting pot, because the people — despite their differences — manage to coexist and live together as one nation Anywhere diverse people are assimilated could be called a melting pot In a melting pot, differences become less important than unity - US known as The Melting Pot + The phrase “melting pot” has been used since the 1780s, but entered into common usage because of a celebrated Broadway play “The Melting Pot,” written by Israel Zangwill in 1904, was about a Russian Jewish refugee immigrating to the U.S to escape ethnic cleansing in his homeland Here he finds love, acceptance, and belonging, as the differences between ethnicity “melted away” due to cultural exchange becoming the norm The idea of the “melting pot” was embraced and soon became a central part of the United States of America’s cultural identity + The phrase “the melting pot” to describe the effects of the American immigration system Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the United States of America became known worldwide as the great melting pot Immigrants came to this country with the idea in their hearts and minds that they could become Americans no matter their origins Symbols like the Statue of Liberty represent this idea, but nothing quite sums up what it means to be an American like the concept of a “melting pot” of cultures, mixing, merging, and becoming stronger than each individual one; which results to the US becoming one of the most attractive countries for immigrants and refugees around the world + This country welcomes people from all over the world and encourages them to integrate themselves into American society For example in New York, pizza came from Italy, but it’s hard to think of anything more American than a slice of New York pizza Rock & Roll, Blues, and Jazz all came from the African American musical tradition, but they are thought of as American today The Asian influence is huge with a booming Chinatown and more Asian restaurants than one can imagine As for the French, there are more French restaurants in NYC than in Paris The only problem is that American society is more complicated than ever, but still, the philosophy stays the same When an immigrant moves here, they will need to learn about all of America’s societal, economic, and cultural norms For example, if their understanding of English is limited, they’re encouraged to take English as a Second Language class (ESL) to better communicate with other Americans 3.2 An Iceberg Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|38362288 - Culture is very similar to an iceberg as only about 10% of an iceberg is above the water and the rest is below the surface It has some aspects that are visible and many others that can only be suspected, guessed, or learned as you grow to understand cultures Like an iceberg, the visible part of culture is only a small part of a much larger whole The ice above the surface includes clothing, music, and food that everyone can either relate to or view as foreign The ice beneath the surface includes the harder to understand parts of culture, for example, the customs, beliefs, and methods of communication - Chinese culture as an Iceberg in modern society + Above the surface: It is known that China is a customary-culture country For example, the word “old” always has a tradition of respecting the old and respecting the old Old expresses the concept of respect in Chinese, such as ancestors, grandpas, and old gentlemen "Lao Zhang", "Lao Wang", show respect and affection, "Zhang Lao" "Wang Lao" is more respected Chinese people are often proud of their age When talking with others, the older the age, the older you qualify, the more you will be respected by others The older someone is the wiser and more respected they are Their accumulated wisdom is a great source of inspiration for the younger generations Chinese families are expected to take care of their elders, and it is looked down upon the family if they send their elderly to a retirement home or a similar situation The elderly are looked to as a source of inspiration and reverence, and the traditional Chinese family unit contains the parents, children, and grandchildren in it + Under the surface: In China, humility is revered and people tend to downplay their achievements America is almost the exact opposite; in a meritocracy, you need to make the most of yourself and let people know about your successes The Chinese can see this as crass and boastful, while in the United States, humility can be regarded as a sign of weakness Most Americans in the fast business world consider humility a sign of weakness This can be an issue that hurts intercultural relations Be very sensitive to comments and actions in the presence of another culture Therefore, it could be hard for foreigner to understand this aspect of moral that Asian treasure, especially in China 3.3 Salad bowl - The salad bowl metaphor is frequently presented as a contrast to the melting pot concept It’s seen as a version of cultural diversity where each individual culture in a society maintains its unique identity The "salad bowl" means that the immigrants keep their unique customs and cultures The elements of a salad bowl don’t dissolve into the stew They maintain their integrity as a single entity – toss it around and everything will mix together but it will all still be distinct and separate So, many advocates of multiculturalism believe the salad bowl is a better idea to aspire towards Everyone can socialize while maintaining their own culture and identity - The phrase “salad bowl” refers to a situation in which various elements are blended while retaining their own attributes The large territory of India can make it home for this kind of metaphor The nation is so big and diverse that it is difficult for one culture or religion to rule Strong regional identities also exist inside India, which can make it challenging for residents of various regions to relate with one another People have long immigrated to India from all over the world to establish themselves here People from Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|38362288 China, Southeast Asia, and Europe were the next waves of immigration after those from Central Asia and Persia It is home to individuals from all over the world This is due to the fact that India is a very varied nation with a wide variety of cultures and religions The nation covers so many diverse cultures and religions, each of which has managed to preserve its own particular identity CONCLUSION Therefore, We defined communication as a symbolic, inter- pretive, transactional, contextual process in which people create shared meanings Each of the characteris tics of communication included in the definition was considered in turn From the many available approaches to defining culture, we se lected one that emphasizes the close relationship be- tween culture and communication We defined culture as a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, norms, and social practices, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|38362288 LIST OF REFERENCE: Syllabus of Unit - IV (Communication) for UGC Net Paper - Teaching and Research Aptitude Interpersonal communication skills What is Communication? Characteristics, Communication Process, Factors, Types Of Communication, Cs of Communication- April 26, 2021 Sushanta Maiti Intercultural competence interpersonal communication across- Cultures- Myron W Lustig- Jolene Koester Downloaded by chat tailieu (chattailieu@gmail.com)